12 FDP 11 Ec 306 Electronics Circuits Lab Total

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
& TRAINING::AP, VIJAYAWADA
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
III SEMESTER
ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS LAB (EC-306)
MANUAL (AS PER C-16 CURRICULUM)

LAB SHEETS
2.1 LAB SHEET 2.1 HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER
OBJECTIVE:
1. To measure the dc voltage, ripple voltage and determine ripple factor and
percentage of regulation of half wave rectifier with and without filter
2. To obtain the output waveforms of Half Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the component Specifications/ Range Quantity

1 Step-down transformer 230/0-9 V,500mA 1
2 Diode IN4007/IN4002/IN4001 1
3
Decade resistance box 10ohm -1 M ohms 1
4 DC ammeter 0-50 mA 1
5 DC Voltmeter 0-25V 1
6 AC voltmeter/Multimeter 0-1 V 1
7 Dual Trace 1
C.R.O 0-20 M Hz
8 Breadboard 1
9 Connecting Wires Hook-up wire As per need
10 Capacitor 1000µF/25V 1
TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
I. Main purpose of rectifier
II. Working principle of PN diode in Forward bias and Reverse bias
III. Ripple factor formula and its theoretical value
IV. Percentage of Regulation formula
V. Need for filter
VI. Applications of rectifier.
VII. Output waveforms

NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA
VIII. Precautions NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

B. SKILL
 Identifying the various components
 Selecting the correct range Voltmeters and Ammeter

Handling of
Apparatus  Setting the CRO
 Testing of transformer working condition
 Setting the resistance value in DRB at maximum position
 Drawing the circuit diagram
 Making the connections as per circuit.

Manipulation of
apparatus  Connect the meters with correct polarities.
 Checking the connections
 Switch on the supply.
 Measuring the no-load voltage by removing DRB
 Adjusting the load resistance value in DRB.
 Recording the values of Idc,Vac,Vdc
 Calculating the ripple factor
 Calculating the percentage of regulation
 Observing the output waveforms on CRO
 Drawing the graph

Precise
 Connecting the Capacitor filter
operations/Activities
 Measuring the no-load voltage by removing DRB
 Adjusting the load resistance value in DRB.
 Recording the values of Idc,Vac,Vdc
 Calculating the ripple factor
 Calculating the percentage of regulation
 Observing the output waveforms on CRO
 Drawing
NITTTR the graph
EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

2. TEACHING POINTS
Sl No Teaching Point Time allocation
Sl No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min
(Suggestive) 15min
1. Purpose of rectifier 2
1 2. Purpose of finding the characteristics 1
Types of rectifiers
2 Converting 1-phase A.C. Supply to D.C. Supply 6 min.
3. Working principle of PN diode in Forward bias and 2
3 Purpose of M-G set
1. m Reverse bias
4 o Purpose of fuse; its type and rating
4. Ripple factor formula and its theoretical value 1
5 d Purpose of starter; its type, its terminals and
5. u connections
Percentage of regulation formula 1
6 l Purpose of Rheostats, its knobs and handling of
6. rheostats
Usage of CRO 1
a
7 7. t Types
Inputofand
instruments
Output wave forms 2
8 i Advantages of moving coil instruments
8. Need for filter 3 min. 1
9 o Disadvantages of moving coil instruments
9. n Applications of Half wave rectifier 2
10 How to vary the current 1 min
10.. Precautions 2
11 Maintaining the speed of the Motor constant
12 Magnetizing Characteristics of Shunt Generators
A. Procedural precautions:
13 Drawing the graph
5 Min.
14  Disconnect all of
Explanation the equipment
various points from
in themains
graph before making connections.
15 Finding the saturation point
 Ensure the correct range of meters.
16 Importance of saturation point
17  The primarythe
Drawing and secondary
graph sides
at various of the transformer should be carefully identified.
speeds
 The polarities of the diode should be carefully identified.
 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION
 Loose connections should be avoided.
ACTION ACTIVITY
 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.
 The meters,CRO
 Give required supply voltage to the circuit.
 Primary and Secondary windings of the transformer
Check for
B. Safety precautions:  Diodes
 Keep workbench clear by placing

 Students entryextra items (books, bags etc….) on shelves
behavior
 Wear
For Designsensible
of 
clothing including footwear
Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction
Do not switch on the power supply while making connections
3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT
 These are used in all power supply units
 It is used in soldering machines, pulse generator circuits, firing circuits, in Signal

NITTTR doubler
demodulation, voltage EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA
circuits.
. NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

ACTION ACTIVITY
Check for  The Meters & Diode.
 Transformer
 The students’ entry behavior.
 First aid kit.
 Suitable wires and its connections.
For Design of  Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction
5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION
CATEGORY OF SUB TASK WEIGHTAGE WITH TOTAL

SKILL COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A. Identifying the various

A B C T
1. Handling of Components & selecting the
3 1 1 5
apparatus correct range voltmeters and
ammeter
B. Setting the CRO
C.Testing of transformer working
condition
2. Manipulation of A. Drawing the circuit diagram

apparatus A B C T
B. Making the connections as per
circuit.
5 8 2 15
C. Connect the meters with correct
polarities

A. Measuring the no load A B C D E T

3.Precise
operations/Activitie voltage.
2 6 6 5 6 25
s B. Recording the readings in the
Ammeter ,Voltmeters
C. Calculating Ripple factor and
percentage of regulation
D. Observing the waveforms
E. Drawing the Graph
4.Values
A. Co Operation
5
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50
6. ASSESSMENT:
1.Identify the polarities of a filter capacitor
2. Identify the terminals of the PN junction diode
3.Draw the diagram of Half wave Rectifier
4. List the front panel knobs of a CRO
7.VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is rectifier?
2. List the types of rectifier
3. What is the value of ripple factor
4. How to calculate percentage of regulation
5. What is the need for Filter in the rectifier
6. Is it possible to reduce the ripple

LABORATORY SHEET2.2 2.2. CENTER TAPPED FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
CENTER TAPPED FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
OBJECTIVE:To determine the DC and rms values of output voltage to obtain the ripple factor
and the % of regulation of a Full wave rectifier with and without filter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name Specifications/ No
Range
Step-down
230/0-9 V,500mA 1
transformer
IN4007/IN4002/IN
Diode 2
4001
Decade
10ohm -1 M ohms 1
resistance box
DC ammeter 0-50 mA 1
DC Voltmeter 0-25V 1
AC 0-1 V 1
voltmeter/Multime
ter
C.R.O Dual Trace 1

0-20 M Hz
1. TASK ANALYSIS:
A.KNOWLEDGE
1. Transformer working principle
2. Working principle of PN-Junction diode
3. Types of diodes
4. Types of capacitors and its use
5. Applications of PN Junction Diode and Capacitor
6. Theoretical value of Ripple factor and Maximum efficiency of FWR.
7. Need for filters in power supplies
8. Precautions.
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTER, VIJAYAWADA

B. SKILL
 Identifying various terminals

B. SKILL
 Using correct range Voltmeter, Ammeters.
 Setting the DRB to correct values.
 Identification of Transformer terminals by markings.
 Identification of capacitor and inductor values for filter circuits.
Handling of  Setting the DRB to correct values.
Apparatus  Selecting the correct wires and meters.
 Drawing the Circuit Diagram.
 Identification of capacitor and inductor values for filter circuits.
 Making the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 Selecting the correct wires and meters.
 Adjusting the load resistance in DRB
Manipulation of
 Switching on the supply.
apparatus
 Connectfilter capacitor as per circuit
 Drawing the graph between Ripple Factor vsIL or RL and %
Regulation vs IL or RL .
Without Filter
 Measure Vdc (no Load)
 Vary the load resistance in steps of 1kΩ.
 Recording the values of ILorIdc,VLorVdc and Vacon multimeter.
 Oserving the readings in the multimeter
 Observing the waveforms with and without filter on CRO.
 Calculating the values of Ripple factor, efficiency and % of
Precise
operations/Activities regulation.
With Filter
 Measure VLorVdc (no Load)

 Vary the load resistance in steps of 1kΩ.
 MeasureILorIdc,VLorVdc and Vac
 Tabulate the readings and observe the waveforms on CRO.
2. TEACHING POINTS:

1. Working of Transformer. 2
2. Operation of CRO. 1
3. Working principle of a PN-Junction diode. 2
4. Working of capacitors and its types. 2
5. Types of Filters. 1
6. Need for filters. 1
7. Procedure for calculating Ripple Factor & Efficiency. 2
8. Procedure for calculating % Regulation. 1
9. Interpreting Name plate Details. 2
10. Precautions. 1
A. PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS:
• Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Ensure the correct range of meters
 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity
 Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member
 Calibrate the CRO for getting accurate result.
 Use the proper Transformer.
 Ensure that there are no loose connections
 Filter capacitor should be connecting with proper polarity.
B. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Never make connections while power is applied.

 Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit is finished and you have carefully
checked your work.
 If you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power and examine your
circuit to find out what went wrong.
 Keep your work area dry.
 Always wear safety goggles.
This experiment is essential to understand the performance of Fullwave Rectifier Circuit

under various load resistance values.

Due to its higher rectification efficiency, low power loss and Low ripples it is adopted in
the industry for various applicationsThis test also gives an insight in to Standard testing
procedures adopted in the industry and suitability of DC shunt motor for various applications.
 It is used in soldering machines, pulse generator circuits, firing circuits, in Signal

demodulation, voltage doubler circuits.
4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION:
ACTION ACTIVITY
 The Meters, Diodes and CRO.
 Transformers.
Check for  The students entry behavior
 First aid kit
 Wires of Standard colours and Gauges
Instruction

5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A. Drawing circuit diagram and

Identifying various terminals A B C T
1. Handling of
B. Using correct range Voltmeter, 2 2 1 5
apparatus Ammeter
C. Setting the CRO to correct positions.
A. Adjusting the load resistance in DRB.

B. Connect the capacitor filter with correct A B C T
2. Manipulation of
polarities
apparatus
C. Calibrate the CRO for getting accurate 4 5 6 15
result. 6
6
1
5
A. Recording the readings in the
3.Precise
Ammeter, Voltmeter.
B. Observing the waveforms on CRO
A B C D E T
with and without filter.
C. Calculating the Ripple factor. 5 5 5 5 5 25
D. Calculating the % of regulation.
E. Drawing the graph and showing the
various points on it.
A. Co-operation.
B. Co-ordination
4.Values C. Communication
5
D. Sharing
E. leadership
Total 50

6.ASSESSMENT
1.Identify the polarities of a filter capacitor
3.Draw the diagram of Full wave Bridge Rectifier
5. Identify the transformer primary and secondary
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why the centre tapped full wave rectifier is costlier than Bridge rectifier?
2. What is filter?
3. What is the efficiency of FWR with center tapped?
4. What is the value of PIV of a center tapped FWR.
5. why filter capacitor is always connected in parallel?
6. What is the purpose of center tapped transformer?
7. What is regulation?
8. State the disadvantage of selection of centre tapped transformer.
9. What is the value of No load voltage for all three types of rectifiers?
10. What are the different types of filters used for the rectifiers?

LABORATORY SHEET 2.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 2.3
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
OBJECTIVE: To determine the DC and RMS values of output voltage to obtain the ripple factor and the
% of regulation of a bridge rectifier with and without filter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Range
Step-down
230/0-9 V,500mA 1
transformer
IN4007/IN4002/IN
Diode 4
4001
Decade
10ohm -1 M ohms 1
resistance box
DC ammeter 0-50 mA 1
DC Voltmeter 0-25V 1
AC 0-1 V 1
voltmeter/Multime
ter
C.R.O Dual Trace 1

0-20 M Hz
2. TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Transformer working principle
2. Working principle of PN-Junction diode
3. Types of diodes
4. Types of capacitors and its use
5. Applications of PN Junction diode and Capacitor

B. SKILL

Handling of Apparatus  Setting the DRB to correct values.
 Identification of capacitor and other components.
 Draw the Circuit Diagram.

 Making the connections as per the circuit diagram.
Manipulation of
apparatus  Adjusting the load resistance in DRB
Without Filter
 Increase the load resistance in steps of 1kΩ.
 Recording the values of Vdc, Vac on multimeter.
 Observing the readings in the multimeter
 Observing the waveforms on CRO.
 Calculating the values of Ripple factor and % of regulation as
Precise
operations/Activities per the formulas.
With Filter

 Connect 1000µf,25V capacitor as shown in circuit.
 Measure Vdc and Vac
 Tabulate the readings and observe the waveforms on CRO.

2. TEACHING POINTS:

1. Working of Transformer. 2
2. Operation of CRO. 1
3. Working principle of a PN-Junction diode. 2
4. Working of capacitors and its types. 2
5. Types of Filters. 1
6. Need for filters. 1
7. Procedure for calculating Ripple Factor. 2
8. Procedure for calculating % regulation. 1
9. Interpreting Name plate Details. 2
10. Precautions. 1

 Connect the meters in proper polarity
 Before applying power , once agin ensure the connections
 Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit Connections are

completedIf you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power
and examine your circuit to find out what went wrong.

Due to its higher rectification efficiency, low power loss and Low ripples it is
adopted in the industry for various applications, This test also gives an insight in to
Standard testing procedures adopted in the industry and suitability of DC shunt motor
for various applications.
 It is used in soldering machines, pulse generator circuits, firing circuits, in

Signal demodulation, voltage doubler circuits.
ACTION ACTIVITY
 The Meters, Diodes and CRO.
 Transformers.
 First aid kit
Instruction

CATEGORY OF SKILL SUB TASK WEIGHTAGE WITH

COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
A). Identifying various terminals

A B C D E T
1. Handling of B) Using correct range Voltmeter,
Ammeters. 1 1 1 1 1 5
apparatus
C) Setting the DRB to correct values.
D) Identification of Transformer
terminals by markings.
E) Identification of capacitor and
inductor values for filter circuits.
A) Draw the Circuit Diagram.
B) Making the connections as per the A B C D T
2. Manipulation of
apparatus circuit diagram. 5 5 3 2 15
C) Adjusting the load resistance in
DRB
D) Connect capacitor filter .
Without Filter
3.Precise
A) Measure
in the figure.Vdc (no Load)
B) Increase the load resistance in A B C D E F G H T
steps of 1kΩ.
2 2 4 3 3 2 4 5 25
C) Recording the values of Vdc, Vac
on multimeter.
D) Observing the waveforms on
CRO.
E) Calculating the values of Ripple
factor and % of regulation.

With Filter
F) Connect 1000µf,25V capacitor as
shown in circuit.
G )Measure Vdc and Vac .
Tabulate the readings and observe

the waveforms on CRO
H) Drawing the graphs
A. Co-operation.
B. Co-ordination
4.Values C. Communication 5
D. Sharing
E. leadership
Total 50
ASSESSMENT;
1. Identify the polarities of a filter capacitor
3. Draw the diagram of Full wave Bridge Rectifier
5. Identify the transformer primary and secondary
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why bridge rectifier is more used in electronic power supplies?

2. Why the ripple factor is reduced in bridge rectifier than half wave rectifier?
3. What is the efficiency of bridge rectifier?
4. What is the value of PIV of a bridge rectifier?
5. State the need of a filter?
6. What is Regulation?
7. What is the difference between no load voltage and full load voltage?
8. What are the different types of filters used for the rectifiers?

LAB SHEET 2.4 ZENER DIODE AS A VOLTAGE REGULATOR
`
ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

OBJECTIVE: To Find the Voltage Regulation characteristics of ZENER DIODE
APPARATUS:
Range
Ammeter (MC) (0-50)mA 1
Voltmeter(MC) (0-25)V 1
Resistance 1K, 2K, 3 1
6.2 V Breakdown
ZENER DIODE 1
Voltage(6Z2)
BREAD BOARD 1
Red , Green, Blue , As per

Yellow and Black the
Connecting Wires 3/20 gauge , need
suitable lengths or
Hook-Up wire
1. TASK ANALYSIS
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Doping in Zener Diode
2. a ) Forward Bias b) Reverse Bias
3. Need of Regulators
4. Need of RPS in Electronic circuits
5. Breakdown concepts
6. a) Avalanche Breakdown b).Zener Breakdown
7. Factors affecting the REGULATION
8. Applications of Zener Diode
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE VIJAYAWADA

`
B. SKILL
Category of Skills Sub task

 Identifying various terminals of ZENER DIODE
Handling of
Apparatus  Varying the RPS
 Bread board knowledge.
 Varying of the load resistance
.
 Reading the Circuit Diagram.
 Making the connections.
Manipulation of  Checking the connections

apparatus  Switch on the supply.
 Observing the readings in the Ammeter and Voltmeter.
 Adjusting the RPS to minimum position to maximum position

as to get the required voltage.
Precise
 Recording the readings of voltmeter and Ammeter.
 Finding Breakdown voltage( output voltage).
 Drawing the graphs.
.
2. TEACHING POINTS
Sl No Teaching Points Suggested Time-15 min

1. Types Breakdown Mechanisms. 2
2. Purpose of Regulation 2
3. Need of Regulators 2
4. Need of RPS in Electronic circuits 2
5. Zener Breakdown mechanism 3
6. Factors affecting the REGULATION 1
7. Applications of Zener Diode 2
8. Precautions NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE VIJAYAWADA 1
LAB
A. SHEET 2.4 precautions
Procedural ZENER DIODE AS A VOLTAGE REGULATOR
`Sl No Teaching Point Time allocation
1. Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections
(Suggestive) 15min
2. Ensure the correct range of meters
1 Purpose of finding the characteristics
3. Ensure that the meters and RPS and Zener Diode are connected properly.
2 4. Connect
Converting 1-phase
the circuit asA.C.
perSupply to D.C.diagram
the circuit Supply and check for polarity of ZENER DIODE.
6 min.
3 5. Get Purpose of M-G set
1. m the connections checked by the concerned staff member.
4 6. Ensure
o Purpose
that of fuse;are
there its type and rating
no loose connections.
5 d Purpose of starter; its type, its terminals and connections
u
6
B. Safety Purpose of Rheostats, its knobs and handling of rheostats
l precautions:
a
7 1. The Types of instruments
terminals of the zener diode should be properly identified.
t
8 Advantages of moving coil instruments
i
2. .While 3 min.shorted.
determined the load regulation; load should not be immediately
10 3. Should
n Howbe ensured
to vary that the applied voltages & currents do not exceed
the current 1 min the ratings of the
11 diode.
. Maintaining the speed of the Motor constant
3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT:
5 Min.
14 a) Used as Voltage
Explanation Regulator
of various points in the graph
15 Findinginthe
b) Used saturationpower
regulated point supplies to get the constant output voltages irrespective input
16 Importance
voltage and loadof saturation point
variations.
17 Drawing the graph at various speeds
* Used in voltage stabilizers
* Used in Regulated Power Supply
ACTION ACTIVITY
 Checking for all circuits
 The students entry behavior
 First aid kit
 Getting of all components with good rating.
Check for
Instruction

`

INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A. Drawing circuit diagram

A B C T
and Identifying various
1. Handling of
terminals of ZENER 2 1 2 5
apparatus Diode.
B. Using correct range
Voltmeter, Ammeter
C. Connecting the ZENER
DIODE in the circuit with
correct polarity.
2. Manipulation of A. Varying the value of RPS
apparatus B. Observing the readings in A B T
the Ammeter and
7 8 15
Voltmeter
A. Recording and A B C D T
3.Precise
operations/Activities observing the readings 5 8 7 5 25
on voltmeter, Ammeter.
B. Finding Breakdown
voltage or output
voltage.
C. Calculating the
REGULATION of the
Zener Diode.
D. Drawing the graphs.

`
4.Values A. Co- Operation
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50
6. ASSESSMENT
1.Identification of terminals of Zener Diode
2. why zener is used as voltage regulator.
3.What is the zener break down voltage
4.Draw the circuit of zener voltage regulator.
5.How zener acts in forwars bias condition.
6.what is the meaning of 6Z2
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1. What is the Temp Co-efficient of zener diode ?

2. If the doping is increased the width of the depletion layer is?
3. Does the dynamic impendence of a zener diode vary?
4. Basic difference between avalanche and zener breakdown?
5. Differentiate between line regulation & load regulation?
6. In which region zener diode can be used as a regulator?
7. How the breakdown voltage of a particular diode can be controlled?

LABORATORY SHEET 2.5 2.5 SINGLE STAGE TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER
TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER
Objective : To plot the frequency response of a single stage

transformer coupled CE amplifier.
Apparatus :
Name of the Specifications/ No
component Range
Regulated Power 0-30V
1
Supply
CRO 0-20MHz 1
Digital Multimeter 1
Signal
Generator/Function 1Hz – 1MHz
1
Generator
R1-- 24KΩ,
Resistors R2—5KΩ 1
RE -- 500Ω Each
CE—33µF/12V 1
Capacitors Cin--- 4.7µF/12V Each
Transistor BC107 1
2:1 stepdown 1
Driver Transformer transformer ironcore
Connecting wires
Task Analysis :
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Amplifier principle
2. Transformer principle
3. Coupling methods
4. Gain formula
5. Frequency response
6. Use of CRO, Signal Generator and RPS
7. Drawing Logarithmic graph
B. SKILL
Category of Skill Sub task
 Identifying the equipment .

Handling of  Selecting correct components, meters and wires.
Apparatus  Identification of Transformer terminals by markings.
 Identifying the transistor terminals.
 Following standard procedures ( Correct colour code, polarity,
Manipulation of
tight connections etc.,)
apparatus
 Selecting correct mode and range of signal generator , CRO,
RPS and Multimeter.
 Observing the readings in CRO and Signal Generator.
 Connecting Signal Generator , RPS and CRO probes to the
correct terminals.
 Reading the resistor and Capacitor values.
 By measuring the resistance values , identify the transistor
terminals.
Precise  By measuring the resistance values , identify the transformer
operations/Activities windings.
 Record the input and output voltages at different frequencies
from CRO.
 Determine the Gain.
 Plot the frequency response on Logarithmic graph sheet.
 Interpreting the response.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
Values  Communication
 Sharing
NITTTR EXTENSION
Leadership
CENTRE VIJAYAWADA
2. TEACHING POINTS
B. Safety precautions:

1. Amplifier Principle 1
2. .Types of coupling 2
3. Gain, gain formula 2
4. Frequency response 2
5. Transformer Principle 2
6. Advantages of Transformer Coupling 2
7. Applications of Transformer coupled amplifier 1
8. Interpreting Name plate Details 1
9. Precautions 2
 Shoes must be worn at all times.
 No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
 Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging and
unplugging from the outlet
3. Need And Scope Of Experiment

 This circuit is used where impedance matching is the main criteria.
 It can be used as Power amplifier.
 It can be used as Driver amplifier.
 Used in applications where maximum power transfer is needed

4. Planning And Organisation

ACTION ACTIVITY
 CRO, RPS and Function Generator.
 Transistor and Transformer arrangement.
 First aid kit
Instruction
5. Scheme Of Evaluation

INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A. Identifying the equipment .

B. Selecting correct
1. Handling of 8
components, meters and
apparatus wires. A B C D T
C. Identification of Transformer
D. Identifying the transistor 2 2 2 2 8
terminals.
A. Drawing the circuit diagram
B. Making the connections.
C. Following standard
A B C D E T
procedures ( Correct colour 12
code, polarity, tight
2. Manipulation connections etc.,) 4 3 1 2 2 12
of apparatus D. Selecting correct mode and
range of signal generator ,
CRO, RPS and Multimeter.
E. Observing the readings in
CRO and Signal Generator.

A. Connecting Signal Generator

, RPS and CRO probes to
the correct terminals.
B. By measuring the resistance
values , identify the transistor
terminals
3.Precise 25
C. By measuring the resistance
operations / values , identify the A B C D E F G T
transformer winding
Activities D. Record the input and output 5 3 2 5 4 4 2 25
voltages at different
frequencies from CRO
E. Determine the Gain
F. Plot the frequency response
on Logarithmic Graph sheet
G. Interpreting the response
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
C. Communication
D. Sharing 5
4.Values
E. Leadership
Total 50
6. Assessment
1. Identify the terminals of the transistor
2. Identify the terminals of the driver transformer
3. Draw the circuit diagram of transformer coupled amplifier
4. check the connections of the circuit
5. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
6. Plot the frequency response of transformer coupled amplifier

Viva Questions :
1. Why transformer coupling is preferred than other coupling methods in amplifiers?
2. State the need for coupling.
3. Why CE Configured amplifier is preferred ?
4. How the transformer provides impedance matching?
5. What is the need for impedance matching?
6. Why the frequency response is not stable in transformer coupled amplifiers?
7. Mention the disadvantages of transformer coupled amplifiers.
8. Why the transformer coupled amplifier is used for voltage amplification purpose

2.6 LAB SHEET 2.6 RC COUPLED AMPIFIER
RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER
OBJECTIVE :
a) To obtain the frequency response of a RC coupled amplifier.

b) To calculate gain and bandwidth of a RC coupled amplifier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the Specifications/ No

component Range
Regulated Power 0-30V,1A
1
Supply
Transistor BC 547 2
CRO 0-20MHz 1
Digital Multimeter 1
Signal
Generator/Function 1Hz – 1MHz
1
Generator
R1-- 33KΩ,
R2—5.6KΩ
Resistors 2
RE – 1kΩ
Each
RC-2.2 kΩ
CE—100 µF /12V 2
Capacitors Cin--- 4.7µF/12V 3
Connecting wires
1. TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Transistor terminal identification.

2. Biasing

3. Identification of low, medium and high frequencies.
4. Gain and Bandwidth.
B. SKILLS
Category of skill Subtask

Handling apparatus a) Identifying different solid
state devices
b) Identification of test
points in circuit.
c) Identifying different
components
Manipulations of apparatus a) Designing Circuit
b) Choosing proper values
of resistor, regulated
power supply.
c) Identifying proper
terminals of transistor.
d) Proper connections as
per the circuit
Precise operations/activities a) Identifying breakdown
voltages from data sheet.
b) Identifying cut off ,
saturation and active
regions of BC547
transistor.
c) Plot the frequency
response on semilog
sheet.
d) Calculate the gain and
bandwidth
2. Teaching points :
S.No Teaching point Time allocation

1. About Doping 1min
2. Different junctions in a transistor 1min
3. Forward bias and reverse bias 2min
4. Breakdown voltage and cut in voltage 2min

5. Identifying different models of transistor. 1min
6. Identifying the rating of the given transistor. 2min
7. Identifying different types of resistors and
their ratings 2min
8. Define voltage gain. 1min
9. Applications of RC coupled amplifier 1min
10- Precautions 2min

 Never make connections while power is applied.

checked your work.
This experiment is essential to understand the performance of RC coupled amplifier
This circuit is needed where voltage amplification is required
 RF Communications.
 Optical Fiber Communications.
 Public address systems as pre-amplifiers.
 Controllers.
 Radio or TV Receivers as small signal amplifier

*
ACTION ACTIVITY
 The Meters, Transistors and CRO.
 The students entry behavior
Check for  First aid kit
Instruction
5.Scheme of evaluation:
Category of skill Subtask Weightage with Marks

competency level awarded
individually
Handling apparatus a) Identification of
components
b) Identification of A B T
meters 2 3 5
Manipulations of a) Circuit connections A B C T

apparatus b) Equipment handling 5 5 5 15
c) Measurements and
observations
Precise a) Identifying proper A B C D E T
operations/activities components 5 5 5 5 5 25
b) Identifying the
ratings of the
components
c) Identifying
terminals of a
transistor.
d) Plot the frequency
of a given amplifier.
e) Calculate the gain
and bandwidth from
the graph
values a) Co-operation
b) Co-ordination

c) Communication
d) Attitude
e) leadership 5
TOTAL 50
6. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:
1. Identify terminals of a BC 547 transistor.

2. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Adjust the waveform in the CRO.
4. Check the voltage levels in the circuit.
7. VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Which region is having highest doping density in a transistor?

2. What is voltage gain?
3. How many junctions are there in a transistor?
4. What are the modes of operation in a transistor?
5. When the temperature increases what happens to the collector current?
6. Why the width of the base is narrow?
7. What are the regions of a RC coupled amplifier
8. Why we prefer NPN transistors compared to PNP?

Lab Sheet 2.7 2.7 Colpitts Oscillator
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
Objective
a) To implement the Colpitt’s oscillator
b) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe
output waveform on CRO.
Apparatus
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY
COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107 1
2 RESISTOR R1 =100K ohms 1
R2 , R4 =10K 2
ohms 1
Re = 1K ohms
3 CAPACITORS C1,C2 =0.1uf 2
4 CAPACITORS Cin, Cout =10uf 2
5 CAPACITORS Ce = 100pf 1
6 INDUCTOR L1 = 2mH 1
7 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1
8 BREADBOARD 1
9 CONNECTING WIRES REQUIRED
NUMBER
10 REGULATED 0-30V 1
POWERSUPPLY
1.Task Analysis
A. Knowledge
1. Need of the oscillator

2. Common emitter amplifier
3. Working Principle of Tank circuit
4. Condition for sustained oscillations
5. Equation for the frequency of Oscillations of Colpitt’s Oscillator
NITTTREXTENSION CENTER VIJAYAWADA

B. Skills
S.No Category of skill Subtask

1 Handling apparatus a) Drawing the circuit diagram
b) Identification of Components
c) Identification of terminals of the
transistor
d) Identifying major sections
(amplifier & Feedback section)
e) Identification of test points in
circuit.
2 Manipulations of a) Make the connections as per the
apparatus Circuit.
b) Check the proper function of
the CRO
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage
level in Dual regulated power
supply
d) Observe the output waveform on
CRO at the test point in the
circuit.
3 Precise a) Adjust the capacitance and

operations/activities inductance of the tank circuit to
get the sustained oscillations
b) Note down the time period and
amplitude of the output
waveform
c) Plotoutput waveform on graph
sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of
oscillations from the output
waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and
practical frequencies.
4 Values  Co-operation
 Co-ordination
 Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

2.Teaching points :
1. Different junctions in a 1min
transistor
2. Region of operation of the 2min
transistor
3. Transistor as amplifier 3min
4. Working principle of tank 2min
circuit
5. Concept of positive 2min
feedback
6. Constructional details of 2min
the colpitt’s oscillator
7. Conditions for sustained 2min
oscillations
8. Calculations of the 1min
frequency of colpitt’s
Oscillator
3.Need& Scope:
 Colpitt’s oscillator is mainly used to generate the stable sinusoidal
Waveform with different frequencies based on circuit components.
 It is used for the development of mobile and radio communications.
4.Planning and organization :

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Circuit components
 CRO with probes
 Connecting Wires
 Students entry behavior

Instruction

5. Scheme of evaluation:
Category of skill Subtask Weightage With Competency Total

Level Individually
Handling apparatus a. Drawing the circuit
diagram
b. Identification of
Components
c. Identification of terminals A B C D E T
of the transistor 1 1 1 1 1 5
d. Identifying major sections
(amplifier & Feedback
section)
e. Identification of test points
in circuit.
Manipulations of a. Make the connections
apparatus as per the Circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the CRO
c. Adjust the appropriate A B C D T
voltage level in Dual 8 2 2 3 15
regulated power
supply
d. Observe the output
waveform on CRO at
the test point in the
circuit.
Precise a. Adjust the capacitance

operations/activities and inductance of the
tank circuit to get the
sustained oscillations
b. Note down the time
period and amplitude
of the output A B C D E T
waveform 5 5 5 5 5 25
c. Plotting output
waveform on graph
sheet
d. Calculate the
frequency of
oscillations from the
output waveform

e. Verify the theoretical

and practical
frequencies.
Values  Co-operation
 Co-ordination
 Communication A B C D E T
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
 Total
8. Assessment ;
1. What are the components used in feedback circuit?
2. Draw the circuit of colpitts oscillator.
3. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the output waveform.
4Vary the frequency of colpitts oscillator by changing the tank circuit

components.
5.Measure the values of inductor and capacitors values usin LCR meters.
9.Viva Questions:
1.What type of feedback is preferred in oscillators?
2. List out the applications of Colpitt’s oscillators
3. why Amplifier circuit is necessary in an oscillator?
4. What is the feedback factor for colpittsOscillator
5. whypositive feedback is employed in oscillators?
6. What is the formula for frequency of oscillations?
7.What are the elements in feedback circuit?

2.8 LAB SHEET2.8 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
OBJECTIVE :
a) To implement the Hartley oscillator

b) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe output
waveform on CRO.
Apparatus;

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107BP 1
R2 , R4 =10K ohms 2
Re = 1K ohms 1
3 INDUCTORS L1,L2 2
=10mH,20mH,30mH
4 CAPACITORS C =0.01uf 1
7 CRO 0-20 M HZ(Dual 1
Trace)
8 BREADBOARD 1
NUMBER
10 REGULATED POWERSUPPLY 0-30V,1A 1
1. TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Common emitter amplifier a
4. Equation for the frequency of Oscillations of Hartley Oscillator
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTER - VIJAYAWADA

B.SKILLS

transistor
d) Identifying major sections (amplifier
& Feedback section)
e) Identification of test points in circuit.
apparatus Circuit.
b) Check the proper function of the
CRO
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level
in Dual Regulated Power supply
d) Observe the output waveform on
CRO at the test point in the circuit.
3 Precise a) Adjust the capacitance and

operations/activities inductance of the tank circuit to get
the sustained oscillations
b) Note down the time period and
amplitude of the output waveform
c) Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of
waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and practical
frequencies.
 Co-ordination
 Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership


transistor
transistor
4. Working principle of tank 2min
circuit
feedback
6. Constructional details of the 2min
Hartley oscillator
7. Conditions for sustained 2min
oscillations
frequency of Hartley
Oscillator
A. Procedural precautions

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
 Ensure that the variable inductors and capacitors are properly adjusted
 Ensure the correct position of different knobs on the CRO
 Get the connections checked
 Equipment should be handled carefully
B . Safety precautions
 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves
 Wear sensible clothing including footwear
 Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

3. Need & Scope :
 Hartley oscillator is mainly used to generate the stable sinusoidal Waveform with
different frequencies.
 It is used for the development of Mobile and Radio communications.
4. Planning and organization :
ACTION ACTIVITY
 CRO with probes

Instruction
Category of skill Subtask WEIGHTAGE WITH TOTAL

COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
section)
in circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the CRO

regulated power supply
waveform on CRO at
circuit.

of the output waveform A B C D E T
c. Plotting output 5 5 5 5 5 25
waveform on graph
sheet
d. Calculate the
frequency of
output waveform
and practical
frequencies.
 Co-ordination
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
 Total=50
7.ASSESSMENT
2. Draw the circuit of Hartley oscillator.
4Vary the frequency of Hartley oscillator by changing the tank circuit

components.
5.Measure the values of inductor and capacitors values using LCR meters.

8.VIVA QUESTIONS :
2. List out the applications of Hartley oscillators
3. why Amplifier circuit is necessary in an oscillator?
4. What is the feedback factor for Hartley Oscillator
5. whypositive feedback is employed in oscillators?
8.why positive feedback is employed in oscillators?

2.9 LAB SHEET 2.9 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
OBJECTIVE :
a) To implement the Crystal Oscillator
b) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe
APPARATUS REQUIRED;

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107BP 1
R2 , R4 =10K ohms 2
Re = 1K ohms 1
3 CRYSTAL 5MHz 1
4 CAPACITORS C1,C2 2
=0.1uf/0.01uf/0.047uf/
7 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1
8 BREADBOARD 1
NUMBER
10 REGULATED 0-30V 1
POWERSUPPLY
1. TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE

4. Equation for the frequency of Oscillations of Crystal Oscillator

B.SKILLS

c) Identification of terminals of the transistor
d) Identifying major sections (amplifier &
Feedback section)
2 Manipulations of apparatus a) Make the connections as per the Circuit.
b) Check the proper function of the CRO
c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level in
Dual regulated power supply
d) Observe the output waveform on CRO at
the test point in the circuit.
3 Precise operations/activities a) Adjust the capacitance and Crystal of the

tank circuit to get the sustained
oscillations
b) Note down the time period and amplitude
of the output waveform
c) Plotting output waveform on graph sheet
d) Calculate the frequency of oscillations
from the output waveform
e) Verify the theoretical and practical
frequencies.
 Co-ordination
 Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership

2.TEACHING POINTS :

transistor
2. Region of operation of 2min
the transistor
4. Working principle of 2min

tank circuit
feedback
6. Constructional details 2min
of the Crystaloscillator
7. Conditions for 2min
frequency of Crystal
Oscillator
A. PROCEDURAL PRECAUTIONS

 Ensure that the variable inductors and capacitors are properly adjusted

3.NEED& SCOPE :
 Crystal oscillator is mainly used to generate the stable Sinusoidal

Waveform with different frequencies.
 It is used for the development of mobile and radio communications.
4. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION :
ACTION ACTIVITY
 CRO with probes

Instruction
5. SCHEME OF EVALUATION:

COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
section)
in circuit.

b. Check the proper
function of the CRO
regulated power
supply
waveform on CRO at
circuit.

operations/activities and Crystal of the tank
circuit to get the
of the output A B C D E T
waveform 5 5 5 5 5 25
c. Plotting output
waveform on graph
sheet
d. Calculate the
frequency of
output waveform
and practical
frequencies.
 Co-ordination
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
 Total
50

7. ASSESSMENT
1.What are the components used in feedback circuit?
2. Draw the circuit of crystal oscillator.
4 calculate the frequency of the crystal oscillator
8.VIVA QUESTIONS :
2. List out the applications of Crystaloscillators
3. Why Amplifier circuit is necessary in an oscillator?
4. What are the advantages Crystal Oscillator
5. Why crystal oscillator is used as Master Oscillator in communication systems?
6. What is the general formula for frequency of oscillations?

2.10 LAB SHEET 2.10 RC PHASESHIFT OSCILLAtorrTOR
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

OBJECTIVE:
i) To obtain the output waveforms of RC phase shift oscillator for different R,C Values
ii) To determine the frequency of oscillations for different values of R,C Values.
APPARATUS:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107
2 RESISTOR 4.7K ohms and 22 K

ohms
3 VARIABLE RESISTOR 470K OHMS
4 CAPACITORS 0.1uf
5 CAPACITORS 10uf
6 CRO 0-20 M Hz(Dual trace)
7 BREADBOARD
8 CONNECTING WIRES
1.TASK ANALYSIS
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. conditions for oscillations.
2. Need for oscillator.
3.Types of oscillators.
4. Expression for frequency of oscillations.
5.Applications.
6. Precautions.

B. SKILL
Handling of Apparatus B. Identifying various components and terminals.

1
C. Proper handling of CRO to get exact waveforms
A. Reading the Circuit Diagram.

B. Making the connections as per circuit diagram.
C. Checking the connections
Manipulation of apparatus
2 D. Connecting the CRO probes to correct terminals
E. Adjusting the CRO and variable resistor to get
exact waveforms
A. Measuring the amplitude and time period of the

output waveform
B. Calculating the frequency of the output
waveform
Precise
operations/Activities C. Tabulating amplitude and time period for different
3
R,C values .
D. Drawing the output waveform on the graph sheet
A. Co-operation
B. Co-ordination
Values C. Communication
4 D. Sharing
E. Leadership

22.10 LAB SHEET
. TEACHING POINTS 2.10 RC PHASESHIFT OSCILLAtorrTOR
(Suggestive) 15min
S No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min
1 1. Conditions
Purpose for oscillations
of finding the characteristics 3
2 2. Need for oscillator
Converting 1-phase A.C. Supply to D.C. Supply 6 min. 1
3 3. mPurpose
Types ofofoscillators.
M-G set 2
1.
4 Purpose of fuse; its type and rating
4. o Usage of CRO for obtaining output waveforms 3
5. u connections
Expression for frequency of oscillations 1
6 6. l Purpose of Rheostats,
Calculation its knobs
of frequency and handling of
of oscillations 2
a rheostats
7 7. t Types
Applications
of instruments 2
8 8. i Advantages
Precautionsof moving coil instruments 3 min. 1
n
10 Procedural
A. How to vary the current
precautions 1 min
.
5 Min.
14  Explanation
Ensure thatofthe variable
various resistor
points is properly adjusted
in the graph
15  Finding
Ensurethe
thesaturation
correct position
point of different knobs on the CRO
16  Importance
Get the connections checked
of saturation point by the concerned staff member
17  Drawing
Ensure that there at
the graph are no loose
various connections
speeds
 This experiment is used to generate low frequency sinusoidal waveform with

good stability .
 These are used in musical instruments and voice synthesis and in GPS units since
they work at all audio frequencies.

ACTION ACTIVITY
 CRO with probes

Instruction

INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A. Drawing the circuit

A B C T
1. Handling of diagram
B. Identifying various 3 1 1 5
apparatus
components and
terminals.
C. Proper handling of CRO
to get exact waveforms

2. Manipulation of A. Reading the Circuit

apparatus Diagram. A B C D E T
B. Making the connections
1 8 1 1 4 15
as per circuit diagram.
C. Checking the
connections
D. Connecting the CRO
probes to correct
terminals
E. Adjusting the CRO and
variable resistor to get
exact waveforms
A. Measuring the amplitude

and time period of the A B C D T
3.Precise
operations/Activities output waveform 7 6 6 6 25
B. Calculating the
frequency of the output
waveform
C. Tabulating amplitude and
time period for different
R,C values .
D. Drawing the ouput
waveform on the graph
sheet
A. Co- Operation
A B C D E T
4.Values B. Co-Ordination
1 1 1 1 1 5
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

6. ASSESSMENT;
2. Draw the circuit of RC phase shift oscillator.
4 Vary the frequency of Rc phase shift oscillator by changing the RC values in

feed back circuit
7.VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. List the conditions for oscillations.

2. State the need for an oscillator
3. Classify oscillators.
4. Write the expression for frequency of oscillations
5. Mention the applications of RC Phase shift oscillators
6. Why 3 RC sections are used in RC Phase shift oscillator?

2.11 A LABSHEET 2.11 A BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Objective:
To implement transistor Bistable multivibrator and observe the waveforms.
Apparatus:
Name Specification/Range No
CRO 0-20Mhz 1
Bread board Half size 400 popints 1
Resistor(Rc1 & Rc2) 680 ohms 2
Resistor(R3 & R4) 10k ohms 2
Resistor(R1 & R2) 15 k ohms 2
Resistor(Rb1 & Rb2) 220k ohms 2
RPS Dual channel(0-30V) 1
Connecting wires Suitable length -
single strand wires.
Transistor (Q1 & Q2 ) BC547 2
100PF,0.01uF Each one
Capacitor (C1 & C2)
1.
1.Task analysis
A. Knowledge
1. Principle of Multivibrator
2. Types of multivibrator
3. States of Bistable multivibrator
4. Importance of trigger pulse.
5. Basics of CRO.
6. Waveforms of Bistable multivibrator
7. Applications of Bistable multivibrator.
8. Precautions.

B. SKILL
A. Identifying the correct
components.
Handling of B. Identifying the transistor terminals.
Apparatus
C. Identifying the test points.
A. Drawing the circuit.
B. Making the Circuit connections

Manipulation of
apparatus C. Checking the connections.
D. Switching on the supply.
A. Applying 1KHz square wave using function generator.

B. Observing the waveforms at base and collectors of both the
transistors.
Precise
C. Measuring the Vcc, Vbe sat and Vce sat from the waveforms
D. Drawing the waveforms and showing the salient features.

2.Teaching points.

(Suggestive) 15min
1 Principle of multivibrator
2 States in Bistable multivibrator. 4
3 1. mImportance of trigger pulse.

o
5 CRO calibration
d
6 u Transistor operation in saturation and cutoff regions 8
l
7 a Waveforms of Bistable multivibrator
t
8 Applications
i
9 o Precautions 3
n
.
3. Precautions
A. Procedural precautions.
1. Ensure correct values of resistors and capacitors.
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity.
3. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.
4. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
5 . Ensure whether the CRO is calibrated.
B. Safety precautions.
1. Care must be taken while operating the equipment.
2. Wear shoes for the lab.
4 Need and scope.
. The Bistable Multivibrator is used for single bit data storage. This is used in Flip-flops,
designing counters and it is also used in frequency divider.

5. Planning and organization
Action Activity
Check for  Availability and suitability of the

resisistors ,capacitors and other
components.
 Working of BC107 transistors.
 The student entry behavior.
 Availability of wires of standard colours

and gauges.
For design of instruction Read the teaching points carefully.
5. Scheme of Evaluation
SKILL SUB TASK WEIGHTAGE WITH TOTAL

COMPETENCY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
1.Handling of A. Identification of correct A B C T

Apparatus
components. 1 2 2 5
B. Identification of
transistor terminals.
C. Identification of test
points
2.Manipulation of A. Drawing the circuit. A B C D T

apparatus B. Making the Circuit
5 8 1 1 15
connections
C. checking the
connections.
D. Switching on the
supply.

A. Applying 1KHz
square wave using
3.Precise
operations/Activities function generator A B C D T
B. Observing the 2 10 3 10 25
waveforms at base
and collectors of both
the transistors
C. Measuring the
Vcc,Vbe sat and Vce
sat from the
waveforms.
D. Drawing the
waveforms and
showing the salient
features.
4.values
A. Co Operation
T
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication 5
D. Sharing
E.Leadership
TOTAL 50
7. Assessment:
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Bistable multivibrator.

1. Measure the voltages at bases of the transistors.
2. Measure the voltages at collector terminals of the transistors.
3. Draw the waveform of the voltages at base and collector terminals of the transistors.
4. Measure the frequency of the waveform generated.
5. Generate a waveform of 1KHz / 2KHz by varying the R & C values.

Viva Questions :
1. What are the other names of Bistable multivibrator?

2. How many stable states present in the Bistable Multivibrator?
3. What is the use of commutating capacitor in the Bistable Multivibrator?
4. What are the applications of Bistable Multivibrator?
5. List the Applications of Bistable multivibrator
6. How many stable states and quasi stable states are present in the output of an Bistable
multivibrator?
7. How can you change the frequency of the generated wave?
8. How can you change the ON time and OFF time of the transistor?
9. What is the maximum voltage measured at the base terminals?
10. What is the maximum voltage measured at the collector terminals?
11. How the output change from ON state to OFF state?

LAB SHEET 2.11b 2.11b.TRANSISTOR ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
`
TRANSISTOR ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Objective: To implement transistor Astable multivibrator and Observe the waveforms.
Apparatus:
Name Specification/Range No
CRO 0-20 MHz 1
Bread board Half size 400 points 1
Resistor(Rc1 & Rc2) 1k 2
Resistor(R1 & R2) 10k 2
Capacitor (C1 & C2) 0.1uF 2
Transistor (Q1 & Q2 ) BC107 2
RPS (0-30V) 1
Connecting wires Suitable length -
1.Task analysis
A.Knowledge
1.Multivibrator and its types.
2.Feedback and its types.
3.Time period & Frequency.
4. Square wave generator.
5.symmetrical & Unsymmetrical waves.
6.Basics of CRO.
7.Applications.
8.Precautions.
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE, VIJAYAWADA

B. Skill
CATEGORY OF SKILL SUB TASK
B. Identification of correct
Handling of Components.
Apparatus C. Identification of transistor terminals.
D. Identification of test points.
.
A. Making the Circuit connections.
B. Checking the connections.
Manipulation of C.Calibrating the CRO.
apparatus
D.Observing the waveforms at base and collectors of both the
transistors.
A. Measuring the Vcc,Vbe sat and Vce sat from the waveforms.
B. Measuring the Ton, Toff & Time period from the waveforms
and comparing with theoretical values.
Precise C. Calculating the duty cycle.
D. Drawing the waveforms and showing the salient features.

`
2.Teaching points:

(Suggestive) 15min
1 Purpose of Astable multivibrator
2 Quasi stable state.
4
3 Duty cycle.
1. m
4 Time constant.
o
5 Capacitor charging and discharging.
d
6 CRO calibration
u 8
7 l Time period and Frequency calculations
8 a Transistor operation in saturation and cutoff regions.
9 t Feedback signal in Astable multivibrator.
3
10. i Precautions
o
n
.
3.Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member.
4.Ensure that there are no loose connections.
5.Ensure whether the CRO is calibrated.
B. Safety precautions.
1.Care must be taken while operating the equipment.
2.Wear shoes for the lab.
3. Need and scope of experiment.
This experiment is essential to understand the effect of self triggering. This experiment is useful
for generating the square wave of required frequency.

`
4. Planning and organization:
Action Activity
Check for  Availability and suitability of the

resistors ,capacitors and other
components.
 Working of BC107 transistors.
 The student entry behavior.
 Availability of first aid kit
 Availability of wires of standard colors

and gauges.
For design of instruction  Read the teaching points carefully.
5.Scheme of Evaluation:

COMPETENCY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
1.Handling of A. Drawing the circuit. A B C D T

Apparatus
B. Identification of correct 1 1 2 1 5
components.
C. Identification of
transistor terminals.
D. Identification of test
points
2.Manipulation of A. Making the Circuit A B C D T

apparatus connections
5 1 6 3 15
B. checking the
connections.
C. Calibrating the CRO.

`
D. Observing the
waveforms at base and
collectors of both the
transistors.
3.Precise A. Measuring the Vcc, A B C D T
operations/Activities Vbe sat and Vce sat
7 8 2 8 25
from the waveforms.
B. Measuring the Ton,
Toff & Time period
from the waveforms
and comparing with
theoretical values.
C. Calculating the duty
cycle.
D. Drawing the
waveforms and
showing the salient
features.
4.values T
A. Co Operation
5
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E .Leadership
TOTAL 50
6. Assessment Questions:

`
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Astable multivibrator.
2. Identify the transistor terminals.
5. Draw the waveform of the voltages at base and collector terminals of the transistors.
7. Generate a square wave of 1KHz / 2KHz by varying the R & C values.
7. Viva questions:
1. What are the other names of Astable multivibrator?

2. Define quasi stable state?
3. Is it possible to change time period of the waveform without changing R & C?
4. Explain charging and discharging of capacitors in an Astable Multivibrator?
5. How can an Astable multivibrator be used as VCO?
6. Why do you get overshoots in the Base waveforms?
7. What are the applications of Astable Multivibrator?
8. How can Astable multivibrator be used as a voltage to frequency converter?

2.11C) LABORATORY SHEET 2.11C) MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Objective:
(i) To implement Transistor monostable multivibrator

(ii) Observe the output waveforms on CRO
Apparatus:
Name Specification/range Quantity

Breadboard - 1
R.P.S (0-30)v 2
Function 10Hz-1MHz 1
generator
C.R.O - 1
Transistor BC547 2
Resistors 1kΩ 2
10kΩ 4
Capacitors 0.01µf 1
0.1µf 1
Connecting wires - As
required
1. Task Analysis:
A. Knowledge
1. Classification of Multivibrators
2. Working Principle of Monostable Multivibrator
3. Applications
B. Skill
Handling of apparatus A) Draw the Circuit Diagram.
B) Identify various Components.
C)Identifying the Diode and Transistor
terminals
Manipulation of Apparatus A) Make Connections as per the Circuit
Diagram.
B)Following the standard procedures
(Ex:Correct color code, Tight
Connections)
C) Keeping the Function Generator in
square wave mode and connect to
CRO.

Precise operations/ activities A). Applying 1KHz square wave by

using function generator.
B) Observe the waveform at the base
of Transistors (Q1 and Q2).
C) Observe the Waveform at the
collector of Transistors (Q1 and Q2).
D)Drawing the Graphs
Values A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
C)Communication
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
2. Teaching points:
Sl No. Teaching Points Suggested

Time(15Min)
1. Classification of multivibrators 1
2. Working of monostable Multivibrator 3
3 Need of triggering Circuit 2
4. Working of triggering circuit 3
5. Pulse width in monostable multivibrator 1
6. Applications 2
7. Adjusting the voltage and time base of CRO 1
8. Precautions 2
Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Handling the Equipment Carefully.
3. Avoid parallax error while observing the values of waveforms on CRO.
4. Select the proper values of R & C such that the condition RC<<T is satisfied.
3. Need and Scope of the Experiment:
1. It is used for temporary memories.

2. It is used as delay and timing circuits.
3. It is used to trigger another pulse generator.

4. Planning and Organization:
Action Activity
Check for 1.Tight connections
2.Students entry behavior
3.First-aid kit
4.Wires of standard colors
For design of instruction Read teaching points carefully
Handling of apparatus A) Draw the Circuit A B C T

Diagram. 3 1 1 5
B) Identify various
Components.
C)Identifying the Diode and
Transistor terminals
Manipulation of Apparatus A) Make Connections as per A B C T
the Circuit Diagram. 5 5 5 15
B)Following the standard
procedures (Ex:Correct
color code, Tight
Connections)
C) Keeping the Function
Generator in square wave
mode and connect to CRO.
Precise operations/ A). Applying 1KHz square A B C D T

activities wave by using function 3 6 6 10 25
generator.
B) Observe the waveform at
the base of Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
C) Observe the Waveform
at the collector of
Transistors (Q1 and Q2).
Values A)Co-operation A B C D E T
B)Co-ordination 1 1 1 1 1 5
C)Communication
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
Total 50

6 Assessment questions:
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Monostable multivibrator.

2. Measure the voltages at base and collector terminals of the transistors.
3. Draw the waveform of the output voltages.
4. Draw the output waveforms by changing RC values.
5. Double the ON time of the transistor output voltage by changing R value.
7 Viva Questions
1. How many stable and quasi stable states are present in Monostable
multivibrator?
2. What is the other name of the Monostable multivibrator?
3. How is it got the name monostable multivibrator?
4. How do you trigger Monostable multivibrator.
5. List the applications of monostable multivibrator
6. How do you change the ON / OFF time of the transistor?
7. Which components effect the time period of the quasi stable state?
8. What is the difference between stable and quasi stable states?
9. How do you change the output from quasi stable state to stable state?
10. How do you change the output from stable state to quasi stable state?

