Engineering Mechanics Reviewer

ENGINEERING MECHANICS REVIEWER
1
EE-512 EECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
ENGINEERING MECHANICS Couple – is a pair of parallel forces of

the same magnitude but opposite in
MECHANICS
direction.
- Is the oldest branch of physics.
Frictional Force – a force that always acts
- It deals with the study of the bodies
in opposite direction to applied force.
and systems and the forces acting on
them. Coplanar Forces – are forces lying on the
- It is divided into two: same plane.
1. Statics – the study of bodies at
Concurrent Forces – are forces that meet
rest or in equilibrium.
in one common point.
2. Dynamics – the branch of
mechanics which deals with the Non-concurrent Forces – are forces that
motion of bodies. This has two do not meet in one common point.
distinct parts:
a. Kinematics – the study of THE RESULTANT TWO OR MORE
motion without reference to CONCURRENT COPLANAR FORCES
the forces which cause the Resultant of forces
motion.
b. Kinetics – relates the action of - Is the single force which would have
forces on bodies to their the same effect as of the many forces
resulting motion. acting in one body.
- is a force or a couple that will have
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES IN MECHANICS the same effect to the body, both in
1. Scalar Quantity – is a quantity that translation and rotation, if all the
has magnitude only. forces are removed and replaced by
Example: speed, distance, volume, the resultant.
current etc. Equilibrant
2. Vector Quantity – is a quantity that
has magnitude and direction. - Is the single force that is of the same
Example: force gravity, magnitude of the resultant but
displacement, acceleration, opposite in direction.
momentum etc.
2
𝑅 = √(Σ𝐹𝑥 )2 + (Σ𝐹𝑦 )
VECTOR OPERATIONS
Σ𝐹𝑥
1. Addition: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 tan 𝜃 =
2. Subtraction: 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 Σ𝐹𝑦
3. Multiplication: Where:
Dot Product: 𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
Cross Product: 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 Σ𝐹𝑥 = forces right – forces left
FORCE AND FORCE SYSTEMS Σ𝐹𝑦 = forces upward – forces downward
FORCE EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION
- Is any influence that tend to change Static Equilibrium

the state (at rest or in motion) of the
- Is the state of the body where when
body
at rest it will remain at rest. The
Colinear Forces – are forces that act on resultant of the body in the state of
the same line of action equilibrium is zero.
Parallel Forces – are forces that are of Conditions for bodies in equilibrium
the same angle to one another.
1. Graphical Condition: The forces
(vectors) closed a polygon. In the
state of equilibrium, there is no
KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 1

2
closing vector needed to close For specific coefficient of friction, the

the polygon, thus; the resultant is following will be used.
zero.
𝜇𝑠 = coefficient of static friction
2. Directional Condition: Three or
more forces (vectors) are said to 𝜇𝑑 = coefficient of dynamic or kinetic friction
be in equilibrium if and only if
these forces meet in one common 𝜇𝑠 > 𝜇𝑑
point. BELT FRICTION
3. Analytical Condition:
Force(vectors) in equilibrium 𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝛽
must satisfy the three given 𝑇2
conditions. 𝑇1
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0 ln ( ) = 𝜇𝛽
𝑇2
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0
Σ𝑀 = 0 Where:
FRICTION 𝛽 = angle of contact
- Is the force that arises to oppose the 𝑇1 = tension (tight side)

motion or impeding motion of two 𝑇2 = tension (slack side)
bodies in contact.
𝜇 = coefficient of friction
Static Friction – the force between
stationary surfaces in contact that CABLES
prevents motion between them. It has a
PARABOLIC CABLES
certain maximum value called starting
friction. - The cable is parabolic if the loading is
uniformly distributed horizontally and
Dynamic or kinetic friction – occurs when
the span-to-sag ratio is greater than
there is relative (sliding) motion at the 𝐿
interface of the surfaces in contact. 10 or ( ) > 10.
𝑑
Rolling Friction – occurs when one For symmetrical supports: (Parabolic Cable)
surface rotates as it moves over another
1. The Tension (T) at the supports:
surface but does not slip or slide at the
point of contact. 𝑊𝐿 2
𝑇 = √( ) + 𝐻2
2
Friction on a Block
2. The Tension at the lowest point:
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 𝑊𝐿2
𝐻=
𝜇 = tan 𝜃 8𝑑
3. The Length of the cable:
Where:  Approximate Formula:
8𝑑 2 32𝑑4
𝜇 = coefficient of friction 𝑆=𝐿+ −
3𝐿 5𝐿3
𝜇 = tan−1 ∅  Exact Formula:
𝐿
∅ = angle of friction 𝑆= [𝑚√1 + 𝑚2 + ln(𝑚
2𝑚
𝐹𝑓 = frictional force + √1 + 𝑚2 )]
N = normal force Where:

