When completing your SBA, depending on your research topic, you would decide on what

calculations are needed to assist you with making a conclusion.

1. Measures of Central Tendency

A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a data set by
identifying the central position within the data set. These values are summary statistics.
The measures of central tendency are:

Mean:
Used with both discrete and continuous data. The mean is equal to the sum of all the
values in the data set divided by the number of values in the data set. So, if we have n
values in a data set and they have values x1, x2, ..., xn, the sample mean, usually denoted
by (pronounced x bar), is:

This formula is usually written in a slightly different manner using the Greek capitol
letter, , pronounced "sigma", which means "sum of...":

. The sample mean and population mean are calculated the same way but
denoted by a different symbol. To acknowledge that we are calculating the population
mean and not the sample mean, we use the Greek lower case letter "mu", denoted as µ:

Median
The median is the middle score for a set of data that has been arranged in order of
magnitude.

Mode:
The mode is the most frequent score in our data set. On a histogram it represents the
highest bar in a bar chart or histogram. You can, therefore, sometimes consider the mode
as being the most popular option.

https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/measures-central-tendency-mean-mode-
median.php

https://www.slideshare.net/CasperWendy/measures-of-central-tendency-mean-median-
mode

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jKKnwXsqr0
2. Measures of Variability
These statistics describe the amount of difference and spread in a data set. These
measures include variance, standard deviation and standard error of the mean.

https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/study-guides-pdfs/numeracy-skills-
pdfs/measures-ariability-v0.1.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdzrQqqFXW4

3. Measures of Relative Position

https://stattrek.com/descriptive-statistics/measures-of-position.aspx

https://www.anthonypicciano.com/Relative.html

https://www.universalclass.com/articles/math/statistics/measures-of-position-percentiles-
quartiles.htm

4. Measures of Relationship

https://www.anthonypicciano.com/Relationship.html

https://www.slideshare.net/yogeshnamdeo/measures-of-relationships