2.12 Lab Sheet RC Integrator.docLAB SHEET 2.12 2.12 RC INTEGRATOR
`
RC INTEGRATOR
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of time constant on the o/p waveform of an RC Integrator.
APPARATUS:
Name Specifications/ Range No

CRO 0 T0 20 MHz 1
Function Generator 1Hz -1M.Hz 1
Resistances or DRB 1k, 10k, 100k 1

Bread board - 1
REGULATED 0-30V 1
POWERSUPPLY
Red , Green, Blue , As

Yellow and Black per
Connecting Wires 3/20 gauge , suitable the
lengths need
1. TASK ANALYSIS
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Transmission circuits:
2. Wave shaping by transmission through networks
a) Linear wave shaping b) Non linear wave shaping
3. RC circuits
4. RC Circuit as an Integrator
5. Time Constant
6. Factors affecting the the shape of the applied waveform
7. Applications RC Integrator circuits
8. Precautions.
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE VIJATAWADA
`
B. SKILL

 Identifying various pins on control panel on CRO and
Function generator
Handling of
Apparatus  Making correct settings on CRO to get Stable waveforms.
 Varying the frequency and amplitude knobs on CRO.
 Selecting the correct waveform on Function generator.
 . Proper handling of the CRO and Function generator
Manipulation of  Checking the connections.

apparattus  Generating the square waveform on Function generator.
 Settings of CRO in DUAL Mode.
 .Observing both the input and output waveform on CRO at

a time in dual mode.
Precise  Observing the exact triangular OUTPUT SIGAL.
 Observing effect on output by changing the time constant
by varying R values.
 Plotting the graphs for different Time constants.
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E.Leadership
4.Values

2.12
2. Lab Sheet RC
TEACHING Integrator.docLAB SHEET 2.12
POINTS 2.12 RC INTEGRATOR
` No
Sl Sl No Teaching
TeachingPoint
Points Time allocation
Suggested Time-15 min
(Suggestive) 15min
1. Transmission circuits 1
1 2. Purpose of finding
Wave shaping bythe characteristics
transmission through networks 2
2 Converting 1-phase A.C. Supply to D.C. Supply 6 min. 2
3. Linear and Nonlinear wave shaping.
1.
4. m RC Circuit as an Integrator 3
5 5. d Purpose
Factors ofaffecting thetype,
starter; its shape of the applied
its terminals and waveform 2
6. u connections
TIME CONSTANT. 2
7. a rheostats
Applications of RC Integrator circuits. 2
7
8. t Types of instruments
Precautions. 1
3 min.
n precautions
Procedural
.
 Ensure that the settings in CRO and Function Generators are5 CORRECT.
Min.
14 Explanation of various points in the graph
 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity of capacitor.
 Ensure that there are no loose connections.

2. Take care when biasing the supply.
3. Need & Scope:
1. Mainly used in Transmission networks
2. Used in filters
3. Used as timers and in delay circuits
ACTION ACTIVITY
1.Circuit components
2.CRO with probes
3.Connecting Wires
4.Students entry behavior
Check for 5.First aid kit
For Design of Read teaching points carefully.

Instruction

`

INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A.Drawing circuit diagram and

Identifying various terminals on
1. Handling of
Control panel of CRO and
apparatus Function generator.
B.SETTING correct range On

CRO for measuring voltages and
A B C T
frequency.
3 1 1 5
C.Generating the square
waveform on FG.
2. Manipulation of A. Reading the circuit Diagram.

apparatus A B T
7 8 15
B. Applying square wave signal
from Function generator at the
input of the RC integrator circuit.
A. Settings of CRO in DUAL

3.Precise A B C D T
operations/Activities Mode
5 10 4 6 25
B. Observing both the input and
output waveform on CRO at a
time in dual mode.
C. Observing the exact triangular
OUTPUT SIGAL.

`
D.Observing effect on output by

changing the time constant by
varying R values and Plotting the
graphs for different Time
constants.
4.Values A.Co Operation

5
A. Co-Ordination
B. Communication
C. Sharing
D. Leadership
Total 50
1.Draw the circuit of RC integrator.
2.Observe the output with change in RC values?
3. Calclate the time period of the output waveform
4.Draw the output wave form for long time constant
7. VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is low pass circuit?

2. under what condition it acts as a integrator?
3. Show theoretically how you get a triangular wave when a square wave is given to
an integrator?
4. What happens when a sine wave is applied to a differentiator or integrator
circuit?
5. What are different applications of a integrator?
6. What is the ideal value of phase shift offered by an RC circuit?

LABORATORY SHEET 2.13 2.13 RC DIFFERENTIATOR
RC DIFFERENTIATOR
Objective: To implement RC differentiator , apply a square wave & observe the output wave
form on CRO
Apparatus :
Range
CRO 0 - 20 M.Hz 1
Function Generator 1Hz -1MHz 1

Resistances or
DRB 1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ 1
1
Capacitor 0.1µF
Bread board - 1
Regulated Power 0-30V 1
supply
Red , Green, Blue , As
Yellow and Black per
Connecting Wires 3/20 gauge , the
suitable lengths need
Task Analysis
A. Knowledge
1. Wave shaping by transmission through networks
a) Linear wave shaping b) Non linear wave shaping
2. RC circuits
3. RC Circuit as a differentiator
4. Time Constant
5. Response variation with Time constant
6. Applications RC differentiator
7. Use of CRO,Signal generator.

NITTTR
8. Drawing graphEXTENSION CENTRE VIJAYAWADA
9. Precautions.
B. Skill
 Identifying various Knobs on CRO and Function Generator

Handling of  Making correct settings on CRO to get Stable waveforms.
Apparatus
 Varying the frequency and amplitude knobs on CRO.
 Selecting the correct waveform on Function Generator.
 Drawing circuit diagram
 Connect circuit as per diagram
 Following standard procedure.
Manipulation of
 Selecting resistance value on decade resistance box for
apparatus
different time constants
 Applying square wave signal to the differentiator.
 Settings of CRO in DUAL Mode.
 Connecting signal Generator, CRO probes to correct

terminals.
 Observing effect on output by changing the time constant by
Precise varying R value.
 Determining the amplitude & time period of input and output
with different R values
 Plotting the graphs for different Time constants.
 Interpreting the waveforms.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
 Sharing
 leadership

2. Teaching Points
Sl No Teaching Points Suggested Time-15 min

1. Wave shaping by transmission through networks 1
2. Linear and Non-linear wave shaping. 2
3. RC circuits and RC Circuit as a differentiator 2
4. Time constant 1
5. Response dependence on Time Constant 5
6. Applications of RC differentiator. 2
7. Precautions. 2
Precautions :

 Ensure that the settings in CRO and Function Generator are correct.
 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity of
capacitor.
 Connections should be tight.
 Take care when biasing the supply.
3. Need and scope of experiment
 It is used in wave shaping circuits to detect high frequency components in

the input signal
 It can be used to generate trigger pulses.
 To perform mathematical differentiation on the input signal with respect to
time.
 It can be used as a high pass filter

4. Planning And Organisation

ACTION ACTIVITY
 CRO and Function Generator.
 Decade resistance box arrangement.
 First aid kit
Instruction
5. Scheme of evaluation
SUB TASK
CATEGORY WEIGHTAGE WITH TOTAL
OF SKILL COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A. Identifying various Knobs on

CRO and Function Generator
B. Making correct settings on
CRO to get Stable waveforms A B C D T
8
C. Varying the frequency and 2 2 2 2 8
1. Handling of amplitude knobs on CRO
apparatus D. Selecting the correct waveform on
Function Generator.


B. Connect the Circuit as per circuit
diagram.
2.
Manipulation C. Following standard procedure.
A B C D E F T
of apparatus D. Selecting resistance value on decade
3 4 1 2 1 1 12 12
resistance box for different time
constants
E. Applying square wave signal to the
differentiator.
F. Setting of CRO in DUAL mode
A. Connecting signal Generator,

CRO probes to correct
terminals.
B. Observing effect on output by
3.Precise changing the time constant
operations / A B C D E T
by varying R value. 25
Activities 3 6 6 6 4 25
C. Determining the amplitude
& time period of input and output
D. Plotting the graphs for
different Time constants
E. Interpreting the waveforms
A. Co Operation
4.Values B. Co-Ordination 5
C. Communication 5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

1.Draw the circuit of RC differentiator.
2.Observe the output with change in RC values?
3. Calclate the time period of the output waveform
4.Draw the output wave form for long time constant
7. VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a high pass circuit?

2. under what condition it acts as a differentiator?
3. Show theoretically how you get a spikes when a square wave is given to an
differentiator
4. What happens when a sine wave is applied to a differentiator or integrator
circuit?
5. What are different applications of a differentiator?
6. What is the ideal value of phase shift offered by an RC circuit?
7. How the response changes with RC values?
8. Why RC<<T is required to act as a differentiator?
9. How much time will be taken by the capacitor to fully charge?
10. Why V0>Vin when RC<<T

Lab Sheet 2.14 2.14 Diode Clipper Circuits
DIODE CLIPPER CIRCUITS
Objective :
a) To assemble the positive and negative clipper circuits
b) To obtain the output waveforms for a given sinusoidal input
Apparatus
COMPONENT
1 DIODE 1N4007 1
RL =100K ohms 1
3 SIGNAL/FUNCTION 1MHz 1
GENARATOR
6 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1
7 BREADBOARD 1
NUMBER
9 REGULATED 0-30V 1
POWERSUPPLY
1.Task Analysis:
A. Knowledge
1. Forward and reverse bias operation of PN junction Diode
2. Identifying the terminals of diode
3. Equivalent circuit of diode
4. Concept of KVL
5. Concept of clippers
B. Skills

c) Identification of terminals of the diode
d) Identification of test points in circuit.
apparatus Circuit.
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTER VIJAYAWADA

CRO
c) Adjust the required frequency and
amplitude of the signal generator/
function generator
d) Set the reference line in the CRO
properly
3 Precise a) Observe the output waveform on the
operations/activities CRO in accordance with input
waveform
b) Identifying the clipped portion in the
output waveform
c) Note down the amplitude (Vr) of the
clipped portion in the output waveform
d) Plotting output waveform on graph
sheet
e) Observe the output waveform for
various DC reference voltages
 Co-ordination
 Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership
2.Teaching points :
S.No Teaching point Time allocation(15 min)

1. Concept of PN junction 2min
diode
2. Forward bias and reverse 2min
bias operations of diode
3. Working of diode as a 2min
switch
clipper
5. Concept of 2min
negativeclipper
the positive clipper circuit


the negative clipper circuit
8. Output waveforms of 1min
positive and negative
clippers
3.Need & Scope:

 Clippers are used to remove the unwanted portion in the signal such as
noise ,transients
 Used in FM transmitters to reduce noise
 To limit the voltage input to a device
 To modify an existing waveform to the desired output
4.Planning and organization :

ACTION ACTIVITY
 CRO with probes

Instruction

COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
A B C D T
c. Identification of terminals
2 1 1 1 5
of the diode
d. Identification of test points
in circuit.

Manipulations of a. Make the connections as

apparatus per the Circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the CRO
c. Adjust the required A B C D T
frequency and amplitude 6 3 3 3 15
of the signal generator/
function generator
d. Set the reference line in
the CRO properly
Precise a. Observe the output
operations/activities waveform on the CRO in
accordance with input
waveform
b. Identifying the clipped
portion in the output
waveform A B C D E T
c. Note down the amplitude 5 3 6 4 7 25
(Vr) of the clipped portion
in the output waveform
d. Plotting output waveform
on graph sheet
e. Observe the output
waveform for various DC
reference voltages
 Co-ordination
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
6. Assessment :
1. Draw the equivalent circuit of diode ?
2. Draw the circuit of positive clipper.
3. Draw the circuit of negative clipper.
4. Draw the circuit of positive peak clipper.
5. Draw the circuit of negative peak clipper.
6. Draw the circuit of series diode clipper.
7. .Draw the characteristics of diode in forward bias ?
8. Draw the characteristics of diode in reverse bias ?

9. Viva Questions:
1. List out the applications of Clippers
2. Mention the other name(s) of clipper?
3. Can we replace the double diode clipper with any other device?
4. What is the resistance offered by an ideal diode in forward bias and reverse bias?
5. what is positive clipper?
6. What is negative clipper?
7.What is the cut-in voltage of diode ?

2.15 lab sheet 2.15 Clamper circuit
DIODE CLAMPER CIRCUIT

LAB SHEET
OBJECTIVE :
a) To realize the clamper circuit and verify the input and output waveforms on CRO.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE NUMBER

Function Generator 1
Breadboard 1
Resistor 10k,0.25W Carbon 1
CRO 1
Diode 1N4007 1
Patch cords Single lead few
1. TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Diode terminal identification.
2. Biasing
3. Forward bias , reverse bias

B.SKILLS

Handling apparatus a) Identifying different solid state
devices
b) Identification of test points in
circuit.
c) Identifying different components
Manipulations of apparatus a) Designing Circuit
b) Choosing proper values of resistor,
Capacitor and appropriate
waveform from the Function
Generator
c) Identifying proper terminals of
diode.
d) Proper connections as per the
circuit
Precise operations/activities a) Identifying breakdown voltages
from data sheet.
b) Identifying cut in voltage , of
1N4007 diode.
c) Observe input and output
waveforms on CRO
values  Co-operation
 Co-ordination
 Communication
 Sharing
 leadership

2.Teaching points :

1. About Doping 1min
diode
3. Forward bias and reverse 1min
bias
4. Breakdown voltage and 1min
cutin voltage
5. Identifying different models 2min
of diodes.
6. Identifying the rating of the 2min
given diode.
7. Identifying different types
of resistors,capacitors and 2min
their ratings
8. Applications of clamper 2min
circuits
3.Need and Scope:
a)voltagedoublers
4.Planning and Co-ordination
ACTION ACTIVITY
 CRO with probes

Instruction

Category of skill Subtask Weitage with Marks

individually
components
meters 2 3 5

c) Measurements and
observations
b) Identifying the
ratings of the
components
c) Identifying
terminals of a
diodes.
d) Observe the input
and output
waveforms on CRO
b) Co-ordination
c) Communication 5
d) Attitude
e) leadership
TOTAL 50
6.ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:
1. Identify terminals of a 1N4007 diode.

2. Make connections as per the circuit diagram..
3. Check the voltage levels in the circuit using CRO.

7.VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why we are calling clamping circuit is DC restorer?

2. How the time costants are varied during forward bias and reversed bias?
3. Why the waveform is clipping in clamping circuit?
4. How many junctions are there in a diode?
5. When the temperature increases what happens to the diode current?
6. What is contact potential?

2.16LAB SHEET 2.16 VI CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO DIODE
PHOTO DIODE
OBJECTIVE: To study the reverse bias characteristics of Photo-diode for different

intensity levels of incident light on it.
APPARATUS:
Name Specifications/ Range Quantity

Ammeter (0-2)mA 1
Voltmeter (0-24)V 1
Regulated power
(0-30)V,1A 1
supply
Photo Diode BPV10NF 1
Light source Provision to Vary Intensity levels 1
Bread Board 1
Connecting Wires Suitable lengths As per the need
1.TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Types of Special diodes
2. Need of light source
3. Photo Diode working
4.Relation between reverse current and intensity levels
5. Modes of operation of Photo Diode
6. Applications of Photo Diodes
7. Precautions
B. SKILL

1.Handling of  Using correct range Voltmeter, Ammeters.
Apparatus  Selecting the light source with different intensity levels.
 Proper handling of the variable Dc supply.

2.Manipulation of
Apparatus
 Handling the light source.
 Observing the readings in the Ammeter and Voltmeter
 Adjusting the light intensity to different levels.

 Adjust the DC voltage in steps of different volts.
3.Precise
 Recording the readings on voltmeter, Ammeter.
 Drawing the graph and interpreting results.
4.Values A. Co- Operation

B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
2. TEACHING POINTS

Sl. Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min

No
1. Different types of Diodes 2
2. Purpose of Special Diodes. 1
3. Photo Diode Symbol and its connection 2
4. Photo Diode and its function 2
.
5. Operating modes of Photo Diode 1
6. Light Source arrangement 1
7. Photo Diode characteristics 2
8. Applications of Photo Diode 1
9. Interpreting graph 2
10. Precautions 1

 Ensure that the meters and components are properly set
 Focus the light source appropriately on diode.
 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items (books, bags etc….) on shelves

This experiment is essential to understand the performance of Photo diode at

various intensity levels. This test also gives an insight in to the purpose and modes of
operation of Photo Diode adopted in the industry and suitability of it for various
applications.
ACTION ACTIVITY
 Light Source Arrangement.
 First aid kit.
Instruction

INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A .Drawing the circuit

A B C T
3 1 1 5
apparatus B. Identification of Correct
Components
C. Selecting the
appropriate source of
light

2. Manipulation of A. Making Circuit connections

apparatus B. Switching on the power A B C D T
supply 10 1 2 2 15
C. Adjusting the intensity of
light
D. Increasing the voltage in
steps
A. Focusing the light on

photo diode A B C T
3.Precise
operations/Activities B. Recording the readings in
5 10 10 25
the Ammeter, Voltmeter.
C. Drawing the graph
A. Co- Operation
B. Co-Ordination
A B C D E T
D. Sharing
1 1 1 1 1 5
E. Leadership
Total 50
6. ASSESSMENT:
1.Identify the terminals of the photo diode.
2. Draw the circuit of Photo diode
3.How can you focus the light on the phodo diode
4.What can be observe for various intensities of light on photo diode.

7. VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Mention the types of diodes.

2. Why photo diode is required?
3. Can we operate photo diode in different modes? Yes/No
4. Is it possible to change the reverse current flowing in a diode?
5. What is the need for special diodes?
6. Mention the modes of operation of Photo Diode.

PHOTO TRANSISTOR
OBJECTIVE: To study the output characteristics of Photo-Transistor for different

intensity levels of incident light on it.
APPARATUS:
Name Specifications/ Range Quantity

Ammeter (0-2)mA and 0-20mA Each from one
Voltmeter (0-1)V and (0-25V) Each from one
Regulated power
(0-30)V,1A 2
supply
Light source Provision to Vary Intensity levels 1
Photo-Transistor L14G2
Bread Board 1
Connecting Wires Suitable lengths As per the need
TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Types of Special Transistor
2. Need of light source
3. Photo Transistor working
4.Relation between collector current and lightintensity levels
5. Modes of operation of Photo Transistor
6. Applications of Photo Transistor
7. Precautions
B. SKILL

1.Handling of  Using correct range Voltmeter, Ammeters.
Apparatus  Selecting the light source with different intensity levels.
 Proper handling of the variable DC supply.

2.Manipulation of
Apparatus
 Handling the light source.
 Observing the readings in the Ammeter and Voltmeter
 Adjusting the light intensity to different levels.

 Adjust the DC voltage in steps of different volts.
3.Precise
 Recording the readings on voltmeter, Ammeter.
 Drawing the graph and interpreting results.
4.Values A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
2. TEACHING POINTS

Sl. Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min

No
1. Different types of Transistor 2
2. Purpose of Special Transistor 1
3. Photo Transistor Symbol and its connection 2
4. Photo Transistorand its function 2
.
5. Operating modes of Photo Transistor 1
6. Light Source arrangement 1
7. Photo Transistor characteristics 2
8. Applications of Photo Transistor 1
9. Interpreting graph 2
10. Precautions 1

 Ensure that the meters and components are properly set
 Focus the light source appropriately on Transistor
.
 Keep workbench clear by placing extra items (books, bags etc….) on shelves

This experiment is essential to understand the performance of Photo Transistor

at various intensity levels. This test also gives an insight in to the purpose and modes of
operation of Photo Diode adopted in the industry and suitability of it for various
application as given bellow
 Punch-card readers.
 Security systems
 Encoders – measure speed and direction
 IR detectors photo
 electric controls
 Computer logic circuitry.
 Relays
 Lighting control (highways etc)
 Level indication
 Counting systems
ACTION ACTIVITY
 First aid kit.
Instruction

INDIVIDUALLY (50)
A .Drawing the circuit

A B C T
3 1 1 5
apparatus B. Identification of Correct
Components
C. Selecting the

appropriate source of
light
2. Manipulation of A. Making Circuit connections

apparatus B. Switching on the power A B C D T
supply 10 1 2 2 15
C. Adjusting the intensity of
light
D. Increasing the voltage in
steps
A. Focusing the light on

photo Transistor A B C T
3.Precise
operations/Activities B. Recording the readings in
5 10 10 25
the Ammeter, Voltmeter.
C. Drawing the graph
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
A B C D E T
D. Sharing
1 1 1 1 1 5
E. Leadership
Total 50

6. ASSESSMENT
1. Draw the symbols of photo Transistor
2. Identify the terminals of Photo Transistor
3. Check the connections of the Photo transistor circuit diagram
4. Draw the relevant diagram to obtain the photo characteristics of Photo

transistor
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. State the applications ofPhoto Transistor.

2. Why photo Transistor is required
3. Why the photo transistor is more superior than the Photo Diode
4. Can we operate photo Transistor in different intensities of light? Yes/No
5. Is it possible to change the collector current flowing in a Transistor?
6. What is the need for special Transistor?
7. State the applications of Photo Transistor
8. How the light is focused on the emitter base junction of the Photo
Transistor.

LABSHEET 2.18 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
`
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
OBJECTIVE:
i) To plot the V -I characteristics for different colour LED’S
ii) To determine the cut-in voltage of different colour LED’S
APPARATUS:

COMPONENT
1 REGULATED POWER 0-30 V DC 1

SUPPLY
2 RESISTOR 1 K ohm 1
3 VOLTMETER 0-10 V 1
4 AMMETER 0-50 mA 1
5 LED’S GREEN,RED,YELLOW 1 Each
6 BREAD BOARD 1

NUMBER
1.TASK ANALYSIS
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Materials used for manufacturing LED..
2. Types of LED.
3. LED principle and working
4. Symbol of LED and terminals of LED
5. Use of voltmeter, ammeter, regulated power supply.
6. Applications of LED.
7. Precautions.
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTER,VIJAYAWADA

B. SKILL
Handling of Apparatus B. Identifying terminals of devices

1
C. Using correct range voltmeter, ammeter

B. Making the connections as per circuit diagram.
Manipulation of apparatus C. Checking the connections
2 D. Switching on the power supply(by keeping knobs
in min position)
A. Increasing RPS voltage

B. Observing the brightness of LED
C. Record the readings on ammeter ,voltmeter
Precise D. Drawing the graph between V and I of different
operations/Activities colour LED’S.
3
E. Find cut in voltage of LED
A. Co-operation
B. Co-ordination
C. Communication
4 Values D. Sharing
E. Leadership

2. TEACHING POINTS
`
(Suggestive) 15min
S No Teaching Point Suggested Time-15 min
1 1. Materialsofused
Purpose forthe
finding manufacturing
characteristics LED 3
2 2. Converting 1-phase A.C. Supply to D.C. Supply
Types of LED. 6 min. 1
3 3. mPurpose of M-G set
LED principle and working 4
1.
4 Purpose of fuse; its type and rating
4. o Use of voltmeter, ammeter, regulated power supply 2
5. u connections
Symbol of LED and terminals of LED 2
Applications of LED its knobs and handling of 2
a rheostats
7 7. t Types
Precautions
of instruments 1
3 min.
A. o Disadvantages
9 Procedural precautions of moving coil instruments
n
• . Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections
 Ensure meters and LED are properly set
5 Min.
14  Explanation
Connect the of circuit
variousas per the
points circuit
in the graphdiagram
15  Finding
Get thethe
connections checked by the concerned staff member
saturation point
16  Importance
Ensure thatofthere are no
saturation loose connections
point
17  Drawing
Equipment
the should
graph atbe handled
various carefully
speeds
 This experiment is essential to understand V-I characteristics of different colour

LED’S .
 These are used in optical switching application, burglar alarm system, for indicating
power ON/OFF conditions, digital displays, power level indicators , motorcycle and
bicycle lights, traffic lights and signals.

ACTION ACTIVITY
 Meters

Instruction
CATEGORY OF SUB TASK WEIGHTAGE WITH TOTA

SKILL COMPETENCY LEVEL L
INDIVIDUALLY
(50)
A. Drawing the circuit

A B C T
B. Identifying terminals of 3 1 1 5
apparatus
devices
C. Using correct range
voltmeter, ammeter

`
2. Manipulation of A. Reading the Circuit
apparatus Diagram. A B C D T
B. Making the connections
1 10 2 2 15
as per circuit diagram.
C. Checking the
connections
D. Switching on the power
supply(by keeping knobs
in min position)
B. Observe brightness of
LED
C. Record the readings on
3.Precise ammeter ,voltmeter A B C D E T
D. Draw the graph 2 2 10 8 3 25
between V and I of
different colour LED’S.
E. Find cut in voltage of
LED
4.Values A. Co Operation
A B C D E T
B. Co-Ordination
1 1 1 1 1 5
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

`
6. ASSESSMENT ;
1.What is the principle of LED?
2.Identify the terminals of LED
3.Why it is prefered in display devices
4.What are the advantages of LED
5. Draw the circuit of LED characteristics.
6. whtat is the reason for low input voltage to LED.
7.VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. What is LED
2. What is the principle of LED
3. How does an LED emit light?
4. What is the difference between ordinary diode and LED
5. Draw the symbol of LED
6. Which materials are used for manufacturing Red color LED
7. Mention the applications of LED

2.19 LABSHEET2.19 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTER
OBJECTIVE :
a) To study thev-i characteristics of light dependent resister
. b) To study the responsecharacteristics of light dependent resister.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Regulated power supply 0-30V,1A,0-5V Each one 2
Resistor 330ohms Carbon 1
Ammeter 0-250ma MC 1
voltmeter 0-25V MC 1
LDR PGM5(20M ohms) Epoxy resin 1
LED RED color(or any 1
available color)
Breadboard 1
Connecting wires Single lead or Few
(Hook-Up wire)
1.TASKANALYSIS:
A.KNOWLEDGE
1. LDR physical identification.