4𝑑
R = reaction 𝑚= 𝐿
P = applied force 𝑊
tan 𝜃 =
Note: 𝐻

3
For unsymmetrical supports (Parabolic 𝑠1 + 𝑦1

𝑥1 = 𝑐 ln( )
Cable) 𝑐
𝑠2 + 𝑦2
1. Tension at the supports 𝑥2 = 𝑐 ln( )
𝑐
𝑇𝐴 = √(𝑊𝑥1 )2 + 𝐻 2 𝐿 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑇𝐵 = √(𝑊𝑥2 )2 + 𝐻 2 Note:
2. Tension at the lowest point
𝑥
(𝑊𝑥1 )2 𝑦1 = 𝑐 cosh ( 𝑐1 ) 𝑦2 =
𝐻=
2𝑑1 𝑥
𝑐 cosh ( 2 )
𝑐
(𝑊𝑥2 )2 𝑥
𝐻= 𝑠1 = 𝑐 sinh ( 𝑐1 ) 𝑠2 =
2𝑑2
3. Length of the cable: 𝑥
𝑐 sinh ( 𝑐2 )
𝑆 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2
Where: Where:
T = tension at the support
T = tension at the support
H = intensity at the lowest point
w = weight of the cable per unit
W = intensity of the load
length
d = sag
c = minimum clearance
L = span or distance between
L = span or distance between
supports
supports
CATENARY H = tension at the lowest point
Y = height of the support
- The cable is a catenary id the
S = half length of the cable
loading is uniformly distributed along
the length of the cable and the span- CENTROID
to-sag ratio is lesser than or equal to
Centroid or Center of Gravity
10.
- Is the point where the weight of the
For symmetrical supports: (Catenary)
body is concentrated, and at the
1. Tension at the supports (T) and the point object will not to rotate nor tend
intensity at the lowest point (H) to rotate.
𝑇 = 𝑤𝑦 1. Centroid of Volume
𝐻 = 𝑤𝑐 𝑉𝑥̅ = 𝑉1 𝑥1 + 𝑉2 𝑥2 + 𝑉3 𝑥3
2. Half-length of the cable 2. Centroid of Area
𝑆2 = 𝑦2 − 𝑐2 𝐴𝑥̅ = 𝐴1 𝑥1 + 𝐴2 𝑥2 + 𝐴3 𝑥3
3. Distance between supports 3. Centroid of Line
𝐿 = 2𝑥 𝐿𝑥̅ = 𝐿1 𝑥1 + 𝐿2 𝑥2 + 𝐿3 𝑥3
Note:
𝑥 MOMENT AND MOMENT OF INERTIA
𝑦 = 𝑐 cosh ( )
𝑐 Inertia
𝑥
𝑆 = 𝑐 sinh ( )
𝑐 - Is the natural tendency of an object to
𝑆+𝑦 remain at rest when it is at rest or in
𝑥 = 𝑐 ln ( )
𝑐 motion, to continue moving at
For unsymmetrical supports (Catenary) constant speed.
1. Tension at the supports Moment or torque

𝑇1 = 𝑤𝑦1 - Is the cross product and the
𝑇2 = 𝑤𝑦2 perpendicular distance to which the
2. Length of the cable force is applied.
(𝑠1 )2 = (𝑦1 )2 − 𝑐 2 - is the measure of the capacity or
(𝑠2 )2 = (𝑦2 )2 − 𝑐 2 ability of the force to produce twisting
𝑠𝑇 = 𝑠1 + 𝑠2 or turning effect about an axis. This
3. Distance between supports axis is perpendicular to the plane
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containing the line of action of the A = area

force. The magnitude of moment is
d = distance
equal to the product of the force and
the perpendicular distance from the 𝑥0 = centroidal or neutral axis
axis to the line of action of the force.
The intersection of the plane and the
axis is commonly called the moment CENTROIDS OF COMPOSITE FIGURES
center, and the perpendicular Center of gravity of a homogeneous flat
distance from the moment center to plate
the line of action of the force is called
moment arm.
Centroids of areas
Centroids of lines
𝑀=𝐹𝑥𝑑
Where:
O = moment center CENTER OF GRAVITY OF BODIES AND
M = moment or torque CENTROIDS OF VOLUMES
F = force
d = moment arm or perpendicular Center of gravity of bodies
distance
Moment of Inertia
- The natural tendency of the body to

rotate or tend to rotate due to the
distribution of area, volume or mass
elements of the body. Centroids of volumes
- It is also known as the second
moment.
Parallel – Axis Theorem (Transfer Axis

Inertia)
- The moment of inertia of the body at

a certain axis is equa to the sum of CENTROIDS DETERMINED BY
the moment of inertia with respect to INTEGRATION
the centroidal – axis parallel to it, and Centroid of area
the product of the area and the
square of the shortest distance
between the two parallel axes.
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥0 + 𝐴𝑑2
Where:
𝐼𝑥0 = centroidal moment of inertia

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Centroid of lines Triangle Area and

Centroid
Center of gravity of bodies
Circle Area and

Centroid
Centroids of volumes
Semicircle Area and Centroid
CENTROIDS OF COMMON GEOMETRIC

SHAPES
Rectangle Area and Centroid
Semicircular Arc Area and Centroid

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Quarter Circle Area and Centroid Quarter Ellipse Area and

Centroid
Sector of a Circle Area and Centroid Parabolic Segment Area and

Centroid
Circular Arc Area and Centroid
Spandrel Area and

Centroid
Ellipse Area and

Centroid
MOMENT OF INERTIA AND RADIUS OF

GYRATION
Moment of inertia, also called the

second moment of area, is the product of
area and the square of its moment arm
about a reference axis.
Moment of inertia about the x-axis:

Half Ellipse Area and
Centroid

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In the same manner, the transfer

formula for polar moment of inertia and the
Moment of inertia about the y-axis: radii of gyration are respectively
Polar Moment of Inertia:
Polar moment of inertia is the Product of Inertia

moment of inertia about about the z-axis.
Radius of Gyration
Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia

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STATICS
Components of a Force
- Forces acting at some angle from the

coordinate axes can be resolved into
mutually perpendicular forces called
components. The component of a
force parallel to the x-axis is called
the x-component, parallel to y-axis
the y-component, and so on.
Components of a Force in XY Plane
Given the coordinates of any two points

along the line of action of the force (with
reference to the figure shown, one of the
points is the origin):
Given the slope of the line of action of the

force as v/h.
Components of a Force in 3D Space
Vector Notation of a Force (Rectangular

Representation of a Force)
F=Fλ
Where λ is a unit vector. There are

two cases in determining λ; by direction
cosines and by the coordinates of any two
points on the line of action of the force.

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Couple is independent of the moment

center, thus, the effect is unchanged
in the following conditions.
 The couple is rotated through any
angle in its plane.
 The couple is shifted to any other
position in its plane.
 The couple is shifted to a parallel
plane.
In a case where a system is
composed entirely of couples in the
same plane or parallel planes, the
resultant is a couple whose
magnitude is the algebraic sum of the
original couples.
RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT FORCE

SYSTEM
Resultant of a force system is a

force or a couple that will have the same
effect to the body, both in translation and
rotation, if all the forces are removed and
replaced by the resultant.
The equation involving the resultant
The above rectangular representation of a of force system are the following
force is applicable in both 2D and 3D forces. 1. Rx=ΣFx=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...Rx=ΣFx=
COUPLES Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...
The x-component of the resultant is
- is a system of forces whose equal to the summation of forces in
magnitude of the resultant is zero and the x-direction.
yet has a moment sum.
Geometrically, couple is composed of 2. Ry=ΣFy=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...Ry=ΣFy=
two equal forces that are parallel to Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...
each other and acting in opposite The y-component of the resultant is
direction. The magnitude of the equal to the summation of forces in
couple is given by the y-direction.
C=Fd
Where F are the two forces and d is 3. Rz=ΣFz=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...Rz=ΣFz=
the moment arm, or the perpendicular Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+...
distance between the forces. The z-component of the resultant is
equal to the summation of forces in
the z-direction.

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Note that according to the type of force

system, one or two or three of the equations
above will be used in finding the resultant.
RESULTANT OF COPLANAR
CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM
The line of action of each force in

coplanar concurrent force system are on the
same plane. All these forces meet at a
common point, thus concurrent. In x-y plane,
the resultant can be found by the following
formulas:
Direction Cosines
RESULTANT OF SPATIAL CONCURRENT

FORCE SYSTEM VECTOR NOTATION OF THE
RESULTANT
- Spatial concurrent forces (forces in 3-
dimensional space) meet at a
common point but do not lie in a
single plane. The resultant can be
found as follows:
RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCE

SYSTEM
Coplanar Parallel Force System
Parallel forces can be in the same or

in opposite directions. The sign of the
direction can be chosen arbitrarily, meaning,
taking one direction as positive makes the
opposite direction negative. The complete

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definition of the resultant is according to its

magnitude, direction, and line of action.
Resultant of Distributed Loads

Spatial Parallel Force System
The resultant of a distributed load is
The resultant of parallel forces in
equal to the area of the load diagram. It is
space will act at the point where it will create
acting at the centroid of that area as
equivalent translational and rotational
indicated. The figure below shows the three
(moment) effects in the system.
common distributed loads namely;
rectangular load, triangular load, and
trapezoidal load.
In vector notation, the resultant of

forces are as follows.
Where F = the magnitude of the two

equal opposing forces and d is the
perpendicular distance between these
forces.
RESULTANT OF NON-CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
The resultant of non-concurrent force

system is defined according to magnitude,
inclination, and position.
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The magnitude of the resultant can Conditions of Static Equilibrium of

be found as follows Concurrent Forces
The sum of all forces in the x-

direction or horizontal is zero.
The sum of all forces in the y-

The inclination from the horizontal is direction or vertical is zero.
defined by
Important Points for Equilibrium Forces
The position of the resultant can be  Two forces are in equilibrium if they
determined according to the principle of are equal and oppositely directed.
 Three coplanar forces in equilibrium
moments.
are concurrent.
 Three or more concurrent forces in
equilibrium form a close polygon
when connected in head-to-tail
manner.
EQUILIBRIUM OF PARALLEL FORCE

SYSTEM
Conditions for Equilibrium of Parallel

Forces
The sum of all the forces is zero.
The sum of moment at any point O is zero.
EQUILIBRIUM OF NON-CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
The body is said to be in equilibrium There are three equilibrium

conditions that can be used for non-
if the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero. concurrent, non-parallel force system.
There are two major types of static
equilibrium, namely, translational equilibrium The sum of all forces in the x-
and rotational equilibrium. direction or horizontal is zero.
EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCE

SYSTEM
In static, a body is said to be in The sum of all forces in the y-

equilibrium when the force system acting direction or vertical is zero.
upon it has a zero resultant.

