Example 1:

• A certain appliance with the equivalent circuit as shown is

supplied from a 220-V AC source through a wire with a 0.5-Ohm
resistance and 1.154 reactance.
• Find the real and reactive power consumed by the appliance.
• Find the daily energy consumed in kWh if the appliance run for 8-
hours a day.

0.5W j1.154W
Appliance
+ iS(t) 7.5W
vS(t)
- j4.846W

Ans: 3630 W; 2346 Vars ; 29.04 kWh

Transformed 0.5W j1.154W
Network !
! +
I !+ 7.5W
V Vx
- j4.846W
-

Get the total impedance

Zeq = 0.5 + j1.154 + 7.5 + j4.846
= 8 + j6 = 10.0Ð36.87o W
Find the current
!
! V 220Ð0o o
I= = o
= 22Ð - 36.87 A
Zeq 10Ð36.87
Find the voltage across the load
! !
VX = I(7.5 + j4.846)
= (22Ð - 36.87o ) (8.929Ð32.87o
= 196.45Ð - 4.0o volts
Find the complex power delivered to the load.
! !*
PL + jQL = VX I = (196.45Ð - 4o ) (22Ð36.87 o )
= 4321.8Ð32.87o
= 3,630 + j2,346
Thus, PL=3,630 Watts and QL=2,346 VARs
Energy =(PL)(8hrs) = 29.04 kWh
Example 2
• Find the power P and reactive power Q supplied
by the source. The load draws 10 kW at 0.9 pf lag
at a voltage of 220 V RMS.
0.24+j0.32W
! +
! + !
VS I VL Load
- -

„ ANS: Ps=10,612 Watts and Qs=5,660 vars

74
 0.24+j0.32W
! +
! + !
VS I VL Load
- -

For the load,

78 = 10,000 tan cos ?@ 0.9 = 4,843 vars

From the complex power formula, we get

P − jQ % 10,000 − .4843
⃗" = % =
∗
)% 220
= 4.55 − .22 = 50.5∠ − 25.846 A

75
 0.24+j0.32W
! +
! + !
VS I VL Load
- -

For the wire,

S" = P" + jQ ( = I * R + jI * X = 50.5* 0.24 + j50.5* 0.32
= 612 5 + 6816 89:;

Summing power of the load and loss in wire:

<= = <> + <? = 10.6 kW

@= = @> + @? = 5.6 kVars

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Example 3:
A small industrial shop has the following connected load:
Load L1: Induction motor 2 kW, 0.85 pf lag
Load L2: Electric Heater 3 kW, 1.0 pf
Load L3: Lighting Load 500 W, 0.9 pf lag
Load L4: Outlets 1 kW, 0.95 pf lag
The voltage across the load is 220 V RMS. Find the current
through each load and the total current supplied to the shop.
! ! ! ! !
+
It I1 I2 I3 I4
220V L1 L2 L3 L4

Ans. For the whole shop: 30.66∠15.55% A

For load L1, P1=2,000 watts, pf1=0.85 lag

Q1 = 2,000 tan (cos-1 0.85) = 1,240 vars

From the complex power formula, we get
! P - jQ 2,000 - j1,240
I1 = 1 ! * 1 =
V1 220
= 9.09 - j5.63 = 10.7Ð - 31.79o A

For load L2, P2=3,000 watts. Since pf2=1, then Q2=0. Thus

! 3,000 - j0
I2 = = 13.64Ð0o A
220
For load L3, P3=500 watts, pf3=0.90 lag

Q3 = 500 tan (cos-1 0.9) = 242 vars

! 500 - j242
I3 =
220
= 2.27 - j1.1 = 2.52Ð - 25.84o A

For load L4, P4=1,000 watts, pf4=0.95 lag

Q4 = 1,000 tan(cos-1 0.95) = 329 vars

! 1000 - j329
I4 =
220
= 4.54 - j1.49 = 4.78Ð - 18.19o A
 From KCL, the total current is
! ! ! ! !
It = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
= (9.09 - j5.63) + (13.64 - j0)
+ (2.27 - j1.1) + (4.54 - j1.49)
= 29.54 - j8.22 = 30.66Ð - 15.55o A
or
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 6,500 watts
Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = 1,811 vars

! ! ( P + jQ ) * $ 6, 500 − j1, 811

It = # &= = 29.54 − j8.22 A
" V* % 220
Example 4
Find the P and Q supplied by the source. The transformer turns
ratio is 2:1. The load impedance is ZL=8+j6W.
Assume VS is 220 V RMS with zero phase angle.

Z1=1.6+j1.2W 2:1 Z2=0.3+j0.4W

! !
! + I1
VS I2 ZL
-

IDEAL
ANS:
Ps=873 Watts and Qs=672 vars.

85
 Z1=1.6+j1.2W 2:1 Z2=0.3+j0.4W
! + !
! +
I1 +
VS !" !# I2 ZL
- - -
IDEAL
$% = (⃑% (*% + *, )

$. = 2$% (⃑% = 2(⃑.

$0 − $.
(⃑. =
*.

$0
(⃑. =
*. + 4 *% + *.

$0%
34 + 560 = $0 (⃑.∗ =
[*. +4 *% + *. ]∗

86
Example 5
• Find the power P and reactive power Q supplied by the
source. The load draws 10 kW at 0.9 pf lag at a voltage
of 220 V RMS. The transformers have voltage ratio
of 7967 V to 230 V.

T1 0.24+j0.32W T2
! ! ! Load
! + Is
+!
I
+!
VS IL 10 kW
EX EY 0.9PF lag
- - - 220 V
IDEAL IDEAL

„ ANS: PLOSS = 0.51 Watts QLOSS = 0.68 VARs

PS=10,000.5 Watts and QS=4844 VARs
87