2. Testing
3. Intensity of light.
4. Identification of terminals of LED

B.SKILLS

Handling apparatus a) Identifying different solid
state devices
b) Identification of test
points in circuit.
c) Identifying different
components
Manipulations of a) Designing Circuit
apparatus b) Choosing proper values
of resistor, regulated
power supply.
c) Identifying proper
terminals of LDR.
d) Proper connections as
per the circuit
Precise a) Identifying change in
operations/activities resistance depending on
the light intensity.
b) Identifying current at the
time of conducting
response on log sheet.
 Co-operation
 Co-ordination
 Sharing
 leadership


1. How LDR sensor working 2min
2. What is the function of LDR 2min
3. what is the symbol for LDR 1min
4. How do you test a LDR 3min
5. What happens tothe LED when the LDR is 2min
covered.
6. Identifying the rating of the given LDR. 1min
7. Applications of LDR
2min
8 Precautions 2 min
Precautions:
Precautions to be followed as mention in the annexure:
1. While performing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the LDR. This may lead to
damage the LDR.
2. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram.
3. Make sure while selecting proper intensity of light to fall on the LDR.
3.Need and scope:
o LDR s are used where there is a need to sense the presence and absence
of light is necessary.These are used as light sensors
o Applicationsare Alarm clocks,street lights,light intensity meters.
ACTION ACTIVITY
Check for  The Meters ,LDR, Diode.
 First aid kit.
Instruction

Category of skill Subtask Weitage with Marks

individually
components
meters 2 3 5

c) Measurements and
observations
b) Identifying the
ratings of the
components
c) Identifying
terminals of a
transistor.
d) Plot the frequency
of a given amplifier.
e) Calculate the gain
and bandwidth from
the graph
b) Co-ordination
c) Communication 5
d) Attitude
e) leadership
TOTAL 50

6.ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:
1. Identify and check terminals of given LDR.

3. Adjust the intensity of light.
4. Check the voltage and current levels in the circuit.
7.VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. How does the intensity affects the resistance of LDR?

2. How LDR sensor working.
3. what type materials are used in LDR?
4. What are the specifications of LDR?
5. When the light is increases what happens to the LDR current?

2.20 LAB SHEET 2.20 TWILIGHT SWITCH USING LDR AND RELAY
TWILIGHT SWITCH USING LDR AND RELAY
OBJECTIVE :
To implement twilight switch using LDR and Relay

APPARATUS:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC547 2 For amplification
2 RESISTOR R1 =1K ohms 1 For biasing and
R3=330 ohms 1 stabilization
3 DIODE IN4001 1 Freewheeling

diode
4 RELAY 6V 1 switch
5 LDR 1 To sense the light
6 LAMP 100W 1 indicator
7 BREADBOARD 1 To Develop the
circuit
NUMBER
9 REGULATED 0-30V,1A 1 To provide biasing
POWERSUPPLY
1. TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
2. LDR
3. Relay
B. SKILLS
transistor
d) Identifying major sections (LDR and
relay)
apparatus Circuit.
Relay.

c) Adjust the appropriate voltage level
in Dual regulated power supply
d) Observe the output at the test point
in the circuit.
3 Precise a) Adjust the relay NC and NO pin

operations/activities properly on bread board
 Co-ordination
 Communication
 Sharing
 Leadership
2.Teaching points :

transistor
transistor
4. Working principle of relay 2min
5. Working of LDR 2min
twilight switch
7. Altenative techniques 2min
8. applications 1min

 Ensure that the BJTS are properly placed
 Ensure the correct placement of LDR and Relay

3.Need &Scope :
 Power saving technique without intervention of human.

 Street light switching and remote area applications.
4. Planning and organization :
ACTION ACTIVITY
 Lamp with wires

Instruction

COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
d. Identification of terminals
of Relay
in circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the Relay

Precise a. Adjust the lamp
operations/activities illumination
b. Note down the
ON/OFF position of
lamp.
A B C D E T
5 5 5 5 5 25
 Co-ordination
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
6. ASSESSMENT
1.Why LDR is used in this circuit.
2.How can you identify the type of transistor
3.What is the required output in this circuit.
4.What you can understand about twilite switch.
5.Can you replace the relay with any other device .
7.VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. What is the purpose of twilight switch?
2. List different types of LEDS?
3. Write about NC and NO terminals of relay?
4. List different applications of twilight switch

2.21.A LAB SHEET 2.21 A HALFWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
`
HALFWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
OBJECTIVE:
1. To design and simulate the half wave rectifier
2. To observe the output waveforms of Half Wave Rectifier
APPARATUS:
PC with PSPICE / Multisim software
TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
I. Rectifier
II. Working principle of PN diode in forward bias and reverse bias.
III. Familiarization of simulation software.
IV. Applications of rectifier.
V. Output waveforms
VI. Precautions
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE ,VIJAYAWADA

`
B. SKILL
A. Opening the PSPICE schematic.

Handling of
Apparatus B. Creating a new File.
C. Getting the required components and Devices from PSPICE library.
A. Giving values/names to the components.
B. Making the circuit connection with wire.

Manipulation of
apparatus
C. Placing AC voltage source at input.
D. Placing voltage marker at the output..
A. Setting The values of primary , secondary of Transformer
B .Applying AC voltage to the primary of the transformer.
C. Run the simulation

Precise
D. Observing the output waveforms.
E. Measuring the amplitude and time period by using scales.
F. Drawing the graph.

`Sl No Teaching Point Time allocation
(Suggestive) 15min
2. TEACHING POINTS
Sl No Teaching Point the characteristics Suggested Time-15 min
1 Purpose of finding
2 1. Purpose of1-phase
Converting rectifierA.C. Supply to D.C. Supply 2
6 min.
3 2. Purpose
Types of M-G set
rectifiers 1
1. m
4 3. o Purpose of fuse; its
Familiarization of type and rating
simulation software 5
4. connections
Familiarization of scales in CRO 2
u
Simulation its knobs and handling of
running process 2
a rheostats
7 6. Types
Inputofand Output wave forms
instruments 1
t
8 7. i Advantages
Applications of moving
of Half coil
wave instruments
rectifier 1
3 min.
9 o
8. Disadvantages
Precautions of moving coil instruments 1
n
.
A. Procedural
11 precautions:
Maintaining the speed of the Motor constant
 The primary and secondary of the transformer should be correct values.
5 Min.
14  The polarities of
Explanation ofvarious
the diode should
points in thebe carefully connected.
graph
17  GetDrawing
the connections
the graph checked
at variousby the concerned staff member.
speeds
 Select proper components and equipment from the catalogue of the PSPICE.
 Ensure the correct analysis in setup is selected.
1. Care must be taken while operating the PC.
This experiment helps to understand the performance characteristics of half wave rectifier
Half wave rectifiers are used in power supplies.

`
ACTION ACTIVITY
Check for availability and suitability of the components and

Check for devices in the PSPICE schematic Library.
For Design of
 Read teaching points carefully.
Instruction
CATEGORY OF WEIGHTAGE WITH TOTAL

SUB TASK
(50)
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Opening the PSPICE

A B C T
1. Handling of schematic.
B. Creating a new File. 1 1 3 5
apparatus
C. Getting the required
components and Devices from
PSPICE library
A. Giving values/names to the

components. A B C D T
B. Making the circuit connection 5 6 2 2 15

with wire.
2. Manipulation of
apparatus C. Placing AC voltage at the
input.
D. Placing voltage marker at the

output..

`
A .Setting the values of primary , A B C D E T

secondary of Transformer.
2 2 5 10 6 25
B. Applying AC voltage to the
primary.
3.Precise
operations/Activiti C . Run the simulation
es
D. Observing the output waveforms
and measure amplitude and time
period.
E . Drawing the graph
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication 5
4.Values D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50
6. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS :
1. Draw the circuit diagram to rectify a given sinusoidal signal using Half
wave rectifier.
2. Make connections as per the circuit diagram given to you using PSPICE /
MULTISIM.
3. Read the voltage of the output waveform generated
4.
Measure the frequency of the input and output waveforms displayedVIVA
questions :
1. Why the output voltage is less than the secondary voltage?

`
2. What is the alternate component used in place of a diode?

3. How can you use a transistor in place of diode?
4. Why can’t we use resistor / capacitor / inductor in place of diode?
5. How can we vary the output voltage?
6. How the filter circuit removes the ripples in output?
7. Which type of capacitor is used in filter circuit?
8. What happens if the capacitor is short circuited?
9. What happens if the capacitor is open circuited?
10.Is the output voltage is same as the secondary voltage? Why?
11.How do you test the transformer?
12. What is the secondary voltage frequency?
13.What happens if the diode terminals are reversed?

2.21.B. LAB SHEET 2.21.B FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
`
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
OBJECTIVE:
1. To design and simulate the Full wave rectifier
2. To observe the output waveforms of Full Wave Rectifier
APPARATUS:
PC with PSPICE / Multisim software
TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
I. Working of Rectifier
II. Working principle of PN diode in forward bias and reverse bias.
III. Familiarization of simulation software.
IV. Applications of rectifier.
V. Output waveforms
VI. Precautions

`
B. SKILL

Handling of
Apparatus B. Creating a new File.
C. Getting the required components and Devices from PSPICE library.
B. Making the circuit connection with wire.

Manipulation of
apparatus
C. Placing ac voltage source at input...
D. Placing the voltage marker.
A .Setting The values of primary , secondary of Transformer
B .Applying ac voltage to the transformer primary.
C .Run the simulation

Precise
D .Observing the output waveforms.
E .Measuring the amplitude and time period .
F .Drawing the graph

`
1 Purpose of finding the characteristics

2 Converting 1-phase A.C. Supply to D.C. Supply 6 min.
1. m
u connections
a rheostats
7 t Types of instruments
3 min.
n
.
5 Min.
14 Explanation of various points in the graph

`
ACTION ACTIVITY
Check for  Check for availability and suitability of the components and
devices in the PSPICE schematic Library.
Instruction

INDIVIDUALLY (50)

schematic.
1. Handling of
B. Creating a new File.
apparatus A B C T
components and Devices from PSPICE
1 1 3 5
library

components. A B C D T
2. Manipulation of B. Making the circuit connection 5 6 2 2 15

apparatus with wire.
C. Placing the voltage source at

the input.
D. Placing the voltage marker at

output.

`
A .Setting The values of primary ,

secondary of Transformer.
B. Applying ac voltage to the

transformer primary.
3.Precise
operations / C . Run the simulation
Activities
D. Observing the output waveforms
and Measuring the amplitude and time
period
A. Co Operation
5
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication
4.Values D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50
6. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS :
1. Draw the circuit diagram of full wave rectifier.

2. Measure the voltage and frequency of the output waveform of the circuit
given circuit.
3. Vary the input voltage amplitude and frequency & draw the input and
output waveforms.
Show that the output frequency is double that of input frequency.
VIVA questions :
1. Why do we prefer Full wave rectifier over Halfwave rectifier?
2. How the filter circuit removes the ripples in output?

`
3. What is the alternate circuit used to get the same output as produced by
fullwave bridge rectifier?
4. Which type of capacitor is used in filter circuit?
5. What happens if the capacitor is short circuited?
6. What happens if the capacitor is open circuited?
7. Is the output voltage is same as the secondary voltage? Why?
8. How do you test the transformer?
9. What is the secondary voltage frequency?
10. What happens if the diode terminals are reversed?

LAB SHEET 2.22 2.22.ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR
`
Objective: To Implement 12V Zener voltage regulator circuit using PSPICE Schematic.
Apparatus:
1.PC with PSPICE / Multisim software
1.Task analysis
A. Knowledge
1.Basic knowledge about computer.
2.voltage regulator.
3.Zener breakdown voltage.
4.Unregulated and Regulated voltage..
5.Basic knowledge about PSPICE schematic.
6.Applications.

B. Skill

Handling of C. Getting the required components and Devices from
Apparatus
PSPICE library.
.
Manipulation of B. Making the circuit connection with wire.

apparatus
C. Placing voltage marker at output.
D. Placing current marker at output.
A. selecting the DC sweep analysis in the setup.
B. Varying the input voltage in case of line regulation.
Precise C. Preparing a parameter for load resistance.

D. Varying the load current / load resistance for load regulation
E. Observing the plots.

`
2.Teaching points.

(Suggestive) 15min
1 Purpose of zener voltage regulator.
2 Changing the values of PSPICE components.
4
3 Importance of voltage marker.
1. m
4 Importance of current marker.
o
5 DC sweep Analysis in setup.
d
6 Line regulation and load regulation.
u 8
7 l Changing the axis parameters.
8 a Adding the traces.
9 t Changing the colors of waveforms.
3
10. i Precautions.
o
n
.
1. Ensure correct values of resistors.
2.Ensure the correct input voltage while doing load regulation.
3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram.4
5.Ensure that the correct analysis is selected in setup.
B.Safety precautions.
1.Care must be taken while operating the PC.
3. Need and scope of experiment.
This experiment is essential to understand the regulation characteristics of zener diode.This

zener regulator is used in many of the electrical / electronic circuits where constant voltage is
required.

Action Activity
 Check for availability and suitability of

the components and devices in the
PSPICE schematic Library.
Check for  The student entry behavior.
 Availability of first aid kit.

COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Opening the
PSPICE
schematic.
A B C T
1.Handling of B. Creating a new
File. 1 1 3 5
Apparatus
C. Getting the
required
components and
Devices from
PSPICE library.
A. Giving values/
names to the
components.
B. Making the circuit A B C D T
2.Manipulation of connection with
4 6 2 3 15
apparatus wire,
C. Placing voltage
markers at output.
D. Placing current
marker at output.

`
A. Selecting the DC
sweep analysis in
the setup.
B. Varying the input
voltage in case of
line regulation. A B C D E T
C. Preparing a
3.Precise 4 4 9 3 5 25
operations/Activities parameter for load
resistance.
D. Varying the load
current / load
resistance for load
regulation.
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
4.values T
C. Communication
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
TOTAL 50
6. Assessment Questions :
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Zener voltage regulator. Measure the voltage across the load
terminals by varying the input voltage of the given circuit. Measure the voltage across the load
terminals by varying the load resistance of the given circuit. Draw the ideal regulation
characteristics of a zener voltage regulator. Draw the output characteristics of a zener diode.

`
Viva Questions:
1.Why is the zener diode used as a voltage regulator.
2.How zener diode maintains constant voltage across the load.
3..Why don’t we use a PN junction diode in place of a zener diode?
4. What is the range of output voltage obtained by using a zener regulator?
5.How to model a variable resistor in PSPICE schematic.
6. What are the applications of zener voltage regulator?
7. What is the maximum current passing through seies resistance?
8. Can we use zener diode in place of PN junction diode in all its applications? Why?

2.23. LABORATORY SHEET 2.23.COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER
COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER
Objective:
(i) 1. To design Transistor CE amplifier and simulating in PSPICE

Schematic and find its voltage gain.
(ii) Observe the effect of disconnecting bypass capacitor.
Apparatus:
a) PSPICE SOFTWARE
b) Personal computer
Task Analysis:
A. Knowledge
1. Basic knowledge about computer.

2. Voltage gain.
3. Working of CE Amplifier
4. Basic knowledge about PSPICE schematic.
5. Applications.
B. Skill

Handling of
C. Getting the required components and Devices
Apparatus
from PSPICE library.

.
A. Giving values/ names to the components.
B. Making the circuit connection with wire,
Manipulation of
C. Placing voltage marker at output.
apparatus
D. Placing voltage marker at input
A) Selecting the Transient analysis in the setup.

B) In the setup enter start time and stop time.
C) Observe the output at input and output Voltage
Precise markers.
D)Draw the Graphs
A) Co-operation
B) Co-ordination
C) Communication
Values D) Sharing
E) Leadership
2. Teaching points:

Time(15Min)
1. Classification of Amplifiers 1
2. Working of Common Emitter Amplifier 3
3 Need of Bypass capacitor 2
4. Working of Bypass capacitor 3
5. Output Voltage in Common Emitter Amplifier 1
6. Applications 2
7. Changing the voltage and time in function 1
generator
8. Precautions 2

A) Procedural precautions:
2. Ensure correct input voltage.
3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram
5. Ensure that the correct analysis is selected in setup.
B) Safety precautions.
1. Care must be taken while operating the PC.
2. Wear shoes in the lab.
3)
Need and scope of experiment:
This experiment is essential to understand the characteristics of Common

Emitter Amplifier. This Common Emitter Amplifier is used in many of the
electronic circuits where amplification is required.
Action Activity
 Check for availability and suitability of the
components and devices in the PSPICE
schematic Library.
Check for  The student entry behavior.

5. Scheme of Evaluation:
SKILL SUB TASK WEIGHTAGE WITH

COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Opening the PSPICE schematic. A B C T

1 1 3 5
1.Handling of
Apparattus C. Getting the required components
and Devices from PSPICE library.
D. Giving values/ names to the A B C D T

components. 2 4 2 2 10
E. Making the circuit connection with
2.Manipulation of
wire
apparatus
F. Placing voltage markers at output.
D. Placing voltage marker at input.
A B C D E T
A) Selecting the Transient analysis in
4 4 9 3 5 25
the setup.
B) In the setup enter start time and stop
3.Precise
operations/Activities time.
C) Observe the output at input and
output Voltage markers.
D) Draw the Graphs.
A. Co Operation T
B. Co-Ordination 5
4.values C. Communication
D. Sharing
E .Leadership
TOTAL 50

6. Assessment questions:
1. Draw the circuit diagram of CE amplifier.
2. Measure the voltage across the load for the circuit given to you.
3. Calculate the gain for the input and output voltages measured.
4. Calculate the difference in gain between with and without bypass
capacitor.
Viva Questions:
1. Why there is a phase difference between input and output waveforms of CE

amplifier?
2. What type of biasing is preferred in amplifier circuit?
3. If the given transistor is replaced by a p-n-p, can we amplify the signals and
explain?
4. What is effect of emitter-bypass capacitor on frequency response?
5. What is the effect of coupling capacitor?
6. In which region of the transistor it can be operated as an amplifier?
7. How does transistor acts as an amplifier?
8. What changes are required to make the circuit as PNP transistor CE amplifier?
9. What type of transistor configuration is used in intermediate stages of a
multistage amplifier?
10. Where is the CE amplifier is used?
11. Can we use CB or CC configuration in place of CE? Why?
12..How to model the variable resistor in PSPICE schematic.
13. Why the response is not constant at all frequencies( i.e., at lower, middle &
high frequencies) ?
14. What is the value and type of the capacitor used for bypass capacitor?

LAB SHEET 2.24 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT SIMULATION
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT SIMULATION

1. OBJECTIVE:
a) To implement the Hartley oscillator Circuit Simulation

b) To verify the effect of varying the tank circuit component values and observe the
2. TASK ANALYSIS:
A. KNOWLEDGE
1. Common emitter amplifier.
2. Working Principle of Tank circuit.
3. Condition for sustained oscillations.
4. Equation for the frequency of Oscillations of Hartley Oscillator.
5. Familiar with Simulation Software PSpice.
B. SKILLS
S. Category Subtask
No of skill
1. Identification of Components
2. Identification of terminals of the transistor
1 Handling 3. Identifying major sections (amplifier & Feedback
apparatus section)
4. Identification of test points in circuit.
5. Working with Desktop PC simulation softwares
1. Make the connections as per the Circuit diagram.

2 2. Check the proper function of the CRO
Manipulati 3. Adjust the appropriate voltage level in Dual
on of regulated power supply
apparatus 4. Observe the output waveform on CRO at the test
point in the circuit.
5. Drawing circuits in workspace by selecting
components from library of PSPICE.

1. Adjust the capacitance and inductance of the tank

circuit to get the sustained oscillations.
2. Run the simulation.
Precise 3. Note down the time period and amplitude of the
operations output waveform.
/ activities 3. Plot the output waveform on graph sheet.
3 4. Calculate the frequency of oscillations from the output
waveform.
5. Verify the theoretical and practical frequencies.
6. Vary the component values to generate different
frequency signals.
4 1. Co-operation
Values 2. Co-ordination
3. Communication
4. Sharing
5. 5. Leadership
3.Teaching points :
S. No Teaching point Time allocation

1. Different junctions in a transistor 1min
2. Regions of operation of the transistor 2min
3. Transistor as an amplifier 1min
4. Working principle of tank circuit 1min
5. Concept of positive feedback 2min
6. Constructional details of the Hartley 2min
oscillator
7. Conditions for sustained oscillations 2min
8. Calculations of the frequency of Hartley 1min
Oscillator
9 Simulation softwares - Pspice, Multisim 3min
4. Need & Scope:
o Hartley oscillator is mainly used to generate the stable sinusoidal Waveforms

with different frequencies.
o It is used for the development of mobile and radio communications.
5.Planning and organization:
ACTION ACTIVITY
 Check for availability and suitability of the components

and devices in the PSPICE schematic Library.
Check for
 The student entry behavior.
For Design of
Instruction  Read teaching points carefully.

Category of skill Subtask WEIGHTAGE WITH TOT

COMPETENCY AL
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
Handling apparatus A. Drawing the circuit diagram
B. Identification of Components A B C D E T
1 1 1 1 1 5
C. Identifying major sections
section)
D. Identification of test points in
circuit.
E. Working with Desktop PC
simulation software’s
Manipulations of A. Make the connections as per
apparatus the Circuit.
B. Check the proper function of
the CRO
C. Adjust the appropriate A B C D E T
voltage level in Dual 6 2 2 3 2 15
D. Observe the output waveform
on CRO at the test point in
the circuit.
E. Drawing circuits in
workspace by selecting
components from library of
Multisim
Precise A. Adjust the capacitance and

operations/activities inductance of the tank circuit
to get the sustained A B C D E F T
oscillations 5 5 4 6 3 2 25
B. Note down the time period
and amplitude of the output
waveform
C. Plotting output waveform on
graph sheet
D. Calculate the frequency of
waveform
E. Verify the theoretical and
practical frequencies.
F. Testing for output waveform
on CRO on Pspice Workspace
Values A. Co-operation A B C D E T
B. Co-ordination 1 1 1 1 1 5
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Hartley oscillator.2. Identify the feedback network in the
circuit given to you.
3. Measure the frequency and amplitude of the waveform generated.
4. Draw the waveform of the output voltage.
5. Change the inductor / capacitor value to generate a frequency of 2KHz.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why positive feedback is employed in oscillators?
2. List out the applications of Hartley oscillators.
3. Why an Amplifier circuit is necessary in an oscillator?
4. What are the elements in feedback circuit?
5. What happens if negative feedback is employed in place of positive feedback?
6. What are the other elements that can be used in place of a transistor?
7. How the circuit provides positive feedback?
8. Can we use transistor in CB/CC configuration in oscillator circuit? Why?
9. What is the effect on frequency if the Inductance value is increased by 4 times?
10. What is the effect on frequency if the Inductance value is decreased by a factor of 4?

LABORATORY SHEET 2.25A 2.25A ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1. Objective
(i) To simulate Astable multivibrator using Transistor in PSPICE/
MULTISIM software
(ii) To Observe the effect of change in component values
2. Task Analysis:
A. Knowledge
1. Concept of Multivibrators
2. Working Principle of Astable Multivibrator
3. User interface of PSPICE / MULTISIM software
B.Skill

B) Identification of various
Handling of PSPICE / MULTISIM Components.
1 software C) Identification of PSPICE /
MULTISIM software
application on the desktop
A) Identification of various
toolbars and workspace of
software interface
B) Select the required
Manipulation of PSPICE / MULTISIM components form respective
2 software group of library
C) Make the connections as
per the circuit diagram in
the workspace
D)Modify the values for the
selected components
A) Run the simulation and
rectify the errors if any by
modifying the connections.
Precise operations/ activities the base of Transistors (Q1
3
and Q2).
D) Observe the Waveform at
the collector of Transistors
(Q1 and Q2).
NITTTR EXTENSON CENTER , VIJAYAWADA

E)Note down the readings

and Draw the Graphs
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
4 Values C)Communication
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
3 Teaching Points:

Time(15Min)
1. Concept of multivibrators 2
2. Working principle of Astable Multivibrator 4
3 Pulse width in Astable multivibrator 3
4. Familiarization of PSPICE / MULTISIM 4
software
5. Precautions 2
Precautions:
1. Connections should be proper.
2. Handling the computer system properly.
3. Select the proper values of R & C
4. Select the appropriate components from the library.

1. The astable multivibrator is used as the wave generator.
2. It is used as voltage-frequency converter.
3. Since it produces square waves, it is a source of production of
a harmonic frequency of higher order.
4. It is used in the construction of voltmeter and SMPS.
5. It can be operated as an oscillator over a wide range of audio
and radio frequencies.

Action Activity
1. Computer system with suitable OS
and software
Check for 2. Proper maintenance of power supply
to the laboratory
3.First-aid kit
4. Students entry behavior
S.No Category of Subtask WEIGHTAGE WITH TOTAL

skill COMPETENCY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
A) Draw the Circuit
Diagram.
B) Identification of
Handling of PSPICE / A B C T
PSPICE / MULTISIM 3 1 1 5 5
MULTISIM software
1
software application on the
desktop
C) Identification of
various
Components.
A) Identification of
various toolbars
and workspace of
software interface
Manipulation B)Select the A B C D T
of PSPICE / required 3 4 4 4 15 15
2
MULTISIM components form
software respective group
of library
C) Make the
connections as per
the circuit diagram

in the workspace
D)Modify the
values for the
selected
components.
A) Select 10V in
RPS as VCC .
B) Run the
simulation and
rectify the errors if A B C D E T
any by modifying 2 5 5 5 8 25 25
the connections.
C) Observe the
Precise waveform at the
operations/ base of
3
activities Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
D) Observe the
Waveform at the
collector of
Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
E)Note down the
readings and
draw the Graphs
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination A B C D E T
4 Values C)Communication 1 1 1 1 1 5 5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
7 . Assessment Questions:
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Astable multivibrator.
2. Identify the transistor terminals.
5. Draw the waveform of the voltages at base and collector terminals of the
transistors.
7. Generate a square wave of 1KHz / 2KHz by varying the R & C values.
8.
Viva Questions:
1. List the Applications of Astable multivibrator
2. How many stable states and quasi stable states are present in the output
of an astable multivibrator?


4. What is the role of capacitors in waveform generation?
5. Why astable multivibrator is called as a free running multivibrator?
9. What happens if we apply a positive pulse at the input of a transistor?
10. What is the frequency of the output waveform if the ON time of a
transistor is 1msec in an astable multivibrator?