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either in tension or compression. A member

in tension causes forces which pull away
from its end joints whereas a member in
The sum of moment at any point O is compression causes forces which push
zero. towards the end joints.
METHOD OF JOINTS
The free-body diagram of any joint is a

The three equilibrium conditions can concurrent force system in which the
solved up to three unknowns in the system. summation of moment will be of no help.
If the system involves more than three Recall that only two equilibrium equations
unknowns, it is called indeterminate. can be written
Indeterminate structures are beyond the
scope of Engineering Mechanics, it is one of
the topics in Strength of Materials and
Theory of Structures.
This means that to solve completely
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
for the forces acting on a joint, we must select
There are many kinds of structure. a joint with no more than two unknown forces
This section will limit to those that are pin- involved. This can be started by selecting a
connected. Two types of pin-connected joint acted on by only two members. We can
assume any unknown member to be either
structures will be covered here; pin-
tension or compression. If negative value is
connected trusses and pin-connected
obtained, this means that the force is
frames. In the actual structure, the joints may opposite in action to that of the assumed
be welded, riveted, or bolted to a gusset plate direction. Once the forces in one joint are
at the joint. However as long as the center- determined, their effects on adjacent joints
line of the member coincide at the joint, the are known. We then continue solving on
assumption of a pinned joint maybe used. successive joints until all members have
been found.
Analysis of Simple Trusses
An ideal truss is a structure which is METHOD OF SECTIONS
composed completely of axial members that
are assumed to be weightless. Members are In this method, we will cut the truss
connected by pinned joints, forming into two sections by passing a cutting plane
through the members whose internal forces
triangular substructures within the main
we wish to determine. This method permits
structure and with the external loads applied
us to solve directly any member by analyzing
only at the joints. the left or the right section of the cutting
plane.
To remain each section in

equilibrium, the cut members will be replaced
by forces equivalent to the internal load
transmitted to the members. Each section
may constitute of non-concurrent force
system from which three equilibrium
equations can be written
In real trusses, of course, the
members have weight, but it is often much
less than the applied load and may be
neglected with little error. Sometimes, the
weight maybe included by dividing the weight Because we can only solve up to
in half and allowing half the weight to act at three unknowns, it is important not to cut
each end of the member. more than three members of the truss.
Depending on the type of truss and which
Our primary interest is to know the members to solve, one may have to repeat
forces acting in the bars and upon the pins of Method of Sections more than once to
the structure. Each member of the truss is
determine all the desired forces.
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METHODS OF MEMBERS
Frames Containing Three-Force Members
A three-force member is in general a

non-axial member that is not simply in
tension or compression. A member of this
kind has shear forces perpendicular to the
member and subjected to bending loads. If
forces are applied to more than two positions
on the member, it is three-force member. Any
beam is a three-force member according to
the above definition.
Frames are pin-connected structures

FRICTION
with some or all members are three-force
members. To analyze a frame, we can Friction is the contact resistance
disconnect the three-force member from the exerted by one body when the second body
structure and draw the free-body diagram of moves or tends to move past the first body.
the member. This approach is called the Friction is a retarding force that always acts
method of members. opposite to the motion or to the tendency to
move.
In this method, three equilibrium
equations can be written Types of Friction
Dry Friction
Dry friction, also called Coulomb

friction, occurs when unlubricated surfaces of
Below is a figure that shows the two solids are in contact and slide or tend to
difference between axial and non-axial slide from each other. If lubricant separates
(three-force) members. these two surfaces, the friction created is
called lubricated friction. This section will
deal only with dry friction.
Fluid Friction
Fluid friction occurs when layers of

two viscous fluids moves at different
velocities. The relative velocity between
layers causes frictional forces between fluid
elements, thus, no fluid friction occurs when
there is no relative velocity.
Skin friction
Skin friction also called friction drag is

a component of the force resisting the motion
of a solid body through a fluid.
Internal Friction
Internal friction is associated with

shear deformation of the solid materials
subjected to cyclical loading. As deformation
undergo during loading, internal friction may
accompany this deformation.

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Elements of Dry Friction DYNAMICS
Dynamics is the branch of mechanics

which deals with the study of bodies in
motion.
Motion
A progressive change of position of

the body.
Branches of Dynamics
Dynamics is divided into two

branches called kinematics and kinetics.
 Kinematics is the geometry in motion.

This term is used to define the motion
of a particle or body without
consideration of the forces causing
the motion.
Formulas for dry friction  Kinetics is the branch of mechanics
that relates the force acting on a body
to its mass and acceleration.
Symbols and Notations
s = distance
x = horizontal displacement
y = vertical displacement
Consider the block shown to the right
that weighs W. It is placed upon a plane v = velocity
that inclined at an angle θ with the
vf = final velocity
horizontal.
vi = initial velocity
 If ϕ<θ the maximum available
friction force f is less than Wx a = acceleration
thus, the block will slide down the
g = acceleration due to gravity
plane.
 If ϕ=θ the friction force f will just t = time
equate to Wx thus, the block is in
KINEMATICS
impending motion down the plane.
 If ϕ>θ the maximum available Motion of a Particle
frictional resistance f is greater than
Wx thus, the block is stationary. Particle is a term used to denote an
object of point size. A system of particles
We can therefore conclude that the which formed into appreciable size is termed
maximum angle θ that a plane may be as body. These terms may apply equally to
inclined without causing the body to slide the same object. The earth for example may
down is equal to the angle of friction ϕ. be assumed as a particle in comparison with
its orbit, whereas to an observer on the earth,
it is a body with appreciable size. In general,
a particle is an object whose size is so small
in comparison to the size of its path.