Lab sheet 2.25B 2.25B Bistable Multivibrator
1 .Objective
(i) To simulate bistable multivibrator using Transistor in PSPICE/ MULTISIM
software
(ii) To Observe effect of change in component values
2.Apparatus
A computer with - 1 To develop the circuit

PSPICE/MULTISIM
application
DC power source 12v 1 For power supply
Function generator 10Hz-1MHz 1 For applying square wave
C.R.O - 2 To observe the trigger and
output waveforms
Transistors BC547 2 On and Off switch
Resistors 680Ω 2
15kΩ 2
220kΩ 2
10kΩ 2
100pf 1
diodes IN4007 2
required
2. Task Analysis:
A. Knowledge
2. Working Principle of Bistable Multivibrator
3. Trigger generating circuit

B.Skill

Handling of PSPICE / Components.
1 MULTISIM software C) Identification of PSPICE /
MULTISIM software
software interface
Manipulation of PSPICE / components form respective
2 MULTISIM software group of library
C) Make the connections as
the workspace
D)Modify the values of the
selected components
A) Select 1KHz square wave
in the function generator as
input to the trigger circuit.
B) Run the simulation and
C) Observe the waveform at
3
Precise operations/ activities the base of Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
(Q1 and Q2).
and Draw the Graphs
A)Co-operation
Values B)Co-ordination
4 C)Communication
D)Sharing
E)Leadership

3 . Teaching points:

Time(15Min)
2. Working principle of Bistable Multivibrator 2
5. Pulse width in Bistable multivibrator 1
software
Precautions:
2. Handling the computer system with care.
3. Select the proper values of R & C such that the condition RC<<T is satisfied in
trigger circuit
4.Select the appropriate components from the library.
The Bistable Multivibrator is used for single bit data storage. This is used in Flip-
flops, designing counters and it is also used in frequency divider.
Action Activity
and software
to the laboratory
3.First-aid kit


skill COMPETENCY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
A) Draw the Circuit
Diagram.
various A B C T
Handling of Components. 3 1 1 5
PSPICE / C)Identification of
1
MULTISIM PSPICE /
software MULTISIM
software
application on the
desktop
various toolbars
and workspace of
software
interface A B C D T
B)Select the 3 4 4 4 15
Manipulation required
of PSPICE / components form
MULTISIM respective group
2
software of library
C) Make the
connections as per
the circuit diagram
in the workspace
D)Modify the
values for the
selected
components
A) Select 1KHz
square wave in the
function generator
Precise as input to the
operations/ trigger circuit.
activities B) Run the
3
simulation and A B C D E T
rectify the errors if 5 5 5 5 5 25
any by modifying
the connections.
C) Observe the
waveform at the

base of
Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
D) Observe the
Waveform at the
collector of
Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
E)Note down the
readings and
Draw the Graphs
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
4 Values C)Communication B C D E T
D)Sharing 1 1 1 1 5
E)Leadership
7. Assessment questions:
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Bistable multivibrator.
4. Draw the waveform of the voltages at base and collector terminals of the
transistors.
6. Generate a waveform of 1KHz / 2KHz by varying the R & C values.
Viva Questions:
1. List the Applications of Bistable multivibrator

2. How many stable states and quasi stable states are present in the output of an
Bistable multivibrator?
4. How can you change the ON time and OFF time of the transistor?

Lab sheet 2.25c 2.25C Monostable Multivibrator
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR using PSPICE
1 Objective
(i) To simulate monostable multivibrator using Transistor in PSPICE/
MULTISIM software
(ii) To Observe the effect of change in component values
2. Task Analysis:
A. Knowledge
2. Working Principle of Monostable Multivibrator
3. Trigger generating circuit
B.Skill

Components.
1 Handling of PSPICE / MULTISIM C) Identification of PSPICE /
software MULTISIM software
software interface
components from respective
2 Manipulation of PSPICE / MULTISIM group of library
software C) Make the connections as
the workspace
selected components
3 Precise operations/ activities input to the trigger circuit.


the base of Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
(Q1 and Q2).
and Draw the Graphs
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
3. Teaching Points:

Time(15Min)
2. Working principle of monostable Multivibrator 2
5. Pulse width in monostable multivibrator 1
software
Precautions:1. Handling the computer system properly.

3. Select the proper values of R & C such that the condition RC<<T is satisfied in
trigger circuit

1. It is used for temporary memories.
2. It is used as delay and timing circuits.
3. It is used to trigger another pulse generator.

Action Activity
and software
to the laboratory
3.First-aid kit

skill COMPETENCY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
A) Draw the Circuit
Diagram.
Handling of various A B C T
PSPICE / Components. 3 1 1 5
MULTISIM C)Identification of
1
software PSPICE /
MULTISIM
software
application on the
desktop
Manipulation various toolbars
of PSPICE / and workspace of
MULTISIM software
software interface A B C D T
B)Select the 3 4 4 4 15
required
components form
respective group
2
of library
C) Make the
connections as per
the circuit diagram
in the workspace
D)Modify the
values for the
selected
components

A) Select 1KHz
square wave in the
function generator A B C D E T
as input to the 5 5 5 5 5 25
trigger circuit.
B) Run the
simulation and
rectify the errors if
any by modifying
Precise the connections.
operations/ C) Observe the
3 activities waveform at the
base of
Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
D) Observe the
Waveform at the
collector of
Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
E)Note down the
readings and
draw the Graphs
A)Co-operation A B C D E T
B)Co-ordination 1 1 1 1 1 5
Values C)Communication
4
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
7. Assessment questions :
1. Draw the circuit diagram of Monostable multivibrator.
2. Measure the voltages at base and collector terminals of the
transistors.
3. Draw the waveform of the output voltages.
4. Draw the output waveforms by changing RC values.
5. Double the ON time of the transistor output voltage by changing R
value.

8.Viva Questions
1. How many stable and quasi stable states are present in Monostable
multivibrator? What is the other name of the Monostable multivibrator? How is it
got the name monostable multivibrator?
4. How do you trigger Monostable multivibrator.
5. List the applications of monostable multivibrator
6. How do you change the ON / OFF time of the transistor? Which components
effect the time period of the quasi stable state?
8. What is the difference between stable and quasi stable states?
9. How do you change the output from quasi stable state to stable state?
10. How do you change the output from stable state to quasi stable state?

WORK SHEETS
3.1 WORK SHEET 3.1 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
`
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
Name of the student :
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment : Half wave Rectifier
2. Objective of the Experiment : _________________________________________
3. Equipment Required : _________________________________________
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:
R EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

3.1 WORK SHEET HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
5. Procedure:
6. Readings :
Without filter:
DC current
Idc (mA) DC Voltage AC voltage
S.No Ripple factor =
Vdc(VFL) Vac (V) % of Regulation
Vac / Vdc
(Volts) (Volts)
ITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

3.1 WORK SHEET HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
With Filter:
S.No DC current
Idc (mA) DC Voltage AC voltage
Ripple factor =
Vdc(VFL) Vac (V) % ofRegulation
. Vac / Vdc
(Volts) (Volts)
7. Model Graph:
3.1 W Observed Waveform:
8.Calculations.:
i. Voltage Regulation:
ii. Ripple factor:
9. Results:
10. Discussion on Results(Mandatory):

CATEGORY OF WEIGHTAGE WITH

SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY Marks
LEVEL Awarded
INDIVIDUALLY
A .Identifying the various
1. Handling of Components & selecting
5
apparatus The correct range voltmeters
And ammeter
B . Setting the CRO
C. Testing of transformer working
condition

2. Manipulation of
B. Making the connections as per 15
apparatus circuit.
C. Connect the meters with

correct polarities
3.Precise A. Measuring the no load voltage.

operations B. Recording the readings in the
/Activities Ammeter ,Voltmeters 25
C. Calculating Ripple factor and

percentage of regulation
D. Observing the waveforms and
E. D drawing the Graph
A. Co- Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50
Signature of the Staff Signature of the Student

WORKSHEET 3.2 3.2. CENTER TAPPED FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: Centre tapped Full Wave Rectifier
2. Objective of the Experiment: _________________________________________
3. Equipment Required: _________________________________________
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:
5. Procedure:
NITTR, EXTENSION CENTER, VIJAYAWADA

6. Readings: a) Without filter:VNL=
Load Ripple % of
Sl No. Idc (mA) Vdc(Volts) Vac(Volts)
Resistance,RL(KΩ) Factor Regulation
01
02
03
04
05
b) With filter: VNL=
Load Ripple % of
Sl No. Idc (mA) Vdc(Volts) Vrms(Volts)
01
02
03
04
05

7. Model Graph: a) Without Filter

b) With Filter:

Graph:
Observed Waveforms
8. Inference and Interpretation:
9. Calculations.:
ii. Ripple factor:
10. Results:

12.Scheme of Evaluation
Category of Weightage with Marks

skill Sub task competency level awarded
individually
A. Identification of Correct
1. Handling of Components
apparatus B. Identification of meters
C. Identification of Transformer 5
Terminals by marking
A. Making Circuit connections

2. Manipulation of B. Adjusting the load resistance
apparatus in the DRB
C. Increasing the value of load 15
resistance in steps of 1KΩ
A. Recording the readings in

3. Precise the Ammeters, Voltmeter (or)
operations Multimeter.
/Activities B. Measuring the values of Idc,
Vdc and Vac.
C. Measuring the values of Vdc
(No Load). 25
D. Calculate the Ripple factor
and % of regulation.
E. Observe the waveforms
across the load resistance on
CRO.
F. Drawing the graph and to
showing salient points
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
4.Values 5
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total
50

3.3 WORKSHEET 3.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: Full wave Bridge Rectifier
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:
5. Procedure:

6. Readings:
a) Without Filter
Load Ripple % of
Sl No. Vdc(Volts) Vac(Volts)
Resistance,(KΩ) Factor Regulation
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
b) With Filter
Load Resistance, Ripple % of

Sl No. Vdc(Volts) Vac(Volts)
(KΩ) Factor Regulation
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08

7. Model Graph:
a) Without Filter

With filter

Graph:
Observed Waveforms
8 .Inference and interpretation:
9. Calculations.:
ii. Ripple factor:

10. Results:
12.Scheme of Evaluation

Category of skill Sub task Weightage with competency Marks

level individually awarded
A). Identifying various terminals
1. Handling of
B) Using correct range Voltmeter,
apparatus
Ammeters. 5
C) Setting the DRB to correct values.
D) Identification of Transformer
E)Identification of capacitor and
inductor values for filter circuits

2. Manipulation of B) Making the connections as per the
apparatus circuit diagram. 15
C) Adjusting the load resistance in
DRB
D) Connect capacitor filter.
3.Precise operations Without Filter

/Activities A) Measure Vdc (no Load)
B) Increase the load resistance in
steps of 1kΩ.
C) Recording the values of Vdc, Vac 25
on multimeter.
D) Observing the waveforms on
CRO.
E) Calculating the values of Ripple
factor and % of regulation.
With Filter
F) Connect 1000µf, 25V capacitor as
shown in circuit.
G)Measure Vdc and Vac
Tabulate the readings and observe
the waveforms on CRO
H)Drawing the graphs
3.3 WORKSHEET A. Co Operation 3.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
B. Co-Ordination
4.Values 5
C. Communication
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total
50

WORK SHEET 3.4 3.4 ZENER DIODE AS A VOLTAGE REGULATOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: ZENER DIODE AS A VOLTAGE REGULATOR
2 .Objective of the Experiment:
3 .Equipment Required:
4. Circuit Diagram
5. PROCEDURE:-

6. OBSERVATIONS:-
S.NO ZENER ZENER CURRENT(IZ)

VOLTAGE(VZ)

7. Model Graph :
Observed Waveforms

8. Calculations
Output Voltage:
9. Inferences and Interpretations
10. Results:

11. Discussion on Results;
12. Scheme of valuation:

CATEGORY WEIGHTAGE WITH

OF SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL Marks
SKILL INDIVIDUALLY Awarded
1. Handling of Components 5
C. Setting the RPS to correct
positions
2. Manipulation of B. Adjusting the RPS FOR
SUPPLY VOLTAGE 15
apparatus
C. Increasing the value of

Voltage in RPS
3.Precise the Ammeters, Voltmeter.
operations B. OBSERVING THE LOAD
/Activities 25
VOLTAGE or ZENER
VOLTAGE
C. Drawing the graph and

showing the salient points
Co Operation 4
Co-Ordination
Communication 5
4.Values
Sharing
Leadership
Total 50

WORK SHEET 3.5 3.5 SINGLE STAGE TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment : Transformer coupled Amplifier
2. Objective of the Experiment
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:
6. Readings :
S.No Input Input Output Gain Gain in Db

frequen Voltage voltage V0 20 log V0
cy (in Volts) (in Volts) Vin Vin

10
11
12
7. Model Graph :

Graph :
Frequency (Hz)
8. Inference and Interpretation :

9, Calculations:
Bandwidth=
10. Result:
11. Disscussion on Results:

SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Identifying the equipment .
1. Handling of B. Selecting correct
apparatus
components, meters and
8
wires.
C. Identification of Transformer
D. Identifying the transistor
terminals.

B. Making the connections.
C. Following standard
2.2.Manipulation of procedures ( Correct colour 12
apparatus code, polarity, tight
connections etc.,)
D. Selecting correct mode and
range of signal generator ,
CRO, RPS and Multimeter.
E. Observing the readings in
CRO and Signal Generator.
A. Connecting Signal Generator

, RPS and CRO probes to
the correct terminals.
B. By measuring the resistance
values , identify the transistor 25
terminals
3.Precise
operations/ C. By measuring the resistance
Activities values , identify the
transformer winding
D. Record the input and output
voltages at different
frequencies from CRO
E. Determine the Gain
F. Plot the frequency response
on Logarithmic Graph sheet
G. Interpreting the response

A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total
5 50
Signature of the Staff member Signature of the Student

WORKSHEET 3.6 RC coupled amplifier
NAME OF THE STUDENT : DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
PIN: BRANCH :
INSTITUTION: EXPERIMENT NO:
1. Title of the Experiment: RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER
2. Objective of the Experiment:
3. Equipment Required:
4. Circuit Diagram:
5. PROCEDURE:

6.OBSERVATIONS;Vi=
s.no Frequency Output Vo/vi 20 log

voltage(vo) vo/vi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7. MODEL GRAPH:
Observed waveform

9, Calculations:
Bandwidth=
10. Result:
11. Disscussion on Results:


competency Awarded
level individually
components
b) Identification of correct 5
meters and required
range of meters.
Manipulations of a) Circuit connections

apparatus b) Equipment handling
c) Measurements and 20
observations
Precise a) Identifying correct
operations/Activities Terminals of
components 20
b) Identifying the ratings of
the components
response of an ampifier
Values a) Co-operation
b) Co-ordination
c) Communication 5
d) Attitude
e) leadership
SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

Work Sheet 3.73.7 Colpitts oscillator
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
PIN: BRANCH : ECE
1. Title of the Experiment:COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

5.Procedure:
Procedure
6.Readings:
Output waveform :
S.NO C1 C2 Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
(farads) (farads) period(sec)
1

7 .Model Waveform:
Graph:

8.Inference and interpretation:
9. Calculations.:
Theoretical frequency ( f0)= 1/(2(LCT)1/2)
Where CT = (C1C2)/(C1+C2) .
Practical frequency ( f0)=(1/T)
Where Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division
Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division=
10. Results:
WEIGHTAGE MARKS
Category of skill Subtask WITH AWARDED
COMPETENCY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
of the transistor 5
section)
in circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the CRO
c. Adjust the appropriate 15
voltage level in Dual
regulated power
supply
waveform on CRO at
circuit.

of the output
waveform 25
c. Plotting output
waveform on graph
sheet
d. Calculate the
frequency of
output waveform
and practical
frequencies.
 Co-ordination
 Communication
 Sharing 5
 Leadership
TOTAL 50

3.8 WORK SHEET 3.8 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
NAME OF THE STUDENT :
PIN: BRANCH : ECE
1. TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT : HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT :
3. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5. PROCEDURE:

6. READINGS:
Output waveform :
S.NO L1 ( L2 C Timeperiod(sec) Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
mH) (mH) (uF)
1 10 10 0.01
2 20 20 0.01
3 30 30 0.01
7. MODEL WAVEFORM:

Observed waveform
8. CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical frequency ( f0 ) = 1/(2( LTC)1/2)
Where LT= L1+L2.
Practical frequency ( f0 ) = (1/T)

9.Result;
10. Discussions on result :
Category of skill Subtask WEIGHTAGE WITH MARKS

COMPETENCY LEVEL AWARDED
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
of the transistor 5
section)
in circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the CRO
waveform on CRO at
circuit.
Precise a. Adjust the inductance

operations/activities and capacitance of the

c. Plotting output
waveform on graph 25
sheet
d. Calculate the
frequency of
output waveform
and practical
frequencies.
 Co-ordination
 Communication 5
 Sharing
 Leadership
TOTAL
50
SIGNATURE OF STAFF SIGNATURE

OF STUDENT

3.9 WORK SHEET 3.9 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
PIN: BRANCH : ECE
1.TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
2.OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT :
3.APPARATUS REQUIRED:
4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5.PROCEDURE:
S.No.

6. READINGS:
S.NO crystal Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)

period(sec)
1
2
3
7. MODEL WAVEFORM:

Observed waveform;
8 . CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical frequency ( f0 )

9. RESULT
10. DISCUSSIONS ON RESULT :
Category of skill Subtask WEIGHTAGE MARKS

WITH AWARDED
COMPETENCY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
of the transistor 5
section)
in circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the CRO
regulated power
supply
waveform on CRO at
circuit.
Precise a. Adjust the Crystal and

operations/activities capacitance of the
of the output
waveform 25
c. Plotting output
waveform on graph
sheet
d. Calculate the
frequency of
output waveform
and practical
frequencies.
 Co-ordination
 Communication 5
 Sharing
 Leadership
TOTAL 50

3.10 WORK SHEET 3.10 RC PHASESHIFT OSCILLATOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.10
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment : RC Phase shift oscillator
2. Objective of the Experiment :
3. Equipment Required :
4. Circuit Diagram:
5.Procedure:
6.READINGS:
S. No Resistance Capacitance Amplitude Time period Frequency

values value
7.Model Graph :
Graph :
8.Calculations:
Frequency=
9.Result:
10.Discussion on Results:

SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL Marks
INDIVIDUALLY Awarded
1. Handling of
B. Identifying various components
apparatus
and terminals. 5
C. Proper handling of
CRO to get exact
waveforms
2. Manipulation of
apparatus
circuit diagram.
15
D. Connecting the CRO probes to
correct terminals
E. Adjusting the CRO and
variable resistor to get
exact waveforms
A. Measuring the amplitude and
3.Precise
time period of the output
Operations
waveform
/Activities
B. Calculating the frequency of the
output waveform
25
C. Tabulating amplitude and time
period for different R,C values .
D. Drawing the output waveform
on the graph sheet
Total 50

3.11.A WORK SHEET 3.11 A BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment : Bistable multivibrator
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:
NITTTR-EXTENSION CENTER, VIJAYAWADA

5. Procedure:
6. Readings :

7. Model Graph :

Graph
:
Observed Waveforms
8. Calculations:
9. Results:
10. Discussion on results:


SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY MARKS
LEVEL AWARDED
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Identification of correct
1. Handling of components.
5
apparatus B. Identification of transistor
terminals.
C. Identification of test points

2. Manipulation of B. Making the Circuit connections
apparatus 15
C. checking the connections.
D. Switching on the supply.
A. Applying 1KHz square wave

3. Precise using function generator
operations /activities B. Observing the waveforms at
25
base and collectors of both the
transistors
C. Measuring the Vcc, Vbe sat
and Vce sat from the
waveforms.
D. Drawing the waveforms and
showing the salient features.
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E .Leadership
Total 50

WORK SHEET 3.11b 3.11b.TRANSISTOR ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Institution: Experiment No.
1. Title of the Experiment : Astable Multivibrator
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:
Sl No. Procedure
6. Readings:
Ton = in seconds
Toff = in seconds
Time period = T in seconds
Vcc = in volts
Vce sat = in volts
Vbe sat = in volts
Duty cycle =

7. Model Graph :

Graph :
8. Calculations:
9. Results:


SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY MARKS
LEVEL AWARDED
INDIVIDUALLY
B. Identification of correct 5
Components.
1. Handling of C. Identification of transistor
apparatus terminals.
D. Identification of test points.
A. Making the Circuit

connections.
2. Manipulation of 15
apparatus B. Checking the connections.
C. Calibrating the CRO.
D. Observing the waveforms at
base and collectors of both
the transistors.
A. Measuring the Vcc,Vbe sat

and Vce sat from the
waveforms.
25
B. Measuring the Ton, Toff &
Time period from the
3. Precise
operations /activities waveforms and comparing
with theoretical values.
C. Calculating the duty cycle.
D. Drawing the waveforms and
showing the salient features.
.

A. Co -Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
C. Communication
4.Values D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

WORKSHEET 3.11C 3.11C MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: Monostable multivibrator
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:
5. Procedure:
Procedure

6. Readings:
At transistor (Q1):
Amplitude Time period Frequency(f=1/T)
Base
Collector
At transistor (Q2):
Base
Collector

7. Model Graph:
Graph: Observed Waveforms

8. Calculations:
9. Results:
Category of skill Sub task Weightage with competency Marks

level individually awarded

1. Handling of
B) Identify various
Apparatus
Components.
5
C)Identifying the Diode and
Transistor terminals
A) Make Connections as per

the Circuit Diagram.
B)Following the standard
procedures (Ex:Correct
color code, Tight
2. Manipulation of 15
Connections)
apparatus
C) Keeping the Function
Generator in square wave
mode and connect to
CRO.

A). Applying 1KHz square

3.Precise operations
wave by using function
/Activities
generator.
the base of Transistors
(Q1 and Q2).
25
C) Observe the Waveform at
(Q1 and Q2).
 Co Operation
 Co-Ordination
4.Values
 Communication
5
 Sharing
 Leadership
Total
50

WORK SHEET 3.12 3.12 RC INTEGRATOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch: DECE

Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: RC INTEGRATOR
2. Objective of the Experiment:
3. Equipment Required:
4. Circuit Diagram

5. PROCEDURE:-
Procedure
6. Readings:
Vi(volt) R C RC T Vo(volt)

7. Model Graph :
Observed Waveforms
8. CALCULATIONS:
R=
C=
Time constant of RC Circuit=RC
T=time period of the input square waveform
9. Result:

MARKS
CATEGORY WEIGHTAGE WITH AWARDED
OF SUB TASK COMPETENCY
SKILL LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
1. Handling of and identifying various
5
apparatus terminals on Control
panel of CRO and
Function Generator.
B. SETTING correct range
On CRO for measuring
voltages and frequency.
C. Generating the square
waveform on Function
Generator.
A. Reading the circuit

2. Manipulation Diagram.
20
of B. Applying square
apparatus wave signal from
Function Generator
to CRO through CRO
Probes.
A. Settings of CRO in
3.Precise DUAL Mode
Operations B. Observing both the
/Activities 20
input and output
waveform on CRO at
a time in dual mode.
C. Observing the exact
triangular OUTPUT
SIGAL.
D. D.Observing effect on
output by
changing the time
constant by varying R
values and Plotting
the graphs for
different Time
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total
50

WORK SHEET 3.13 3.13 RC DIFFERENTIATOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment : RC Differentiator
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
6. Readings :
S.N Input signal Capacitance DRB value Time constant (RC)

time period in Farads (Ω)
o. (T)

7. Model Graph :

Graph :
8. CALCULATIONS:
R=

C=
9. Result:
CATEGORY OF SUB TASK WEIGHTAGE

SKILL WITHCOMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
A. Identifying various Knobs on
CRO and Function Generator
B. Making correct settings on
1. Handling of
Apparatus CRO to get Stable waveforms
8
C. Varying the frequency and
amplitude knobs on CRO
D. Selecting the correct waveform
on Function Generator

B. Connect the Circuit as per circuit
diagram.
C. Following standard procedure. 12
D. Selecting resistance value on
2. Manipulation decade resistance box for
of
different time constants
Apparatus
E. Applying square wave signal to
the differentiator.
F. Settings of CRO in DUAL mode
A. Connecting signal Generator,
CRO probes to correct
terminals.
B. Observing effect on output by
3. Precise changing the time constant
25
operations/ by varying R values.
Activities
C. Determining the amplitude
&time period of input and output
D. Plotting the graphs for
different Time constants
E. Interpreting
A. Co Operation
4.Values
B. Co-Ordination
C. Communication 5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total
50
Signature of the staff member Signature of the student

work sheet 3.14 3.14 Diode clippers
DIODE CLIPPERS
PIN: BRANCH : ECE
1. Title of the Experiment: Diode clippers
_________________________________________
4.Circuit Diagram:

5 Procedure:
Sl No. Procedure
6. Readings:
Peak to peak Amplitude of the input waveform Vp-p :
Time period of the input signal :
Time Amplitude(volts) of the output

Type of the
S.NO period(se Positive half
clipper Negative half cycle
c) cycle
positive
1
clipper
negative
2
clipper
positive
3 biased
clipper
negative
4 biased
clipper

7. Graph
Output waveform for positive biased clipper
Output waveform for negative biased clipper

Observed waveforms:

8. Calculations:
Time Period (T) = No. of horizontal divisions x Times/division
9. Result:
10. Discussion on results :
Category of skill Subtask WEIGHTAGE MARKS

WITH AWARDED
COMPETENCY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
5
of the diode
d. Identification of test points
in circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the CRO
c. Adjust the required
frequency and amplitude
of the signal generator/ 15
function generator
d. Set the reference line in
the CRO properly
Precise a. Observe the output
operations/activities waveform on the CRO in
accordance with input
waveform
b. Identifying the clipped
portion in the output
waveform
c. Note down the amplitude
(Vr) of the clipped portion
in the output waveform
d. Plotting output waveform
on graph sheet 25
e. Observe the output
waveform for various DC
reference voltages
 Co-ordination
 Communication
 Sharing 5
 Leadership
TOTAL 50
SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

3.15 WORKSHEET3.15 CLAMPER
WORKSHEET
DIODE CLAMPER CIRCUIT
NAME OF THE STUDENT : YOGESWARA RAO, SOMASEKHAR DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

16/05/2019
PIN: BRANCH : ECE
INSTITUTION: GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC FOR WOMEN, EXPERIMENT NO:

SRIKAKULAM, NARSIPATNAM
1. TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: DIODE CLAMPER CIRCUIT
3. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5. PROCEDURE:

6. MODEL WAVEFORMS:
INPUT SINE WAVE
OUTPUT OF THE POSITIVE CLAMPER
OUTPUT OF THE NEGATIVE CLAMPER

Observed waveforms
7.RESULT:
8.Discussions on result :From the output waveform we can identify the DC shift on CRO.


competency Awarded
level individually
components
meters and required
range of meters.

observations
components 20
the components
c) Observe Input and
Output waveforms on
CRO
b) Co-ordination
c) Communication 5
d) Attitude
e) leadership

3.16WORK SHEET 3.16 VI CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO DIODE
PHOTO DIODE
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.16
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment ; Photo diode
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:
5. Procedure:
6.Readings:
Intensity Zero
Low Intensity High
I→ Intensity Medium
Intensity
Intensity
Sr.
VR IR VR IR VR IR VR IR
No.↓
(Volt) (mA) (Volt) (mA) (Volt) (mA) (Volt) (mA)
7. Model Graph:
8. Observed Waveforms:
9. Calculations.:
Dark current=
10. Results:

Category of Weightage with Marks

skill Sub task competency level awarded
individually
C. Selecting the appropriate
source of light
2. Manipulation of B. Adjusting the intensity of
light 15
apparatus
C. Applying input voltage

3.Precise the Ammeter, Voltmeter.
operations B. Drawing the graph
/Activities 25
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

PHOTO TRANSISTOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.17
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: Photo Transistor
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:
5. Procedure:
6.Readings:
Zero
Intensity
Intensity(wit Low Intensity High
I→ Medium
hout light) Intensity
Intensity
Sr.
VCE IC VCE IC VCE IC VCE IC
No.↓
7. Model Graph:
Observed Waveforms:
9. Results:

CATEGORY WEIGHTAGE WITH

OF SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL Marks
SKILL INDIVIDUALLY Awarded
C. Selecting the appropriate
source of light
2. Manipulation of B. Adjusting the intensity of
light 15
apparatus
C. Applying input voltage

3.Precise the Ammeter, Voltmeter.
operations B. Drawing the graph
/Activities 25
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

WORK SHEET 3.18 LIGHT EMMITING DIODE
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.18
Institution:
1.TitleoftheExperiment: Light emitting diode
2.ObjectiveoftheExperiment:
3.EquipmentRequired:
4.CircuitDiagram:
1. Procedure:

6.READINGS:
S. No RED LED GREEN LED YELLOW LED
V(V) I ( mA) V(V) I ( mA) V(V) I ( mA)
7.Model Graph :

8. Graph:
Observed Waveform

9, Calculations:
10. Result:
11. Discussion on Results:
10.Scheme ofEvaluation:

SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY LEVEL Marks
INDIVIDUALLY Awarded
1. Handling of
B. Identifying terminals of devices
apparatus
5
C. Using correct range
voltmeter, ammeter

2. Manipulation of
apparatus
circuit diagram.
15
D. Switching on the power
supply(by keeping knobs in min
position)


3.Precise
B. Observing brightness of LED
Operations
C. Record the readings on
/Activities
ammeter ,voltmeter
D. Draw the graph between V and
25
I of different colour LED’S.
E. Find cut in voltage of LED
Total 50

3.19 WORKSHEET3.19LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
PIN: BRANCH : ECE
1.TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTER
3.EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
4 .CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5.PROCEDURE:

6.Readings.
.NO D1(5cm) D2(8cm)

V(volts) I(mA) V(volts) I(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
7.MODEL GRAPH:
Observed waveform

8.Calculations
9.RESULT:
10.Discussions on result :


competency Awarded
level individually
components
meters and required
range of meters.

observations
components 20
the components
c) Plotting Input and
Output Characteristics
on graph
b) Co-ordination
c) Communication 5
d) Attitude
e) leadership

3.20 WORK SHEET 3.20 TWILIGHT SWITCH USING LDR AND RELAY

1. Student Details:
PIN: BRANCH : ECE
Title of the Experiment: Twilight switch using LDR and Relay
3. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. SWITCH-ON the supply
3. observe that indicating lamp is glowing
4. Now vary the light intensity on LDR
5. observe that indicating lamp is in OFF condition
.
6. READINGS:
When light is applied on LDR == lamp glows OFF
When light is not applied on LDR = lamp glows ON
7. MODEL WAVEFORM:
8. CALCULATIONS:



COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
Handling apparatus a. Drawing the circuit diagram
Components
c. Identification of terminals of
the transistor A B C D E T
1 1 1 1 1 5
d. Identification of terminals of
Relay
in circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the Relay
c. Adjust the appropriate
A B C D T
regulated power supply 8 2 2 3 15
Precise a. Adjust the lamp

operations/activities illumination
b. Note down the ON/OFF
position of lamp.
A B C D E T
5 5 5 5 5 25
 Co-ordination
 Sharing 1 1 1 1 1 5
 Leadership
 Total=50

3.21.A WORK SHEET 3.21 A .HALF WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment : ___ HALFWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:
NITTTR EXTENSION CENRE, VIJAYAWADA

`
5. Procedure:
6. Model Graph :
Standard waveform
Lab sheet 2.21.A Halfwave rectifier simulation

`

7.Graph
Observed Waveforms


SKILL SUB TASK COMPETENCY Marks
LEVEL Awarded
INDIVIDUALLY
1. Handling of schematic. 5
apparatus B. Creating a new File.
PSPICE library
2. Manipulation of components.
apparatus B. Making the circuit connection 15
with wire.
C. Placing ac voltage source at
input.
output.
3.Precise A .Setting The values of primary ,
operations secondary of Transformer.
/Activities B. Applying ac voltage to the 25
C . Run the simulation
D. Observing the output
waveforms and measure
the amplitude and time
period.
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

3.21.B WORK SHEET 3.21 B FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
WORKSHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment : FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
______________________________________
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:
6. Model Graph :
7.Graph
Observed Waveforms
CATEGORYOF WEIGHTAGE
SKILL SUB TASK WITH Marks
COMPETENC Awarded
Y LEVEL
INDIVIDUALL
Y
PSPICE library
components.
2. Manipulation of B. Making the circuit connection 15
with wire.
apparatus
C. Placing ac voltage source at
input.
output.
3.Precise A .Setting The values of primary
E.
operations / , secondary of Transformer.
Activities 25
B. Applying ac voltage to the
C . Run the simulation
D. Observing the output
waveforms and measure
the amplitude and time
period.
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

WORK SHEET 3.22 3.22.ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Institution: Experiment No.
1. Title of the Experiment : ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:
A. Line regulation:
SL PROCEDURE
NO
B. Load regulation:
SL PROCEDURE
NO
6. Readings :
Zener breakdown voltage Vz = in volts.
7. Model Graph :
Line Regulation
Load Regulation
8. Graph :


9.Inference and Interpretation (mandatory):
WEIGHTAGE WITH MARK

CATEGORY OF
COMPETENCY LEVEL S
SKILL SUB TASK
INDIVIDUALLY AWAR
DED
components and
Devices from PSPICE
library.
A. Giving values/names to
the components.
15
2. Manipulation of B. Making the circuit
apparatus connection with wire.
C. Placing voltage marker
at output.
D. Placing current marker at
output.

A. Selecting the DC sweep
analysis in the setup.
B. Varying the input voltage
25
in case of line regulation.
C. Preparing a parameter for
3. Precise
operations /activities load resistance.
D. Varying the load current /
load resistance for load
regulation.
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

3.23 WORK SHHET
3.23.COMMON EMITTER FOLLOWER
WORK SHEET
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: CE amplifier using PSPICE
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

3.23 WORK SHHET
5. Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
6. Readings:
Input wave:
Amplitude:
Time period:
Frequency:
Output wave: with bypass without bypass
Amplitude:
Time period:
Frequency:

3.23 WORK SHHET
7. Model Graph:
Input waveform:
Output waveform:

3.23 WORK SHHET
8. Graph:
Observed Waveform

3.23 WORK SHHET
10. Scheme
of WEIGHTAGE WITH
SUB TASK COMPETENCY MARK
Evalua
LEVEL S
tion:
INDIVIDUALLY AWAR
CATEGORY
DED
OF
SKILL

schematic.
1. Handling of B. Creating a new File. 5
apparatus C. Getting the required
components and Devices
from PSPICE library.
A. Giving values / names to

the components.
2. Manipulation of B. Making the circuit 15
apparatus connection with wire.
C. Placing voltage marker at
input and output.
A. Selecting the Transient

analysis in the setup.
B. In the analysis parameters
enter start time and stop
3. Precise
time. 25
operations /activities
C. To check the output add
input and output node
numbers.
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTER,D.
VIJAYAWADA
Simulate and observe the
waveforms.
3.23 WORK SHHET
A. Co Operation
B. Co-Ordination
5
D. Sharing
E. Leadership
Total 50

3.8 WORK SHEET 3.8HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR using PSPICE
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
NAME OF THE STUDENT :
PIN: BRANCH : ECE
1. TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT :HARTLEY OSCILLATORusing PSPICE
3.APPARATUS REQUIRED:
4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5.PROCEDURE:

6.READINGS:
Output waveform :
S.NO L1 ( L2 C Timeperiod(sec) Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
mH) (mH) (uF)
1 10 10 0.01
2 20 20 0.01
3 30 30 0.01
7.MODEL WAVEFORM:

Observed waveform
8.CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical frequency (f0)= 1/(2( LTC)1/2)
Where LT= L1+L2.
Practical frequency (f0)=(1/T)

9.Result;
Category of skill Subtask WEIGHTAGE WITH MARKS

COMPETENCY LEVEL AWARDED
INDIVIDUALLY
diagram
Components
of the transistor 5
section)
in circuit.
b. Check the proper
function of the CRO
waveform on CRO at
circuit.
Precise a. Adjust the inductance

operations/activities and capacitance of the

c. Plotting output
waveform on graph 25
sheet
d. Calculate the
frequency of
output waveform
and practical
frequencies.
 Co-ordination
 Communication 5
 Sharing
 Leadership
TOTAL
50

WORKSHEET 3.25A 3.25A ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
worksheet
AstableMultivibrator using Pspice
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: ___AstableMultivibrator using Pspice
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

worksheet
5. Procedure:
Sl No. Procedure
6. Readings:
At transistor (Q1):
Base
Collector
At transistor (Q2):
Base
Collector

worksheet
7. Model Graph :
Graph :

worksheet
8. CALCULATIONS:
9.Result;

worksheet

S.No Category of Subtask WEIGHTAGE WITH
skill COMPETENCY LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
Handling of Components.
1
PSPICE / C)Identification of PSPICE /
MULTISIM MULTISIM software application on 5
software the desktop
A) Identification of various toolbars
and workspace of software
Manipulatio interface
of PSPICE / B)Select the required components
2 MULTISIM form respective group of library
software C) Make the connections as per the 15
circuit diagram in the workspace
D)Modify the values for the selected
components
A) Select 10V in RPS as VCC .
B) Run the simulation and rectify
the errors if any by modifying the
connections.
Precise C) Observe the waveform at the
3
operations/ base of Transistors (Q1 and Q2).
activities D) Observe the Waveform at the 25
collector of Transistors (Q1 &Q2).
E)Note down the readings and
Draw the Graphs

worksheet
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
4 Values C)Communication 5
D)Sharing
E)Leadership
TOTAL
50
Signature of the Staff member Signature of the Student
Observed Waveforms
8. CALCULATIONS:
9.Result;

worksheet

S.No Category of skill Subtask WEIGHTAGE WITH Marks
COMPETENCY awarded
LEVEL
INDIVIDUALLY
Handling of PSPICE A) Draw the Circuit Diagram.
/ MULTISIM B) Identification of various
software Components.
C)Identification of PSPICE /
1
MULTISIM software 5
application on the
desktop
Manipulation of A) Identification of various

PSPICE / toolbars and
MULTISIM workspace of software
software interface
B)Select the required
components form 15
2 respective group of
library
C) Make the connections as per
the circuit diagram in
the workspace
selected components
Precise operations/ A) Select 1KHz square wave in
activities the function generator
as input to the trigger
circuit.
B) Run the simulation
andrectify the errors if
3
any by modifying the
connections. 25
the base of Transistors
(Q1 and Q2).
worksheet
the collector of
Transistors (Q1 and
Q2).
Draw the Graphs
Values A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
4 C)Communication
D)Sharing 5
E)Leadership
TOTAL
50

Worksheet 3.25B 3.25BBistableMultivibrator
BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING PSPICE
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: ___BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING PSPICE

2. Objective of the Experiment:________________________________________
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:
Sl No. Procedure
6. Readings:
At transistor (Q1):
Parameter Amplitude Time period Frequency(f=1/T)
Base
Collector
At transistor (Q2):
Base
Collector

7. Model Graph:

Graph:
Observed Waveforms
8. CALCULATIONS:
9.Result;

S.No WEIGHTAGE Marks
WITH awarded
COMPETENC
Category of Subtask
Y LEVEL
skill
INDIVIDUALL
Y
Handling of A) Draw the Circuit Diagram.

PSPICE / B) Identification of various
MULTISIM Components.
1
software C)Identification of PSPICE / 5
MULTISIM software application
on the desktop
software interface
components form respective
2 Manipulation group of library 15
of PSPICE / C) Make the connections as per
MULTISIM the circuit diagram in the
software workspace
selected components
A) Select 1KHz square wave in
the function generator as input
to the trigger circuit.
Precise rectify the errors if any by
operations/ modifying the connections. 25
activities C) Observe the waveform at the
3
base of Transistors (Q1 and
Q2).
the collector of Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
draw the Graphs

A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
D)Sharing 5
E)Leadership
TOTAL 50

Worksheet 3.25C3.25CMonostablemultivibrator
Date of experiment:
PIN : Branch:
Experiment No.
Institution:
1. Title of the Experiment: __Monostablemultivibrator using PSPICE
_________________________________________
4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Procedure:
Sl No. Procedure
6. Readings:
At transistor (Q1):
Base
Collector
At transistor (Q2):
Base
Collector

7. Model Graph:

. Graph:
Observed Waveforms
8. CALCULATIONS:
9.Result;


S.No Category of skill Subtask WEIGHTAGE WITH Marks
COMPETENCY LEVEL awarded
INDIVIDUALLY
Handling of B) Identification of various
PSPICE / Components.
1 MULTISIM C)Identification of PSPICE /
software MULTISIM software 5
software interface
Manipulation of components form respective
2 PSPICE / group of library 15
MULTISIM C) Make the connections as
software per the circuit diagram in the
workspace
selected components

input to the trigger circuit.
Precise modifying the connections. 25
operations/ C) Observe the waveform at
3 activities the base of Transistors (Q1
and Q2).
(Q1 and Q2).
and Draw the Graphs
A)Co-operation
B)Co-ordination
D)Sharing 5
E)Leadership
TOTAL
50

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGIES
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.1 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER
1. Description
The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment
Name Specifications/ No Purpose

Range
Step-down To step down the A.C voltage
230/0-9 V,500mA 1
transformer
Diode IN4007/IN4002/IN4001 1 To rectify the ac
Decade resistance
10ohm -1 M ohms 1 To adjust the load
box
DC ammeter 0-50 mA 1 To measure the load current
DC Voltmeter To measure the DC voltage
0-25V 1
AC 0-1 V 1 To measure the AC(Ripple) voltage
voltmeter/Multimeter
Dual Trace 1
C.R.O 0-20 M Hz To display the wave forms
Breadboard 1 To make connections
Hook-up wire As per To make connections
Connecting Wires need
Capacitor 1000µF/25V 1 To filter the ripples
2. Circuit Diagram
Half wave rectifier without filter:
NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE vijayawada

1

Half wave rectifier with filter:
3. Theory
A rectifier is a circuit, which converts AC into DC . When the AC voltage is
applied to the
Half wave rectifier. During positive half cycle the diode becomes forward biased and
conducts the current. Hence the current flows through the load resistor.
During negative half cycle the diode becomes reverse biased and does not conducts
the current . hence no current flows through the load resistor. So only positive half cycles
2
will appear in the output and negative half cycles are clipped.
Ripple factor can be calculated by using the formula
Ripple factor = Vac / Vdc
Percentage of regulation can be calculated by using the formula
Percentage of regulation = (VNL – VFL) / VFL *100
4. Procedure:
Without Filter:
1. Connect the circuit diagram
2. Remove the load resistor and measure the no load voltage(VNL).
3. Connect the load resistor.
4. Measure the current (Idc),voltages(Vdc&Vac)
5. Calculate ripple factor and percentage of regulation
6. Connect CRO across the load resistor.
7. Observe the output waveform in CRO
With Filter:
1. Connect the Filter across load resistor

5. Calculate
With filter: ripple factor and percentage of regulation
DC current
S.No
5. Observations
Idc (mA)
`
DC Voltage AC voltage Ripple factor =
% of Regulation
. filter:
Without Vdc(VFL) ( V) Vac (V) Vac / Vdc
(VNL):
DC current
S.No Idc (mA)
% of Regulation
. Vdc(VFL) ( V) Vac (V) Vac / Vdc

3

6.Model Graph
Without filter:
With filter:
6. Calculations Use the following formulae for calculations
Ripple factor=Vac / Vdc

Percentage of Regulation =( (VNL – VFL) / VFL) *100
4
8. Precautions:
 Ensure the correct range of meters.
 The primary and secondary sides of the transformer should be carefully identified.
 The polarities of the diode should be carefully identified.
 Loose connections should be avoided.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.2 4.2. CENTER TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
CENTER TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

1. Description:
Sl Name Specifications/ No Purpose

No. Range
Ammeter 1 To observe Load current I L
1 (0-50)mA
1 To observe Load voltage VL
2 DC Voltmeter (0-25)V
To observe the ripple voltage Vac
3 AC Voltmeter (0-1)V
4 DRB 1
10Ω-10MΩ To adjust Load resistance
1
5 CRO Dual Trace ,0-20MHz To observe input and output
waveforms.
2 For rectification
6 Diodes IN4007/IN4002/IN4001
Resistor 1KΩ 1 To get output across it.

7
8 1000µF/25V 1 To filter AC
Capacitor
Transformer with 1 For step-down the 230V AC into

12V AC
center (12-0-12)V,500mA
tapped Secondary
1 To connect the components on it.

9 Bread Board
Red, Blue, single
Connecting wires strand ,suitable To make connections between
10
length(Hook-Up wire) components and equipment
2. Circuit Diagram:
1. The setup for this experiment requires

2.
a) Without Filter:
b) With Filter:
3. Theory:
The conversion of AC into pulsating DC is called Rectification. Electronic Devices can

convert AC power into DC power with high efficiency.
The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-tapped transformer, which results in equal voltages
above and below the center-tap. During the positive half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the
anode of D1 while a negative voltage appears at the anode of D2. Due to this diode D1 is
forward biased. It results a current Id1 through the load R. During the negative half cycle, a
positive voltage appears at the anode of D2 and hence it is forward biased, resulting a current

Id2 through the load. At the same instant a negative voltage appears at the anode of D1,
reverse biasing it and hence it doesn’t conduct.
4. Procedure:
Without Filter:
1. Connect the circuit diagram

With Filter:
1. Connect the Filter across load resistor

5. Observations:
Without filter: VNL=
DC current
S.No Idc (mA)
% of Regulation

With filter:
(VNL):
DC current
S.No Idc (mA)
% of Regulation
6. Graph:
a) Without Filter:

b) With Filter:

7. Calculations:
a) Without Filter b)With Filter:
Vrms= Vm/√2 Ripple factor (Theoretical)
Ripple factor (Theoretical) =0V
Ripple factor (Practical)
Vac/Vdc =
= 0.48
Ripple factor (Practical)
Efficiency:
% of Regulation
8. PRECAUTIONS



 Never work on a circuit while power is applied.

checked your work.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.3 4.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
1. Description

Range
Step-down To step down the A.C voltage
230/0-9 V,500mA 1
transformer
IN4007/IN4002/IN To rectify the ac
Diode 4
4001
Decade
10ohm -1 M ohms 1 To adjust the load
resistance box
DC ammeter 0-50 mA 1 To measure the load current

DC Voltmeter 0-25V 1 To measure the DC voltage
AC 0-1 V 1 To measure the AC(Ripple) voltage
voltmeter/Multime
ter
Dual Trace 1
C.R.O 0-20 M Hz To display the wave forms
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Bridge Rectifier(Without filter):

Bridge Rectifier(With filter):
3.Theory
A device is capable of converting a sinusoidal input waveform into a
unidirectional waveform with non-zero average component is called a rectifier. The Bridge
rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the
input ac voltage.
The Bridge rectifier has four diodes connected to form a Bridge. The load
resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of
the input ac voltage, diode D1 and D2 conducts whereas diodes D3 and D4 remain in the OFF
state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load
current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diode D3 and D4
conducts whereas diodes D1 and D2 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in
series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL in the same
direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bidirectional wave is converted into a
unidirectional wave.
Ripple factor is a measure of effectiveness of a rectifier circuit and defined as a

ratio of RMS value of ac component to the dc component in the rectifier output.

4.Procedure

Observations
a) Without Filter
VNL:
Vdc VFL
Load (Volts) Ripple % of
Sl No. Vac(Volts)
01

02
03
04
05
With Filter:
VNL:
Vdc VFL
Load Resistance, (Volts) Ripple % of
Sl No. Vac (Volts)
RL(KΩ) Factor Regulation
01
02
03
04
05

6.Waveforms/Graphs
7. Calculations:
Ripple Voltage: Vac/Vdc:

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY4.4 4.4ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE REGULATOR

1. Description

Range
To observe Load current
Ammeter (MC) (0-50)mA 1 If
To observe voltage
Voltmeter(MC) (0-25)V 1 across Zener Diode
terminals
Resistance 1K, 2K, 3K 1 To get the load output

voltages
6.2 V(6Z2) To get the regulated
Zener Diode Breakdown 1 output voltage
Voltage
Red , Green, Blue As per the To make connections and
, Yellow and Black requirement interconnections to
Connecting Wires 3/20 gauge , equipment
suitable lengths or
Hook-Up wire
2. Circuit Diagram

3.Theory
A zener diode is heavily doped p-n junction diode, specially made to

operate in the break down region. A p-n junction diode normally does not
conduct when reverse biased. But if the reverse bias is increased, at a
particular voltage it starts conducting heavily. This voltage is called Break down
Voltage.
High current through the diode can permanently damage the device
To avoid high current, we connect a resistor in series with zener

diode. Once the diode starts conducting it maintains almost constant voltage
across the terminals what ever may be the current through it, i.e., it has very
low dynamic resistance. It is used in voltage regulators.

4. PROCEDURE:-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in steps.
3. The zener current (lz), and the zener voltage (Vz.) are observed and then
Noted in the tabular form.
4. A graph is plotted between Zener current (Iz) and Zener voltage (Vz).
5. OBSERVATIONS:-
ZENER ZENER
S.NO CURRENT(IZ)
VOLTAGE(VZ)
6. Model Graph:

Graph:

7. CALCULATIONS:
Output Voltage=
9. PRECAUTIONS:

3. Ensure that the meters and RPS and Zener Diode are connected properly.
4. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and check for polarity of
ZENER DIODE.
6. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
o Never work on a circuit while power is applied.

o Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit is finished and you
have carefully checked your work.
o If you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power
and examine your circuit to find out what went wrong.
o Keep your work area dry.
o Always wear safety goggles.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.5 4.5 SINGLE STAGE TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER
ENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.5
SINGLE STAGE TRANSFORMER COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER
1. Description : The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Range
Regulated Power 0-30V To Bias the transistor
1
Supply
To observe input and output
CRO 0-20MHz 1 waveforms
To measure input and output
Digital Multimeter 1 voltages
Signal To apply input signal with different
Generator/Function 1Hz – 1MHz frequencies
1
Generator
R1-- 24KΩ,
R2—5KΩ 1 R1,R2 for biasing
Resistors
RE -- 500Ω Each RE for stabilization
Rin for current limiting
CE—33µF/12V 1 CE Emitter bypass capacitor
Capacitors Cin--- 4.7µF/12V Each Cin input coupling capacitor
Transistor BC107 1 To amplify the signal
2:1 stepdown, 1 To couple the output
Driver Transformer ironcore
Connecting wires
2. Circuit Diagram :
3. Theory :
The amplifier circuit in which, the previous stage is connected to the next stage using a
coupling transformer, is called as Transformer coupled amplifier.
When an AC signal is applied to the input of the base of the first transistor then it gets
amplified by the transistor and appears at the collector to which the primary of the transformer
is connected.

3. Theory:
The transformer which is used as a coupling device in this circuit has the property of
impedance changing, which means the low resistance of a stage (or load) can be reflected as a
high load resistance to the previous stage. Hence the voltage at the primary is transferred
according to the turns ratio of the secondary winding of the transformer.
This transformer coupling provides good impedance matching between the stages of
amplifier. The transformer coupled amplifier is generally used for power amplification.
The gain of the amplifier is constant only for a small range of frequencies. The output
voltage is equal to the collector current multiplied by the reactance of primary.
At low frequencies, the reactance of primary begins to fall, resulting in decreased gain.
At high frequencies, the capacitance between turns of windings acts as a bypass condenser to
reduce the output voltage and hence gain.
So, the amplification of audio signals will not be proportionate and some distortion will also get
introduced, which is called as Frequency distortion.
4. Procedure
2. Connect the CRO and Multi meter at the input and output terminals
3. Switch on the power supply
4. Set Vin (say 300 mV) at constant value using signal generator.
5. Keep input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 to 1MHz in regular steps
6. Note down the corresponding output voltage using multimeter and also observe it in
CRO
7. Calculate the gain of the amplifier in dB 2
8. Plot the graph between Gain(dB) and frequency (Hz) on logarithmic graph sheet
5. Observations
S.No Input Input Output voltage Gain Gain in dB

frequency Voltage(in (in Volts) V0 20 log V0
. Volts) Vin Vin
10
11
12
6.Graph


6. Model graph :
Practical graph
7. Calculations : Use the following formulae for calculations

𝑉𝑂
Voltage Gain AV =
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉
Voltage gain in dB = 20log 𝑉 𝑂
𝑖𝑛
8. Precautions :



 Ensure that the meters are properly set
 Ensure that the Transistor and Transformer connected properly
 Do not exceed the rated voltage
 Avoid parallax error
 Shoes must be worn at all times.

 No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
 Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging and
unplugging from the outlet.

4.6 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.6 RC COUPLED AMIFIER
RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER
1.Description: The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment

Range
Regulated Power 0-30V,1A To Bias the transistor
1
Supply
Transistor BC 547 2 To amplify the input signal
To observe input and output
CRO 0-20MHz 1 waveforms
To measure input and output
Digital Multimeter 1 voltages
Signal To apply input signal with
Generator/Function 1Hz – 1MHz different frequencies
1
Generator
R1-- 33KΩ,
R2—5.6KΩ R1,R2 for biasing
Resistors 2 RE for stabilization
RE – 1kΩ
Each
RC-2.2 kΩ
CE—100 µF /12V 2 CE Emitter bypass capacitor

Capacitors Cin--- 4.7µF/12V 3 Cin input coupling capacitor
Connecting wires
2.Circuit Diagram:

3.Theory :
Due to its low cost and excellent audio fidelity over a wide range of frequencies, an RC
Coupled Amplifier is the most popular type of coupling used in a multi stage amplifier.
When a.c. signal is applied to the base of the first transistor, it is amplified and appears
across its collector load RC.
Now the amplified signal developed across RC is given to the base of the next transistor through
a coupling capacitor CC .
The second stage again amplifies this signal and the more amplified signal appears across the
second stage collector resistance.
In this way the cascaded stages amplify the signal and the overall gain is considerably
increased.
However, the total gain is less than the product of the gains of individual stages. It is
because, when a second stage follows the first stage, the effective load resistance of first stage
is reduced due to the shunting effect of the input resistance of second stage. This reduces the
gain of the stage which is loaded by the next stage.