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Rectilinear Translation (Motion Along a Note:

Straight Line)
• a is positive (+) if v is increasing
Motion with constant velocity (uniform (accelerate).
motion)
• a is negative (-) if v is decreasing
(decelerate).
• g is positive (+) if the particle is moving

downward.
Motion with constant acceleration
• g is negative (-)if the particle is moving
upward.
CURVILINEAR TRANSLATION
(PROJECTILE MOTION)
Projectile motion follows a parabolic

trajectory. The vertical component of
projectile is under constant gravitational
Free-falling body
acceleration and the horizontal component is
at constant velocity. For easy handling,
resolve the motion into x and y components
and use the formulas in rectilinear
translation.
From the figure below:
Note: From motion with constant

acceleration, set vi = 0, vf = v, s = h, and a =
g to get the free-fall formulas.
Motion with variable acceleration
Where At any point B
s = distance For the x-component of motion,

acceleration is zero (constant velocity), thus
h = height
ax = 0.
v = velocity
vi = initial velocity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
For the y-component of motion, ay = -
g = acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 g. Notice that the first three formulas that
m/s2 in SI = 32.2 ft/s2 in English) follow are taken from motion with constant
acceleration.
t = time

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Is the angular velocity that exists at a

given instant. SI unit: rad/s
Angular acceleration
is the change in angular velocity
divided by the time elapsed. SI unit: rad/s2
Tangential velocity
Is the linear velocity of a tangent point
on a rotating body. It represents how fast the
point is moving along the arc of the circle. SI
unit: m/s
Tangential Acceleration
The linear acceleration of a tangent
point on a rotating body. Si unit: m/s2
Uniform circular motion

Is the movement of a point particle at
constant tangential speed in circular path.
FORCE SYSTEMS IN SPACE
Forces in Space (3D Forces)

At point A
At the highest point or summit, vAy = 0. Magnitude of a force F in space
Components of a force in space
At point C
x = R, y = 0, vC = vo, and vy = -voy
Direction cosines
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
Angular Displacement
is the angle through which a rigid
object rotates about a fixed axis. SI Unit:
radian (rad)
Radian
Is the SI unit of displacement defined
as the circular arc length (S) traveled by point Proportion of components
of a rotating body divided by the distance ®
of the point from the axis.
Average angular velocity

Is the angular displacement of an
object divided by the time elapse. SI unit: Moment of a force about an axis
rad/s
Instantaneous angular velocity

18
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0; equilibrium
Newton’s Second Law (Law of

acceleration)
is directly proportional to the net force

acting on it and inversely proportional to its
Resultant of Concurrent Force Systems mass (m).
in Space Newton’s Third Law (Law of action and

reaction)
Components of the resultant
Every particle in the universe attracts
every other particle with a force which is
directly proportional to the product of the
masses of two particles and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between the center of the mass.
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

Magnitude of the resultant
Impulse
is the product of the average force

and the time interval during which the force
acts.
Equilibrium of Concurrent Space Forces
𝐼 = 𝐹. ∆𝑡
The resultant of all forces is zero
Momentum
Is the product of the mass and

velocity.
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑉
Is the conversed in all collisions or

The sum of moment is zero explosions. In the conservation of the
momentum; the final total momentum is
equal to the initial total momentum. The
essential effect of collision is to redistribute
the total momentum of the colliding objects.
All collisions-conserve momentum, but not all
of them conserve kinetic energy as well.
Collision
KINETICS
Refers to the mutual action of the
is a branch of dynamics which deals molecules, atoms and etc., when they
with the study of bodies in motion particularly encounter one another.
the force involved in the motion.
Collision falls into three categories:
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
1. Elastic
Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia) - Collision which conserves kinetic
energy
A body at rest will remain at rest or in
2. Inelastic Collision
motion at that constant velocity, unless acted
- Does not conserve kinetic energy.
upon by some unbalance, external force.
3. Completely Inelastic Collisions
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 - which the objects stick together
afterward.

19
Coefficient of Restitution
- Is the ratio between the relative

speeds of two colliding objects after
and before they collide.
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑒=
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑉2′ − 𝑉1 ′
=
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑧
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
The change in momentum of a body

during the time interval is equal to the net
force that acts on the body during the time
interval.
ANGULAR IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
Angular Impulse (J)
Is the product of the linear impulse

and the moment arm.
Angular Momentum
Is the product of linear momentum

and the moment arm.
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF

MOMENTUM
The momentum of the body before

the impact is equal to the momentum of the
body after the impact.
ENERGY
Is the capacity to do work.
Potential Energy
Energy at rest.
Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion.
Power
The time rate of doing work,
Work-Energy Theorem
The net work done on an object

always produces a change in kinetic energy
of the object.