Voltage Gain:
The ratio of output voltage to input voltage of a BJT amplifier is known as voltage gain. It is
denoted by a letter Av.
Av = Output voltage / Input voltage = Vo/ Vi
Bandwidth:
The range of frequency over which the voltage gain of an amplifier remains constant is known
as bandwidth of an amplifier.
It is denoted as bandwidth of an amplifier.
4.PROCEDURE:
1. First the signal generator is connected directly to the a.c. milli-voltmeter by keeping signal
signal strength to 100mV.
2 3. .Connect the signal generator as per above circuit diagram
4. Vary the signal frequency from very low frequency i.e 100Hz to high frequencies i.e 100KHz.
Tabulate the different output voltages for different input frequencies .
Calculate the gain and tabulate them6. Take more than 20 readings to get smooth frequency
response
7. Plot a graph between gain of the amplifier with input signal frequency on a polar graph sheet
7. Claculate the bandwidth from the graph
5.OBSERVATIONS:
Input voltage vi:

S.No Frequency Output Gain(A)=Vo/Vi 20 log vo/vi
voltage(vo)
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
6.Model Graph:
7.Calculation:
Bandwidth =------------------------------
8.Precautions:
1. Ensure the connections must be tight and right.

2. Ensure proper biasing to the Transistor
3. Vary the frequency knob slowly.
4. At the turning point of curve, more reading should be taken.
5. Keep workbench clear by placing extra items (books, bags etc….) on shelves
6. Wear sensible clothing including footwear
7. Do not switch on the power supply while making connections

Experimental Methodology 4.7 4.7 Colpitts Oscillator
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
1.Description

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR BC107BP 1 For amplification
R2 , R4 =10K 2 stabilization
ohms 1
Re = 1K ohms
3 CAPACITORS C1,C2 =0.1uf 2 For tank circuit
4 CAPACITORS Cin, Cout =10uf 2 For in blocking
and coupling
capacitor
5 CAPACITORS Ce = 100pf 1 Emitter bypass
capacitor
6 INDUCTOR L1 = 2mH 1 For tank circuit
7 CRO 0-20 M HZ 1 For observing the
output waveforms
circuit
NUMBER
10 REGULATED 0-30V 1 To provide
POWERSUPPLY biasing
2.Circuit Diagram

3. Theory
The tank circuit is made up of L1, C1 and C2 . The resistance R1 and R2 provides the
necessary biasing. The capacitance Cin blocks the D.C component. The frequency of
oscillations is determined by the values of L1, C1 and C2 and is given by
f0=1/(2π(CT L1)1/2 )
where CT=C1C1/(C1+C2)
The tank circuit provides 1800. And the transistor in CE mode provides another 1800
phase. The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back
to the base will be exactly 3600 or 00 .this satisfies the Barkhausen condition for
sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1,this
condition used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations
4. Procedure
1.Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. select the first set of capacitors C1 and C2
3.observe the output waveform on the CRO (sine wave).
4.Note down the amplitude and time period of the output waveform from CRO
5. Calculate the theoretical frequency for the given set of capacitors C1 and C2
using the formula f0 = 1/(2(LCT)1/2)
Where CT = (C1C2)/(C1+C2) .
6. Repeat the steps from (2) to (5) for the second set of capacitors C1 and C2
7. Plot the graph for the output waveform.
5.Observations:
S.NO C1 C2 Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)
(farads) (farads) period(sec)
1
2
3
4

6.Graph
7. Calculations
Theoretical frequency ( f0 ) = 1/(2(LCT)1/2)
Where CT = (C1C2)/(C1+C2) .
Amplitude= No. of vertical divisions x volts/division
8.Precautions

 Ensure that the variable capacitors and inductors are properly adjusted


4.8 METHODOLOGY 4.8 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
1.Description:

COMPONENT
R2 , R4 =10K ohms 2 stabilization
Re = 1K ohms 1
3 INDUCTORS L1,L2 2 For tank circuit
=10mH,20mH,30mH
4 CAPACITORS C =0.01uf 1 For tank circuit
and coupling
capacitor
capacitor
7 CRO 0-20 M HZ(Dual 1 For observing the
Trace) output waveforms
circuit
NUMBER
10 REGULATED 0-30V,1A 1 To provide
POWERSUPPLY biasing
2.Circuit Diagram:

3. Theory :
The tank circuit is made up of C, L1 and L2 . The resistance R1 and R2 provides the necessary
biasing. The capacitance Cin blocks the D.C component. The frequency of oscillations is
determined by the values of C, L1,L2 and is given by
f0 = 1/(2(LTC)1/2)
Where LT =L1+L2
The tank circuit provides 1800. And the transistor in CE mode provides another 1800 phase. The
total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base will be
exactly 3600 or 00 .this satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations and total
loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1,this condition used to generate the
sinusoidal oscillations
4. PROCEDURE:
2. Select the first set of inductors L1 and L2.
3.Observe the output waveform on the CRO (sine wave).
5. Calculate the theoretical frequency for the given set of inductors L1 and L2 using the
formula
f0 = 1/(2(LTC)1/2) Where LT =L1+L2
6. Repeat the steps from (2) to (5) for the second set of inductors L1 and L2.

5. OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO L1(mH) L2(mH) C(uF) Time perio Theoretical Theoretical Amplitude(volts

Frequency Frequency
6. MODEL GRAPH
7. CALCULATIONS:

Theoretical frequency f0 = 1/(2(LTC)1/2) Where LT =L1+L2
8. PRECAUTIONS:
A. Procedural Precautions


4.9 METHODOLOGY 4.9 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
1. DESCRIPTION:

COMPONENT
R2 , R4 =10K ohms 2 stabilization
Re = 1K ohms 1
3 CRYSTAL 5MHz 1 For tank circuit
4 CAPACITORS C1,C2 2 For tank circuit
=0.1uf/0.01uf/0.047uf/
and coupling
capacitor
capacitor
output waveforms
circuit
NUMBER
POWERSUPPLY biasing
2. Circuit Diagram:
RC

3. THEORY :
The tank circuit is made up of Crystal,C1 and C2 . The resistance R1 and R2 provides the
oscillations is determined by the values of LS,CS and CPand is given by
The tank circuit provides 1800. And the transistor in CE mode provides another 1800 phase.
The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base
will be exactly 3600 or 00 , this satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations
and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1,this condition used to generate
the sinusoidal oscillations
4. PROCEDURE:
2. select the first set of crystal.
3.observe the output waveform on the CRO (sine wave).
5. Calculate the theoretical frequency for the given set of crystal using the formula
6. Repeat the steps from (2) to (5) for the second set of crystal.
5.OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO Crystal(MHz) C1=C2(uf) Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)

period(sec) Theoritical Practical
value Value
1 5 0.1

2 5 0.01
3 5 0.47
4
6. MODEL GRAPH
7. CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical frequency

8. PRECAUTIONS:


4.10 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
4.10 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

1. Description

EQUIPMENT
1 Transistor BC 147 1 Used as an amplifier

in CE mode
2 Resistors 3.9kΩ,12kΩ,68kΩ one from each Biasing and

1kΩ stabilization
3 Resistor 10kΩ 3 Used for feed back
4 Capacitors 100μF 1 To bypass the current
5 Capacitor 0.01or 0.1 μF 3 For feed back
6 CRO 0-20MHz 1 To display the

waveforms
7 RPS 0-30V 1 To supply the required

voltage
8 Bread board 1 To connect

components
9 Connecting wires To make connections

and interconnections
to equipment
2. Circuit Diagram

3. Theory
An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an AC signal voltage with a DC

supply as the only input requirement. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by
the circuit elements used. An oscillator requires an amplifier, a frequency selective network
and a positive feedback from the output to the input. The oscillators are basically classified
as Sinusoidal and non sinusoidal oscillators.
The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation is Aβ = 1 where A is the gain of the
amplifier and β is the feedback factor (gain).The unity gain means signal is in phase. ( If the
signal is 180 out of phase and gain will be -1). RC-Phase shift Oscillator has a CE amplifier
followed by three sections of RC phase shift feed-back Networks. The output of the last
stage is return to the input of the amplifier. The values of R and C are chosen such that the
phase shift of each RC section is 60º.Thus The RC ladder network produces a total phase
shift of 180º between its input and output voltage for the given frequency. Since CE Amplifier
produces 180 º phases shift. The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the
circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360º or 0º. This satisfies the Barkhausen
condition for sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than
or equal to 1, this condition used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations.
4. Procedure
1. Identify the pin details of BC107 Transistor.

2. Test it using a Multimeter
3. Set up the components on breadboard as per the circuit..
4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
5 Supply a DC voltage of 12 v by using Regulated power supply
6 Connect CRO probes at the collector of the Transistor.
7 Observe the output wave form on CRO
7 Measure the time period and voltage of the output wave .
8. Plot the output waveform on a graph sheet.

5. Observations
S. No Resistance Capacitance Amplitude Time period Frequency

value value
6. Graph

7. Calculations: Use the following formulae to calculate the frequency
8. Precautions
 Disconnect all the equipment from mains before making connections

 Ensure that the variable resistor is properly adjusted
Safety precautions

4.11.A EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.11A BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1. Description
Name Specification/Range No Purpose

CRO 0-20Mhz 1 To observe the waveforms
Bread board Half size 400 popints 1 to make quick electrical connections
between components
Resistor(Rc1 & Rc2) 680 ohms 2 Load resistor
Resistor(R3 & R4) 10k ohms 2 Triggering purpose
Resistor(R1 & R2) 15 k ohms 2 Coupling purpose
Resistor(Rb1 & Rb2) 220k ohms 2 To limit Base current
RPS Dual channel(0-30V) 1 To provide dc biasing
Connecting wires Suitable length - To make connections.
Transistor (Q1 & Q2 ) BC547 2 On/Off switch
100PF,0.01uF Each one Triggering purpose
Capacitor (C1 & C2)
2. Circuit Diagram
1
NITTTR, EXTENSION CENTER, VIJAYAWADA
3.Theory:
A Bistable multivibrator has two stable output states. It can remain indefinitely
in any one of the two stable states and it can be indeed to make abrupt transition to the other
stable state by means of suitable external excitation. It would remain indefinitely in their
stable state by external triggering. Bistable multivibrators are also tuned as binaries or flip-
flops. A binary is sometimes referred to as cutter-Jordan circuit. The transistors are identical:
their quiescent currents would be the same unless the loop gain is greater than unity.
4.PROCEDURE:
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

 Switch on the power supply.
 Apply suitable DC biasing voltage i.e Vcc=10V
 Apply the trigger signal
 Trace the waveforms at collector and base as each transistor with the help of dual
trace CRO.
 Measure Vcc,Vbe sat,Vce sat.
 Switch Off the power supply.
 Plot the waveforms.
5.OBSERVATIONS:
Vcc = volts
Vce sat = volts
Vbe sat = volts
2
6.WAVEFORMS/GRAPH:
7. Calculations:
Precautions
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
3. Handle the equipment carefully
5. Avoid loose connections.
6. Ensure whether the CRO is calibrated.
7. Give required supply voltage to the circuit
Safety precautions

3
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.11b 4.11b.TRANSISTOR ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
TRANSISTOR ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

1. Description

CRO 0-20 MHz 1 To observe the waveforms
Bread board Half size 400 points 1 to make quick electrical connections
between components
Resistor(Rc1 & Rc2) 1k 2 Load resistor
Resistor(R1 & R2) 10k 2
To get suitable time constant.
Capacitor (C1 & C2) 0.1uF 2
Transistor (Q1 & Q2 ) BC107 2 On/Off switch
RPS (0-30V) 1 To provide dc biasing
Connecting wires Suitable length - To make connections.
2. Circuit Diagram

3. Theory:
The Astable circuit has two quasi-stable states. Without external triggering signal the Astable
configuration will make successive transitions from one quasi-stable state to the other. The Astable
circuit is an oscillator. It is also called as free running multivibrator and is used to generate “Square
Wave”. Since it does not require triggering signal, fast switching is possible.
Operation:
When the power is applied, due to some imbalance in the circuit, the transistor Q2 conducts
more than Q1 i.e. current flowing through transistor Q2 is more than the current flowing in transistor
Q1. The voltage VC2 drops. This drop is coupled by the capacitor C1 to the base by Q1 there by
reducing its forward base-emitter voltage and causing Q1 to conduct less. As the current through
Q1 decreases, VC1 rises. This rise is coupled by the capacitor C2 to the base of Q2. There by
increasing its base- emitter forward bias. This Q2 conducts more and more and Q1 conducts less and
less, each action reinforcing the other. Ultimately Q2 gets saturated and becomes fully ON and
Q1 becomes OFF. During this time C1 has been charging towards VCC exponentially with a time
constant T1 = R1C1. The polarity of C1 should be such that it should supply voltage to the base of Q1.
When C1 gains sufficient voltage, it drives Q1 ON. Then VC1 decreases and makes
Q2 OFF. VC2 increases and makes Q1 fully saturated. During this time C2 has been charging through
VCC, R2, C2 and Q2 with a time constant T2 = R2C2. The polarity of C2 should be such that it should
supply voltage to the base of Q2. When C2 gains sufficient voltage, it drives Q2 On, and the process
repeats.
4.Procedure:
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
 Switch on the power supply.
 Apply suitable DC biasing voltage i.e Vcc=10V
 Trace the waveforms at collector and base as each transistor with the help of dual trace
CRO.
 Measure Vcc,Vbe sat,Vce sat, Ton,Toff &T.
 Calculate the Frequency and duty cycle.
 Verify the practical output frequency with theoretical values f = 1/T, where T = 1.38 RC
 Switch Off the power supply.
 Plot the waveforms.
5.Observations:
Ton = in seconds
Toff = in seconds
Time period = T in seconds
Vcc = in volts
Vce sat = in volts
Vbe sat = in volts 2

6.Waveforms/Graph
7.Theoritical Calculations:
The period T is given by
T = TON + TOFF = 0.69 (R1C1 + R2C2)
For symmetrical circuit, with R1 = R2 = R & C1 = C2 = C
T = 1.38 RC
Duty cycle= TON /( TON + TOFF )

8. Precautions
Safety precautions

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.11C 4.11C MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1. Description
Name Specification/range Quantity Purpose

Breadboard - 1 To connect the components
R.P.S (0-30)v 2 For power supply
Function 10Hz-1MHz 1 For applying square wave
generator
C.R.O - 1 To observe the output waveforms
Transistor BC547 2 On and Off switch
Resistors 1kΩ 2 FOR THE CONDUCTION OF Q1 and Q2
10kΩ 4 BJT CURRENTS
Capacitors 0.01µf 1 For Charging and Discharging purpose

0.1µf 1
Connecting wires - As To connect components

required
NITTTR EXTENSION VIJAYAWADA

Theory
A monstable multivibrator has only one stable state, the other state being
quasistable. Normally the multivibrator is in the stable state, and when an external
triggering pulse is applied, it switches from the stable to the quasi-stable state. It
remains in the quasi-stable state for a short duration, but automatically reverts i.e.
switches back to its original stable state, without any triggering pulse.
Principle of operation
A collector-coupled Monostable multivibrator of the two transistors Q1 and
Q2, Q1 is normally OFF and Q2 is Normally ON. Under normal conditions, the
supply voltage VCC provides enough base drive to the transistor Q2 through resistor
R, with the result that Q2 goes into saturation. With Q2 ON, Q1 goes Off.
With Q2 ON and Q1 OFF, the capacitor finds a charging path. The voltage
across the capacitor is VCC with polarity. In the stable state of the multivibrator, Q2
is ON and Q1 is OFF.

If the negative triggering pulse is applied to the base of Q2, it makes the base
of Q2 negative. Immediately Q2 goes OFF and Q1 becomes ON. However, this is
only a quasi-stable state. . It remains in the quasi-stable state for a short duration,
but automatically reverts i.e. switches back to its original stable state, without any
triggering pulse.
4. Procedure
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Apply 12V D.C at the collector of two transistors.
3. Apply -1.5V D.C at base of Q1.
4. Switch on power supply.
5. Apply 1 KHz square wave at the base of Q2.
6. Observe the output waveforms at VB1, VB2,VC1 and VC2
5. Observations
At transistor (Q1):
BJT Terminal Amplitude Time period Frequency(f=1/T)
Base
Collector
At transistor (Q2):
BJT Terminal Amplitude Time period Frequency(f=1/T)
Base
Collector

6. Graphs
7. Calculations:
8. Precautions:
2. Handling the Equipment Carefully.
3. Avoid parallax error while observing the values of waveforms on CRO.
4. Select the proper values of R & C such that the condition RC<<T is satisfied.

Safety precautions

EXPERIMENRAL METHODOLOGY 4.12 RC INTEGRATOR
RC INTEGRATOR
1. Description

Range
CRO 0 T0 20 M.Hz 1 For Displaying and
measuring of waveforms
Function Generator 1Hz -1M.Hz 1 To generate Square

waveform
Resistances or DRB 1k, 10k, 100k 1 To get the load output

voltages
Bread board - 1 To Develope the circuit
REGULATED 0-30V 1 To provide Supply

POWERSUPPLY Voltage
Red , Green, Blue , As per To make connections and

Yellow and Black the interconnections to equipment
Connecting Wires 3/20 gauge , need
suitable lengths
2. Circuit Diagram
3.THEORY:
When a square wave is applied to a low pass circuit at t=0, o/p voltage at
that instant is zero. As o/p is taken at across capacitor and capacitor can’t
change its voltage instantaneously. When capacitor starts raising its voltage
exponentially with time constant RC and hence the o/p. When o/p voltage
reaches point A as shown in the following response curve.
There is a fall in i/p voltage by an amount of ‘v’ abruptly. Again capacitor

cannot change its voltage instantaneously. Therefore o/p voltage VO starts falling
exponentially with time constant RC. When o/p reaches the point B. There is
raise in i/p voltage. Therefore o/p also rise exponentially with time constant RC.
This action is repeated as long as a square wave is applied at the i/p.
When time constant RC is chosen very large in comparisons with the time
interval t of the i/p waveform. This circuit may be called an Integrator. When time
constant is very large, R must be large. Therefore, voltage across capacitor C,
will be very small and it may be consider that all the i/p voltage appears across
resistor R only. Since Vin= Vc + Vr.
Vr is very large as resistance R is large and VC is very small. And thus Vin = Vr.
Under this condition, current I, in the circuit is totally determined by resistance R

only, which is given by I=Vin / Vr. But o/p is taken across capacitor C therefore,
o/p voltage Vo is given by
VO= Vc = 1/c idt
 Vo = 1/c  (Vin/R)dt
 Vo =1/Rc  Vin dt
Hence o/p of low pass RC circuit is proportional to the integral of the i/p voltage,
when time constant is very large. Raise time ( tr ) may be defined as the time
taken by an RC circuit to raise its o/p voltage from 0.1v to 0.9v of its maximum
value (V). Where V is the amplitude of the applied voltage. It gives an indication
of how fast the circuit can respond to a discontinuation of applied voltage.
4. PROCEDURE:-

1. All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The i/p signal voltage is fixed to 4v p-p and 1 KHz frequency.
3. Now, the i/p signal is applied to the integrator and the o/p waveforms are
observed at 3 different time constants.
4. I.e. RC>>t, RC =t and RC<<t.
5. The Square wave of voltage of 4v p-p and 1 KHz frequency is applied as i/p
to the Integrator circuit. And observe the o/p waveform.
6. Calculate the phase shift of the given integrator circuit.
1. Phase shift = (td/tp )* 360 
Where td = time difference between i/p and o/p

tp = time period of i/p signal
5. OBSERVATIONS:-
Vi(volt) R C RC T Vo(volt)
6. GRAPH:

7. CALCULATIONS:
R=
C=
8. PRECAUTIONS:

 Ensure that the settings in CRO and FG are CORRECT.
capacitor.

2. Take care when biasing the supply.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.13 4.13 RC DIFFERENTIATOR
RC DIFFERENTIATOR
1. Description

Range
CRO 0 - 20 M.Hz 1 For Displaying and measuring
of waveforms
Function Generator 1Hz -1MHz 1 To generate Square
waveform
Resistances or To get theoutput voltages
DRB 1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ 1
1 To get different time
Capacitor 0.1µF constants
Bread board - 1 To Develope the circuit
Regulated Power 0-30V 1 To provide Supply Voltage
supply
Red , Green, Blue , As To make connections and
Yellow and Black per interconnections to equipment
Connecting Wires 3/20 gauge , the
suitable lengths need
2. Circuit Diagram

3. Theory:
When a single step voltage pulse is firstly applied to the input of an RC
differentiator, the capacitor appears initially as a short circuit to the fast
changing signal. This is because the slope dv/dt of the positive-going edge of a
square wave is very large (ideally infinite), thus at the instant the signal appears,
all the input voltage passes through to the output appearing across the resistor.
After the initial positive-going edge of the input signal has passed and the
peak value of the input is constant, the capacitor starts to charge up in its normal
way via the resistor in response to the input pulse at a rate determined by the RC
time constant, τ = RC.
Then we can see that the shape of the output waveform depends on the
ratio of the pulse width to the RC time constant. When RC is much larger (greater
than 10RC) than the pulse width, the output waveform resembles the square
wave of the input signal. When RC is much smaller (less than 0.1RC) than the
pulse width, the output waveform takes the form of very sharp and narrow spikes
as shown above.
So by varying the time constant of the circuit from 10RC to 0.1RC we can
produce a range of different wave shapes. Generally a smaller time constant is
always used in RC differentiator circuits to provide good sharp pulses at the
output across R.
4. Procedure:-
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.

2. The i/p signal voltage is fixed to 4V p-p and 1 KHz frequency.
3. Vary the Resistance value,and observe the wave form in CRO , for
RC<<T, RC=T and RC>>T
4. Plot the Wave form

5. Observations:-
S.No
Input signal time Capacitance DRB value (Ω) Time constant (RC)
. period (T) in Farads
6. Graph : Plot the graph of input and output voltages with different time
constants.
MODEL WAVE FORMS

Practical waveforms :

7. Calculations: Use the following formula for calculations
R=
C=
Ʈ - time constant of RC Circuit = RC
8. Precautions
a) Procedural precautions
 Ensure that the settings in CRO and Function Generator are correct.
capacitor.
b) Safety precautions:
 Connections should be tight.
 Take care when biasing the supply.

Experimental Methodology 4.144.14 Diode clippers
DIODE CLIPPERS
1.Description
The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment.

COMPONENT
1 DIODE 1N4007 1 For Clipping the
required portion
2 RESISTOR R1 =10K ohms 1 For Current
RL =100K ohms 1 Limiting
3 SIGNAL/FUNCTION 1MHz 1 For providing

GENARATOR input signal
output waveforms
7 BREADBOARD 1 To Develope the
circuit
NUMBER
POWERSUPPLY biasing
2.Circuit Diagram
A.POSITIVE CLIPPER B.NEGATIVE CLIPPER
NITTTR EXTENSON CENTER VIJAYAWADA

C.POSITIVE BIASED CLIPPER
D.NEGATIVE BIASED CLIPPER
3. Theory
A clipper is a circuit designed to prevent a signal from exceeding a
predetermined reference voltage level. A clipper does not distort the remaining part of
the applied waveform. Clipping circuits are used to select, for purposes of transmission,
that part of a signal waveform which lies above or below the predetermined reference
voltage level.
Clipping may be achieved either at one level or two levels. A clipper circuit can remove
certain portions of an arbitrary waveform near the positive or negative peaks or both.
Clipping changes the shape of the waveform and alters its spectral components.
A clipping circuit consists of linear elements like resistors and non-linear elements
like diodes , but it does not contain energy-storage elements like capacitors.
Positive Diode Clipper:

In a positive clipper, the positive half cycles of the input voltage will be removed.
NegativeDiodeClipper:
The negative clipper,the negative half cycles of the input voltage will be removed.

4. Procedure
1.Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram(A)
2. Select the sinusoidal waveform in the function generator
3. Adjust the proper frequency and amplitude of sinusoidal input in the function
generator
3. Apply the input(sinusoidal) to the circuit and observe the output waveform on the
CRO 4.Note down the amplitude and time period of the outputwaveform from CRO
5 Draw the input and output waveforms on graph
6. Follow the above steps for the different clipper circuits
5.Readings
Peak to peak Amplitude of the input waveform Vp-p :
Time period of the input signal :
Time Amplitude(volts) of the output

Type of the
S.NO period(se
clipper Positive half
c) Negative half cycle
cycle
positive
1
clipper
negative
2
clipper
positive
3
biased clipper

negative
4
biased clipper
6. Graph
Output waveform for positive biased clipper
Output waveform for negative biased clipper

Observed waveforms:
7.Calculations

8.Precautions


4.15 EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY4.15 Clamper circuit
EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY
DIODE CLAMPER CIRCUITS
1. DESCRIPTION:

Function Generator 1
Breadboard 1
Resistor 10k,0.25W Carbon 1
CRO 1
Diode 1N4007 1
Patch cords Single lead few
2 .CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Negative clamper

Positive clamper
3THEORY:
1.The Clamper Circuit that adds a DC level to an AC signal.

2.The positive and negative peaks of the signals can be placed at desired levels
using the clamping circuits.
3.The DC level gets shifted, a clamper circuit is called as a Level Shifter.
4.PROCEDURE:
1. Identify the terminals of a diode.
2. Make connections as per the circuit diagram and switch on the function
generator.
3. Set the sine wave generator frequency to 1KHz and its output amplitude to 10V
peak to peak
4. Observe and sketch the input waveform and the output waveform.
5OBSERVATIONS:
Observe the input and output waveforms on CRO

Negative clamper
Positive clamper
6. PRECAUTIONS
Safety precautions

4.16 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.16 VI CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO DIODE
PHOTO DIODE
1. Description

Range
To observe Diode reverse
Ammeter (MC) (0-2)mA 1
current IR
To observe voltage across Photo

Voltmeter(MC) (0-25)V 1
Diode
To supply the input voltage to the

RPS (Digital) (0-30)V,1A 1
photo diode
Provision to Vary To vary the reverse current

Light source 1
Intensity levels flowing in Photo diode
To make internal connections

Bread Board 1
between components
As
per To make connections as per the
Connecting Wires Suitable lengths
the circuit diagram
need

2. Circuit Diagram
3. Theory
Photo-Diode is a silicon or germanium PN junction diode which is photo-sensitive
i.e. acts as a light detector in reverse bias condition. i.e. The reverse current in a
photodiode depends on the intensity of light falling on it or exposure of light.When a
photon of ample energy strikes the diode, it makes a couple of an electron-hole. This
mechanism is also called as the inner photoelectric effect. If the absorption arises in the
depletion region junction, then the carriers are removed from the junction by the inbuilt
electric field of the depletion region. Therefore, holes in the region move toward the
anode, and electrons move toward the cathode, and a photocurrent will be generated
an external connection is made to both sides of the junction as long as light falls upon
the photodiode. . In absence of light, the photo-current becomes zero and the total
current flowing through diode is equal to reverse saturation current. This current is
known as dark current.The entire current through the diode is the sum of the absence
of light and the photocurrent. So the absent current must be reduced to maximize the
sensitivity of the device.
In addition to the photocurrent, a voltage is produced across the diode. In effect, the
photodiode functions exactly like a solar cell by generating a current and voltage when
exposed to light.
Modes of Operation:The operating modes of the photodiode include three modes,

namely Photovoltaic mode, Photoconductive mode and avalanche diode mode.
Types of Photodiode
 PN Photodiode
 Schottky Photo Diode
 PIN Photodiode
 Avalanche Photodiode
4. Procedure

2. For zero illumination of light on diode, vary the supply voltage.
3. Record the reading on the Voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Increase the Intensity in steps and repeat the same procedure andnote
downthe corresponding readings on Voltmeter, Ammeter.
5. Disconnect the power supply.
6. Plot the graph VR versus IR for different intensity levels of light.