20
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
THE ANGLE FORMED BETWEEN TWO

VECTORS
Sample Problem 1
Find the angle between 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 and

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
COUPLE IN THE BOX
Sample problem 2
Refer to Fig. 2-24a. A couple consists of two

vertical forces of 60 lb each. One force acts
up through A and the other acts down MOMENT OF FORCE ABOUT DIFFERENT
through D. Transform the couple into an POINTS
equivalent couple having horizontal forces
acting through E and F. Sample Problem 4
In Fig. P-226 assuming clockwise moments

as positive, compute the moment of force F
= 200 kg and force P = 165 kg about points
A, B, C, and D.
RESULTANT OF COUPLE IN A 3-STEP

PULLEY INTERCEPTS OF THE RESULTANT
Sample problem 3 Sample Problem 5
The three-step pulley shown in Fig. P-247 is Without computing the magnitude of the
subjected to the given couples. Compute the resultant, compute where the resultant of
value of the resultant couple. Also determine
the forces shown in Fig. P-228 intersects
the forces acting at the rim of the middle the x and y axes.
pulley that are required to balance the given
system.
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
COMPONENTS OF PLANAR FORCES
Sample Problem 6
Problem Determine the x and y components

of the forces shown below in Fig P-001.

21
RESULTANT OF NON-CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
Sample Problem 9:
The effect of a certain non-concurrent

force system is defined by the following data:
ΣFx = +90 kN, ΣFy = -60 kN, and ΣMO = 360
kN·m counterclockwise. Determine the point
at which the resultant intersects the x-axis.
COMPONENTS OF A 3D FORCE WITH
GIVEN DISTANCES
Sample Problem 7 EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCE

SYSTEM
Which of the following correctly defines the
500 N force that passes from A (4, 0, 3) to B Sample Problem 10:
(0, 6, 0)?
The cable and boom shown in Fig. P-
A. 256i - 384j + 192k N 308 support a load of 600 lb. Determine the
tensile force T in the cable and the
B. -256i + 384j - 192k N compressive for C in the boom.
C. -384i + 192j - 256k N
D. 384i - 192j + 256k N
EQUILIBRIUM OF PARALLEL FORCE

COMPUTATION OF THE RESULTANT OF
SYSTEM
PARALLEL FORCES ACTING ON THE
LEVER Sample Problem 11:
Sample Problem 8 Determine the reactions for the

beam shown in Fig. P-332.
A parallel force system acts on the
lever shown in Fig. P-236. Determine the
magnitude and position of the resultant.

22
METHODS OF MEMBERS
EQUILIBRIUM OF NON-CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM Sample Problem 15:
Sample Problem 12: The structure shown in Fig F-

001(MM) is pinned together at points A, B,
A boom AB is supported in a and C and held in equilibrium by the cable
horizontal position by a hinge A and a cable CD. A load of 12,000 lb is acting at the
which runs from C over a small pulley at D as midpoint of member AB, and a load of 8000
shown in Fig. P-346. Compute the tension T lb is applied at point C. Determine the
in the cable and the horizontal and vertical reaction at A, the internal force in member
components of the reaction at A. Neglect the BC, and the tension on cable CD.
size of the pulley at D.
METHOD OF JOINTS
Sample Problem 13:

FRICTION
Find the force acting in all members
of the truss shown in Figure T-01. Sample Problem 16:
A 400 lb block is resting on a rough

horizontal surface for which the coefficient of
friction is 0.40. Determine the force P
required to cause motion to impend if applied
to the block (a) horizontally or (b) downward
at 30° with the horizontal. (c) What minimum
force is required to start motion?
METHOD OF SECTIONS
CENTROID
Sample Problem 14:
Sample Problem 17:
From the truss in Fig. T-01, determine
the force in mebers BC, CE, and EF. Determine the centroid of the shaded area
shown in Fig. P-705, which is bounded by the

23
x-axis, the line x = a and the parabola y2 =

kx.
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA AND

RADIUS OF GYRATION AT ONE CORNER
OF RECTANGLE
Sample Problem 18:
A rectangle is 3 in. by 6 in. Determine

the polar moment of inertia and the radius of
gyration with respect to a polar axis through
one corner.
RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION
Sample Problem 19:
On a certain stretch of track, trains

run at 60 mph (96.56 kph). How far back of a
stopped train should be a warning torpedo be
placed to signal an oncoming train? Assume
that the brakes are applied at once and
retard the train at the uniform rate of 2 ft/sec2
(0.61 m/s2).
RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT FORCES

IN SPACE
Sample Problem 20:
Determine the magnitude of the

resultant, its pointing and its direction
cosines for the following system of non-
coplanar, concurrent forces. 300 lb (+3, -4,
+6); 400 lb (-2, +4, -5); 200 lb (-4, +5, -3).

24
SOLUTIONS Solution 3:
Solution 1: Solving for the resultant couple
Use the Dot Product of two vectors:
𝑨. 𝑩 = |𝐴||𝐵| cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
Where:
𝜃 is the angle between two vectors. Solving for equivalent couple acting in the
middle pulley
𝑖. 𝑖 = 𝑗. 𝑗 = 𝑘. 𝑘 and 𝑖. 𝑗 = 𝑗. 𝑘 = 𝑖. 𝑘 = 0
(3𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑧). (𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘)

= (√(3)2 + (−1)2 + (1)2 )(√(1)2 + (2)2 + (2)2 ) cos 𝜃
(3)(1) + (−1)(2) + (1)(2)

= (√11)(√5) cos 𝜃
The resultant couple is composed of two
cos 𝜃 = 0.3014 63.3 lb forces.
Answer: 𝜃 = 72.45 Solution 4:
Solution 2:
Moment of force F about points A, B, C, and

D:
Moment of force P about points A, B, C, and

D:

25
You can also resolve P to horizontal and

vertical components at point E then take the
moment of these components at point C. The
answer would be the same. Try it.
Solution 6:
Solution 5:
From the above vector notations, Fx is the

coefficient of i and Fy is the coefficient of j.
Solution 7:

26
Solution 10:
Solution 8:
Solution 11:
Thus, R = 110 lb downward at 6 ft to the right

of A. answer
Solution 9:

27
Solution 12:
Solution 13:

28

29
Summary
Solution 14:
Solution 15:

30

31
Solution 16:
Part (a) - Force is applied horizontally
Part (b) - Downward force at 30° from the

horizontal
Part (c) - Minimum force required to cause

impending motion

32
Solution 17:
Location of centroid from the y-axis (x-

intercept of centroid)

33
Location of centroid from the x-axis (y-

intercept of centroid)
Solution 19:
English System
Initial velocity
SI units
Initial velocity
Solution 18:
Solution 20:
Distance

34
Direction cosines of the resultant
Components of given forces
Components of resultant
Resultant

35
TERMS
__________ 1. It is directly proportional to __________ 16. It is the force that arises to

the net force acting on it and inversely oppose the motion or impeding motion of two
proportional to its mass (m). bodies in contact.
__________ 2. The time rate of doing work. __________ 17. It is also called friction drag
is a component of the force resisting the
__________ 3. A body at rest will remain at
motion of a solid body through a fluid.
rest or in motion at that constant velocity,
unless acted upon by some unbalance, __________ 18. It is the branch of
external force. mechanics which deals with the study of
bodies in motion
__________ 4. It is the state of the body
where when at rest it will remain at rest. The __________ 19. It is the point where the
resultant of the body in the state of weight of the body is concentrated, and at the
equilibrium is zero. point object will not to rotate nor tend to
rotate.
__________ 5. It is a system of forces whose
magnitude of the resultant is zero and yet __________ 20. The net work done on an
has a moment sum. object always produces a change in kinetic
energy of the object.
__________ 6. It is the branch of mechanics
that relates the force acting on a body to its __________ 21. Energy at rest.
mass and acceleration.
__________ 22. It is a force or a couple that
__________ 7. It is the product of the mass will have the same effect to the body, both in
and velocity. translation and rotation, if all the forces are
removed and replaced by the resultant.
__________ 8. It is the product of the
average force and the time interval during __________ 23. It is the moment of inertia
which the force acts. about about the z-axis.
__________ 9. It deals with the study of the __________ 24. Refers to the mutual action
bodies and systems and the forces acting on of the molecules, atoms and etc., when they
them encounter one another.
__________ 10. Is the natural tendency of __________ 25. It is the geometry in motion.
an object to remain at rest when it is at rest This term is used to define the motion of a
or in motion, to continue moving at constant particle or body without consideration of the
speed. forces causing the motion.
__________ 11. The natural tendency of the __________ 26. It is the angular velocity that
body to rotate or tend to rotate due to the exists at a given instant. SI unit: rad/s
distribution of area, volume or mass __________ 27. Is the capacity to do work.
elements of the body. __________ 28. The change in momentum
__________ 12. It is any influence that tend of a body during the time interval is equal to
to change the state (at rest or in motion) of the net force that acts on the body during the
the body. time interval.
__________ 13. It is the product of the linear __________ 29. A progressive change of
impulse and the moment arm. position of the body.
__________ 14. Energy in motion. __________ 30. It is the product of linear

momentum and the moment arm
__________ 15. It is the SI unit of
displacement defined as the circular arc
length (S) traveled by point of a rotating body
divided by the distance ® of the point from
the axis.

36
Answer Key:
1. Newton’s Second Law (Law Of

Acceleration)
2. Power
3. Newton’s First Law (Law Of Inertia)
4. Static Equilibrium
5. COUPLES
6. Kinetics
7. Momentum
8. Impulse
9. MECHANICS
10. Inertia
11. Moment Of Inertia
12. Force
13. Angular Impulse (J)
14. Kinetic Energy
15. Radian
16. FRICTION
17. Skin Friction
18. DYNAMICS
19. Centroid Or Center Of Gravity
20. Work-Energy Theorem
21. Potential Energy
22. Resultant Of Forces
23. Polar Moment Of Inertia
24. Collision
25. Kinematics
26. Instantaneous Angular Velocity
27. ENERGY
28. Impulse-Momentum Theorem
29. Motion
30. Angular Momentum