5. Observations
Intensity Zero
Low Intensity Medium High
Intensity
I→
Intensity Intensity
Sr.
VR IR VR IR VR IR VR IR
No.↓

6.Graph:
Plot the graph for reverse voltage (VR) Vs reverse current (IR)
7. Calculation:
Dark current =------------------------------
8. Precautions:

2. Ensure proper biasing to the diode.
3. Vary the supply voltage slowly.
5. Do not exceed the rated current.

Safety precautions

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO TRANSISTOR

1. Description

Range
To maintain minimum base
Each
Ammeter (MC) (0-1)mA,0-50mA current and to observe collector
one
reverse saturation current
To observe voltage across Photo

Each
Voltmeter(MC) (0-25)V,0-1V Transistor and to maintain Base
one
voltage
To supply the voltage to the

RPS (Digital) (0-30)V,1A 2 Base circuit and collector circuit
of photo Transistor
RPS 0-5V To vary the intensity of light
To vary the reverse collector

Provision to Vary
Light source 1 current flowing in Photo
Intensity levels
Transistor

Bread Board 1
between components
As
per To make connections as per the
the circuit diagram
need

2. Circuit Diagram
3. Theory
A Phototransistor is an electronic switching and current amplification component which relies

on exposure to light to operate. When light falls on the junction, reverse current flows which is
proportional to the luminance. Phototransistors are used extensively to detect light pulses and
convert them into digital electrical signals. These are operated by light rather than electric
current. Providing large amount of gain, low cost and these phototransistors might be used in
numerous applications.
It is capable of converting light energy into electric energy. Phototransistors work in a
similar way to photo resistors commonly known as LDR (light dependant resistor) but are able to
produce both current and voltage while photo resistors are only capable of producing current
due to change in resistance. Phototransistors are transistors with the base terminal exposed.,
The photons from striking light activate the transistor. This is because a phototransistor is made
of a bipolar semiconductor and focuses the energy that is passed through it. These are
activated by light particles and are used in virtually all electronic devices that depend on light in
some way. All silicon photo sensors (phototransistors) respond to the entire visible radiation

range as well as to infrared. In fact, all diodes, transistors, Darlington’s, triacs, etc. have the
same basic radiation frequency response.
4. Procedure

2. Initially focus zero illumination of light on Photo Transistor,
3. Setup the VBE(0.7V) and IB(100uA) by varying the VBES regulated power supply
4. Vary the VCES regulated power supply and obtain the different IC and VCE values
and tabulate them
5. Repeat the same procedure for different intensities of light and tabulate the
corresponding IC and VCE value
6. Plot the graph VCE versus IC for different intensity levels of light.
5. Observations
Intensity Zero
Low Intensity Medium High
Intensity
I→
Intensity Intensity
Sr.
VCE Ic VCE Ic VCE Ic VCE Ic
No.↓

6. Graph:
Plot the graph for reverse voltage (VCE) Vs reverse saturation collector current
(IC)
7. Calculation:
Dark current =------------------------------
8. Precautions:

2. Ensure proper biasing to the Transistor

3. Vary the supply voltage slowly.
5. Do not exceed the rated current.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.18 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
1. Description

Range
Regulated Power 0-30 V DC,1A 1 To supply voltage to the circuit
Supply
Resistor 1 K ohm 1 To control the flow of current
Voltmeter 0-3V
1 To measure voltage drop(cut in)
across the LED
Ammeter 0-50 mA
1 To measure current in the circuit
LED’S Green ,Red ,Yellow 1 To observe brightness
each
Breadboard To connect components
1
As per To make connections and

Connecting Wires the interconnections to equipment
need
2. Circuit Diagram

3. Theory
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current
flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with holes, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence. The color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for
electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using
multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device
What is a Light Emitting Diode?
The lighting emitting diode is a p-n junction diode. It is a specially doped diode and made up
of a special type of semiconductors. When the light emits in the forward biased, then it is
called as a light emitting diode.

Working Principle of LED
 The working principle of the Light emitting diode is based on the quantum theory.
The quantum theory says that when the electron comes down from the higher
energy level to the lower energy level then, the energy emits from the photon.
The photon energy is equal to the energy gap between these two energy levels.
If the PN-junction diode is in the forward biased, then the current flows through
the diode.
 The flow of current in the semiconductors is caused by the both flow of holes in
the opposite direction of current and flow of electrons in the direction of the
current. Hence there will be recombination due to the flow of these charge
carriers..
 The recombination indicates that the electrons in the conduction band jump down
to the valence band. When the electrons jump from one band to another band
the electrons will emit the electromagnetic energy in the form of photons and the
photon energy is equal to the forbidden energy gap.
Types of Light Emitting Diodes
There are different types of light emitting diodes present and some of them are
mentioned below.
 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) – infra-red
 Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP) – red to infra-red, orange
 Aluminium Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (AlGaAsP) – high-brightness red, orange-
red,
orange, and yellow
 Gallium Phosphide (GaP) – red, yellow and green
 Aluminium Gallium Phosphide (AlGaP) – green
 Gallium Nitride (GaN) – green, emerald green

 Gallium Indium Nitride (GaInN) – near ultraviolet, bluish-green and blue

 Silicon Carbide (SiC) – blue
 Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) – blue
 Aluminium Gallium Nitride (AlGaN) – ultraviolet
light Emitting Diode Colours
TYPICAL LED CHARACTERISTICS
Semiconductor
Wavelength Colour VF @ 20mA
Material
GaAs 850-940nm Infra-Red 1.2v
GaAsP 630-660nm Red 1.8v
GaAsP 605-620nm Amber 2.0v
GaAsP:N 585-595nm Yellow 2.2v
AlGaP 550-570 nm Green 3.5v
SiC 430-505 nm Blue 3.6v
GaInN 450nm White 4.0v
4. Procedure
1.Make connections as per the circuit diagram
2.Check the connections
3.Switching on the power supply(by keeping knobs in min position)

4.Increasing the RPS voltage between 0V to 3V only

5.Observe the brightness of LED
6.Record the readings of ammeter ,voltmeter.
7.Plot the graph between V and I of different colour LED’S.
8.Find cut in voltage of LED.
5.Observations
S. No RED LED GREEN LED YELLOW LED
V(V) I ( mA) V(V) I ( mA) V(V) I ( mA)
6.Graph-Plot the following graph
V-I Characteristics of different colour LED’s

7.Calculations:
cut-in voltage of different colour LED’S=
8.Precautions
3. Ensure meters and LED are properly set
4. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
5. Get the connections checked by the concerned staff member
6. Ensure that there are no loose connections
7. Equipment should be handled carefully

Safety precautions
1. Keep workbench clear by placing extra items(books ,bags etc…) on shelves

4.19 EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY4.19 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTER
1.Description:

Range
To measure the current through
Ammeter (MC) 0-250mA 1 LDR
To observe voltage drop across

Voltmeter(MC) 0-25V, 1
LDR
To supply the voltage to the

RPS (Digital) (0-30)V,1A 2 Base circuit and collector circuit
of photo Transistor
Epoxy 1
LDR PGM5(20M ohms)
resin
RPS 0-5V To vary the intensity of LED
LED Any colour 1 To focus light
Resistor 330E To control current though LED

Bread Board 1
between components
As per the To make connections as per the

need circuit diagram

2. Circuit Diagram:
3.Theory :
1.A LDR is an electronic component whose resistance decreases with increasing incident
light intensity.
2. It can also be referred to as a lightdependent resistor (LDR), photoconductor, or

photocell. A photoresistor is made of a high-resistance semiconductor.
3. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.
4. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering
resistance. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) cells rely on the material's ability to vary its resistance
according to the amount of light striking the cell.
4.PROCEDURE:
1. Set up a LED lamp on the bench to act as a light source.

2. Connect the volt-meter in series and ammeter in parallel to the LDR and adjust it to
a suitable resistance range.
3. Measure the dark resistance of the LDR after covering the LDR by a black piece of
cloth.
4. Now place the LDR at different distances (D) from the lamp and measure its
resistance.

5. Initially make the distance between LED to LDR is 5cm(D1)

6. Switch on the LED power supply
7. Vary the LDR power supply and obtain the different voltmeter(V) and ammeter(I)
readings and tabulate them
8. Repeat same process for another the distance i.e 8cm(D2)
6. Plot the graph for different distance on the same graph and observe the change of
LDR current with distance
5 .OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO D1(5cm) D2(8cm)

V(volts) I(mA) V(volts) I(mA)
1
2
3
4
5

6.Model Graph:

4.20 METHODOLOGY 4.20 TWILIGHT SWITCH USING LDR AND RELAY
OBJECTIVE :
To implement twilight switch using LDR and Relay
1. Description:
S.NO NAME OF THE COMPONENT RANGE QUANTITY PURPOSE

1 TRANSISTOR BC547 2 For amplification
R3=330 ohms 1 stabilization
3 DIODE IN4001 1 Freewheeling

diode
4 RELAY 6V 1 switch
5 LDR 1 To sense the light
6 LAMP 100W 1 indicator
circuit
NUMBER
9 REGULATED POWERSUPPLY 0-30V,1A 1 To provide biasing
2. Circuit Diagram:

3. Theory :
A 230v AC supply for both the load and the RPS is to be maintained continuously for uninterrupted
operation of the light sensor circuit. During the daytime, the light sensor LDR has very-low resistance
and thus, the supply passes through the LDR and ground through the resistor . So, the relay coil does not
get enough supply to get energized. Hence, the load is switched off during the daylight. Similarly, during
the night time (when the light illuminated on LDR is very less), the LDR resistance increases to a very
high value . So,the current flows through the low-resistance path such that it increases base voltage of
cascade pair to reach more than 1.4v, the relay coil gets enough supply to get energized, and hence, the
load is switched on during night time or when no light is illuminated on LDR.
4. PROCEDURE:

2. SWITCH-ON the supply
3.observe that indicating lamp is glowing
4.Now apply light on LDR
5. observe that indicating lamp is in OFF condition
5.OBSERVATIONS:

6. Waveforms/Graph
7.Calculations;

8. Procedural precautions

 Ensure that the LDR and Relay are properly placed

4.21.A EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.21 A HALFWAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
1. Description

Range
Step-down 230v/9-0-9 V, To step down the A.C voltage
1
transformer 500mA
Diode IN4007/4002 1 To rectify the ac
Resistor 1KΩ 1 Load resistor.

C.R.O 1 To display the wave forms
Dual channel
Function generator 230V, 50 Hz 1 To give AC input
As per To make connections
2. Circuit Diagram
Halfwave rectifier:

3. Theory
A rectifier is a circuit, which converts AC into DC . When the AC voltage is applied to

the Half wave rectifier, during positive half cycle the diode becomes forward biased and
conducts the current . Hence the current flows through the load resistor.
During negative half cycle the diode becomes reverse biased and does not conducts
the current . Hence no current flows through the load resistor. So only positive half cycles will
appear in the output and negative half cycles are clipped.
Ripple factor can be calculated by using the formula
Ripple factor= Vac / Vdc
Percentage of regulation can be calculated by using the formula
4. Procedure.
1.Open PSPICE schematic.
2.Create a new file.
3.Get the required components/devices from the library.
4.Place the components/device in the work space.
5. Set the component/devices values according to the circuit.
6.Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
7.Save the circuit.
8.Apply AC voltage to the transformer.
9.Setup the transient analysis and Run the simulation
10. Observe the output wave forms.

5. Model Graph
Precautions
 The polarities of the diode should be carefully connected.
 Ensure that the correct analysis in setup is selected.
 Handling the computer system with care.

4.21.B EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.21 B FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER SIMULATION
1. Description

Range
Step-down 230/9-0-9 V, 500mA

1 To step down the A.C voltage
transformer center tapped
Diode IN4007 2 To rectify the ac
Resistor 1KΩ 1 Load resistor

C.R.O Dual channel 1 To display the wave forms
Function generator 230V, 50 Hz 1 To give AC input
As per To make connections
2. Circuit Diagram
Halfwave rectifier:

1
3.Theory
The conversion of AC into pulsating DC is called Rectification. Electronic Devices can

convert AC power into DC power with high efficiency.
The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-tapped transformer, which results in equal

voltages above and below the center-tap. During the positive half cycle, a positive voltage
appears at the anode of D1 while a negative voltage appears at the anode of D2. Due to this
diode D1 is forward biased. It results a current Id1 through the load R.
During the negative half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of D2 and
hence it is forward biased, resulting a current Id2 through the load. At the same instant a
negative voltage appears at the anode of D1, reverse biasing it and hence it doesn’t conduct.
4. Procedure.
1. Open PSPICE schematic.
2. Create a new file.
3. Get the required components/devices from the library.
4. Place the components/device in the work space.
5. Set the component/devices values according to the circuit.
6. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
7. Save the circuit.
8. Apply AC voltage to the transformer.
9. Setup the transient analysis and Run the simulation.
10. Observe the output waveforms .

2
5. Model Graph
6.Precautions
 The polarities of the diode should be carefully connected.
 Ensure that the correct analysis in setup is selected.
 NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE vijayawada

3
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.22 4.22.ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

1. Description

PSPICE schematic - - To Simulate the zener voltage regulator
Zener diode 1N963B / 12V 1 To get constant voltage in reverse bias
after breakdown
Resistor 500Ω 1 To drop excessive voltage.
Resistor 1K 1 Load resistor
Variable Resistor 50Ω-20K 1 Variable load
Voltage marker - 2 To monitor the input/output voltages
Current marker - 1 To monitor load current
wires - - To make connections.
Vi 0-30V 1 To provide biasing voltage.
2. Circuit Diagram
Line regulation:
1N9638

Load regulation:
1N9638
3.Theory:
The function of a regulator is to provide a constant output voltage to a load connected in parallel
with it in spite of the ripples in the supply voltage or the variation in the load current and the
zener diode will continue to regulate the voltage until the diodes current falls below the minimum
IZ(min) value in the reverse breakdown region. It permits current to flow in the forward direction as
normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain
value - the breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage. The Zener diode specially made to
have a reverse voltage breakdown at a specific voltage. Its characteristics are otherwise very
similar to common diodes. In breakdown the voltage across the Zener diode is close to constant
over a wide range of currents thus making it useful as a shunt voltage regulator.

a) Line RegulationIn this type of regulation, series resistance and load resistance are fixed, only
input voltage is changing. Output voltage remains constant as long as the input voltage is
maintained above a minimum value.
where V0 is the output voltage and VIN is the input voltage and ΔV0 is the change in output
voltage for a particular change in input voltage ΔVIN.
b) Load Regulation
In this type of regulation, input voltage is fixed and the load resistance is varying. Output volt
remains same, as long as the load resistance is maintained above a minimum value.
4.Procedure:
A. Line regulation:

4. Place the components/device in the work space.
5. Change the component/devices values according to the circuit.
8. Setup the DC sweep analysis (vary the input voltage from 0-25V)
9. Simulate/run the circuit and observe the plot.
B. Load regulation:

4. Place the components/devices in the work space.
5. Change the component/device values according to the circuit.

7. save the circuit.

8. Setup the DC sweep analysis.
9.Take the load resistor as global parameter (vary the load resistor from 50Ω to 20KΩ).
10. Simulate/run the circuit and observe the plot.
5.Observations:
Zener breakdown voltage(Vz)= in volts.
6.Graph
A.Line regulation:

B.Load regulation:

7.Theoritical calculations:
When selecting the zener diode, be sure that its maximum power rating is not
exceeded.
Imax = Maximum current for Zener diode
VZ =Zener diode standard voltage

VIN= Input voltage
VS=voltage across series resistor..
VL=voltage across load resistor.
IS= current passing through series resiastor
IZ= current passing through Zener diode
IL= current passing through Load resiastor
Calculating voltage and current

The total current drawn from the source is the same as that through the series resistor
The current through the load resistor is
and the zener diode current is
If the source voltage is greater than Vz
,
If the source voltage is less than Vz

8.Precautions
2. Ensure the correct polarity of input voltage while doing load regulation.
3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
5. Ensure that the correct analysis in setup is selected.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.23 CE AMPLIFIER 4.23
CE AMPLIFIER using PSPICE
1. Description
The setup for this experiment requires the following
a) PSPICE SOFTWARE
b) Personal computer
2. Circuit Diagram:
3. Theory
When a signal is applied across the emitter-base junction, the forward bias across this junction
increases during the upper half cycle. This leads to increase in the flow of electrons from the
emitter to a collector through the base, hence increases the collector current. The increasing
collector current makes more voltage drop across the collector load resistor R4.

The negative half cycle decreases the forward bias voltage across the emitter-base junction. The
decreasing collector-base voltage decreases the collector current in the whole collector resistor Rc.
Thus the amplified voltage appears across the collector resistor.
An Emitter bypass capacitor C3 is used in parallel with RE to provide a low reactance path to the
amplified AC signal. If it is not used, then the amplified AC signal flowing through RE will cause a
voltage drop across it, thereby dropping the output voltage.
4. Procedure
3. Get the required components / devices from the library.
4. Place the components / device in the work space.
5. Change the component / devices values according to the circuit.
8. Select the Transient analysis in the setup.
9. Enter start time and stop time in the analysis parameters.
10. To check the output adds Voltage and Current markers.
11. Simulate and observe the output.
5. Observations
Input wave: Amplitude:
Time period:
Frequency:
Output wave: With bypass without bypass
Amplitude:
Time period:
Frequency:

6. Graphs Input waveform:
Output
waveform:
7. Precautions:
2. Ensure the correct input voltage.
3. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
5. Ensure that the correct analysis is selected in setup

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.24 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT SIMULATION
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT SIMULATION
1. Description:

COMPONENT
1 TRANSISTOR 2N2222 1 For amplification
2 R1 =30K ohms 1 For biasing and
stabilization
RESISTOR R2 =10K ohms 1
R3 = 511 ohms 1
3 CAPACITOR C4 = 10 nf 1 For tank circuit
4 CAPACITORS C1=100 nf, 1 For in blocking
C2=10nf and coupling
1
capacitor
5 CAPACITOR C3 =20nf 1 Emitter bypass
capacitor
6 INDUCTOR L3= 2.5 mH 1 For Coupling
7 INDUCTORS L1,L2= 30 mH 1 For tank circuit
output waveforms
circuit
NUMBER
POWERSUPPLY biasing
11
DESKTOP PC With PC With latest 1 For Simulation
MULTISIM Software configuration
and
specifications
2. Circuit Diagram:
NITTTER EXTENSION CENTRE VIJAYAWADA

3. Theory:
The tank circuit is made up of C1, L1 and L2 . The resistance R1 and R2 provides the
oscillations is determined by the values of C1, L1 and L2 and is given by
f0= 1/(2π(LT C1)1/2 )
Where LT= (L1+L2)
The tank circuit provides 1800 and the transistor in CE mode provides another 1800
phase shift. The total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and
back to the base will be exactly 3600 or 00 . This satisfies the Barkhausen condition for
sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1, This
condition is used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations.
4. PROCEDURE:
1. Open Pspice Software to draw the circuit
2. Select on New editor window and place the required component on the circuit
window.
3. Check the connections and the specification of components value properly.
4. Go for simulation using Run key. Observe the output waveforms on CRO.
5. Observe the output signal and note down the output amplitude and time period (Td).
6. Calculate the frequency of oscillations theoretically and verify it practically (f=1/Td).

5. OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO L1 L2 Time Frequency(Hz) Amplitude(volts)

(Henry) (Henry) period(sec)
1
2
3
4
6. GRAPH
Theoretical waveform Practical waveform
7. CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical frequency ( f0 ) = 1/(2 (CLT)1/2)

Where LT =( L1+L2) .
8. PRECAUTIONS:
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

 Ensure correct values of resistors.
 Ensure the correct input voltage.
 Ensure the correct analysis is selected in setup

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 4.25A 4.25A ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING PSPICE

1. Description

PSPICE/MULTISIM
application
C.R.O - 2 To observe the output
waveforms
Resistors 2
980KΩ
2
4.9KΩ
Capacitors 0.74nF 2
Connecting wires -
As
required
2.Circuit Diagram

3.Theory
Astable multivibrator has no stable state, but has two quasi – stable states. The circuit
oscillates between the states (Q1 ON , Q2 OFF) and (Q2 ON , Q1 OFF). The output at the
collector of each transistor is a square wave. Therefore this circuit is used as a square
wave generator. Refer to the fig. each transistor has a bias resistance RB and each base is
capacitor coupled to the collector of other transistor. When Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF, C1 is
charged to ( Vcc – VBE1) positive on the right side. For Q2 ON and Q1 OFF, C2 is charged
to (Vcc – VBE2) positive on the left side.
4. Procedure
1. Open the PSPICE/MULTISIM software.
2. Make the connections as per circuit diagram in the work space
5. Observe the output waveforms at VB1,VB2,VC1 and VC2
5. Observations
At transistor (Q1):
Base
Collector
At transistor (Q2):

Parameter
Base
Collector
6. Graphs

Model graph
7.Calculations
8.Precautions
2.. Select the appropriate components from the library.
3. Ensure the correct position of different knobs on the CRO
4.Handling the computer system with care

Experimental Methodology 4.25B 4.25B Bistable multivibrator
BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING PSPICE
1. Description
2.
The setup for this experiment requires the following equipment.

PSPICE/MULTISIM
application
C.R.O - 2 To observe the trigger and output

waveforms
Resistors 680Ω 2
15kΩ 2
220kΩ 2
10kΩ 2
100pf 1
diodes IN4007 2
required

2.Circuit Digram
3.Theory
A Bistable multivibrator has two stable output states. It can remain indefinitely in any one of
the two stable states and it can be indeed to make abrupt transition to the other stable state
by means of suitable external excitation. It would remain indefinitely in their stable state by
external triggering. Bistable multivibrators are also tuned as binaries or flip-flops. A binary is
sometimes referred to as cutter-Jordan circuit. The transistors are identical: their quiescent
currents would be the same unless the loop gain is greater than unity.
4.Procedure
5. Apply 1KHz square wave at the input of trigger circuit

5.Observations
At transistor (Q1):
Base
Collector
At transistor (Q2):
Base
Collector
6.Graphs

7.Calculations
8.Precautions

2. Select the proper values of R & C such that the condition RC<<T is satisfied in trigger
circuit
5. Ensure the correct position of different knobs on the CRO

Experimental Methodology 4.25C 4.25C Monostable multivibrator
1. Description

PSPICE/MULTISIM
application
C.R.O - 2 To observe the trigger and output
waveforms
Resistors 1kΩ 2
10kΩ 4
0.1µf 1
required
2.Circuit Diagram

3.Theory
A monostable multivibrator has only one stable state, the other state being quasistable.
Normally the multivibrator is in the stable state, and when an external triggering pulse is
applied, it switches from the stable to the quasi-stable state. It remains in the quasi-
stable state for a short duration, but automatically reverts i.e. switches back to its original
stable state, without any triggering pulse.
Principle of operation
A collector-coupled Monostable multivibrator of the two transistors Q1 and Q2, Q1

is normally OFF and Q2 is Normally ON. Under normal conditions, the supply voltage
VCC provides enough base drive to the transistor Q2 through resistor R, with the result
that Q2 goes into saturation. With Q2 ON, Q1 goes Off.
With Q2 ON and Q1 OFF, the capacitor finds a charging path. The voltage across
the capacitor is VCC. In the stable state of the multivibrator, Q2 is ON and Q1 is OFF.
If the negative triggering pulse is applied to the base of Q2, it makes the base of
Q2 negative. Immediately Q2 goes OFF and Q1 becomes ON. However, this is only a
quasi-stable state. . It remains in the quasi-stable state for a short duration, but
automatically reverts i.e. switches back to its original stable state, without any triggering
pulse.
4.Procedure
5. Apply 1KHz square wave at the input of trigger circuit

5.Observations
At transistor (Q1):
Base
Collector
At transistor (Q2):
Base
Collector
6.Graphs

7.Calculations:
8.Precautions:
1. Handling the computer system properly.
2. Select the proper values of R & C such that the condition RC<<T is satisfied in trigger
circuit
3.Select the appropriate components from the library.
4.. . Connections should be proper.

12 FDP 11 Ec 306 Electronics Circuits Lab Total

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12 FDP 11 Ec 306 Electronics Circuits Lab Total

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STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

& TRAINING::AP, VIJAYAWADA

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MANUAL (AS PER C-16 CURRICULUM)

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER

S.No. Name of the component Specifications/ Range Quantity

I. Main purpose of rectifier

II. Working principle of PN diode in Forward bias and Reverse bias

III. Ripple factor formula and its theoretical value

IV. Percentage of Regulation formula

V. Need for filter

VI. Applications of rectifier.

VII. Output waveforms

VIII. Precautions NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

 Identifying the various components

 Selecting the correct range Voltmeters and Ammeter

 Testing of transformer working condition

 Setting the resistance value in DRB at maximum position

 Drawing the circuit diagram

 Making the connections as per circuit.

 Checking the connections

 Switch on the supply.

 Measuring the no-load voltage by removing DRB

 Adjusting the load resistance value in DRB.

 Recording the values of Idc,Vac,Vdc

 Calculating the ripple factor

 Calculating the percentage of regulation

 Observing the output waveforms on CRO

 Drawing the graph

 Adjusting the load resistance value in DRB.

 Recording the values of Idc,Vac,Vdc

 Calculating the ripple factor

 Calculating the percentage of regulation

 Observing the output waveforms on CRO

NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

 The polarities of the diode should be carefully identified.

 Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Keep workbench clear by placing

3. NEED AND SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT

 These are used in all power supply units

 It is used in soldering machines, pulse generator circuits, firing circuits, in Signal

. NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

4. PLANNING AND ORGANISATION

CATEGORY OF SUB TASK WEIGHTAGE WITH TOTAL

A. Identifying the various

2. Manipulation of A. Drawing the circuit diagram

NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

A. Measuring the no load A B C D E T

1.Identify the polarities of a filter capacitor

2. Identify the terminals of the PN junction diode

3.Draw the diagram of Half wave Rectifier

4. List the front panel knobs of a CRO

NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

NITTTR EXTENSION CENTRE , VIJAYAWADA

CENTER TAPPED FULLWAVE RECTIFIER

C.R.O Dual Trace 1

1. Transformer working principle

2. Working principle of PN-Junction diode

4. Types of capacitors and its use

5. Applications of PN Junction Diode and Capacitor

6. Theoretical value of Ripple factor and Maximum efficiency of FWR.

7. Need for filters in power supplies