37
PROBLEMS
1. While steadily pushing the machine

up anincline, a person exerts a 180 N
force P as shown. Determine the
components of P which are parallel
and perpendicular to the incline.
A. 48.0k Nm
B. -94.0k Nm
C. -84.0k Nm
A. 256.4 N, -20 N D. 84.0k Nm
B. 89.9 N, 190 N
C. 156.2 N, -58.9 N 4. As part of a test, the two aircraft
D. 163.1 N, -76.1 N engines are revved up and the
propeller pitches are adjusted so as
2. It is desired to remove the spike from to result in the fore and aft thrusts
the timber by applying force along its shown. What force F must be exerted
horizontal axis. An obstruction A by the ground on each of the main
prevents directaccess, so that two braked wheels at A and B to
forces, one 1.6 kN and the other P, counteract the turning effect of the
are applied by cables as shown. two propeller thrusts? Neglect any
Compute the magnitude of P effect of the nose wheel C, which is
necessary to ensure axial tension P turned 90◦and unbraked.
along the spike. Also find T.
A. 2.15 kN, 3.20 kN

B. 5.12 kN, 3.20 kN
C. 12.5 kN, 2.30 kN
D. 2.15 kN, 3.02 kN
3. Calculate the moment of the 240 N

force on the handle of the prong A. 3.13 kN
about the instantaneous supporting B. 5.55 kN
point O. C. 4.44 kN
D. 3.33 kN
5. In the design of the lifting hook the

action of the applied force F at the
critical section of the hook is a direct
pull at B and a couple. If the
magnitude of the couple is 4000 Nm,
determine the magnitude of F.

38
B. 𝑇 = 30 𝑁,𝑅 = 193.7 𝑁, 𝜃 =
64.3 ◦
C. 𝑇 = 60 𝑁,𝑅 = 193.7 𝑁, 𝜃 =
34.6 ◦
D. 𝑇 = 50 𝑁,𝑅 = 173.7 𝑁, 𝜃 =
24.6 ◦
8. The rectangular plate is supported by

hinges along its side BC and by the
cable AE. If the cable tension is 300
A. 57 kN N, determine the projection onto line
B. 40 kN BC of the force exerted on the plate
C. 19 kN by the cable. Note that E is the
D. 20 kN midpoint of the horizontal upper edge
of the structural support.
6. If the resultant of the two forces and
couple M passes through point O,
determine M.
A. 122.5 N
B. 152.5 N
A. 148 Nm CCW
C. 251.2 N
B. 184 Nm CW
D. 252.1 N
C. 148 Nm CW
D. 184 Nm CCW
9. The helicopter is drawn here with
certain 3-D geometry given. During a
7. Two integral pulleys are subjected to
ground test, a 400 N aerodynamic
the belt tensions shown. If the
force is applied to the tail rotor at P as
resultant R of these forces passes
shown. Determine the moment of this
through the center O, determine T
force about point O of the airframe.
and the magnitude of R and the CCW
angle θ it makes with the x-axis.
A. 440i + 2200k N
B. 880i + 4400k N
C. 840i + 4200k N
A. 𝑇 = 90 𝑁,𝑅 = 173.9 𝑁, 𝜃 = D. 480i + 2400k N
36.6 ◦

39
10. A 5N vertical force is applied to the

knob of the window-opener
mechanism when the crank BC is
horizontal. Determine the moment of
the force about point A and about the
line AB.
𝑎 2 +4𝑅2
A. 𝑟̅ = 2𝜋𝑅
A. -281i – 162.4k Nmm B. 𝑟̅ =
𝑅2 +4𝑎2
B. -288i – 166.4k Nmm 2𝜋𝑎
C. -211i – 112.4k Nmm

𝑎 2 +4𝑅2
D. -231i – 142.4k Nmm C. 𝑟̅ = 4𝜋𝑅
𝑎 2 +2𝑅2
D. 𝑟̅ = 2𝜋𝑅
11. In a procedure to evaluate the
strength of the triceps muscle, a
13. A hand-operated control wheel made
person pushes down on a load cell
of aluminum has the proportions
with the palm of his hand as indicated
shown in the cross-sectional view.
in the figure. If the load-cell reading is
The area of the total section shown is
160 N, determine the vertical tensile
15,200 mm2, and the wheel has a
force F generated by the triceps
mass of 10 kg. Calculate the distance
muscle. The mass of the lower arm is
r to the centroid of the half-section.
1.5kg with mass center at G. State
The aluminum has a density of 2.69
any assumptions.
Mg/m3.
A. 88.75 mm
B. 75.88 mm
C. 85.77 mm
A. 1779 N D. 77.85 mm
B. 1977 N
C. 1777 N 14. The cross section of a fresh-water
D. 1999 N tank with a slanted bottom is shown.
A rectangular door 1.6 × 0.8 m in the
12. Locate the center of mass G of the bottom of the tank is hinged at A and
steel half ring. is open against the pressure of the
water by the cable under a tension P
as shown. Calculate P.

40
A. 15266 N A. 20.09 m/s2

B. 16625 N B. 29.09 m/s2
C. 12566 N C. 92.09 m/s2
D. 15131 N D. 92.99 m/s2
15. Small steel balls fall from rest through 17. Hockey player A carries the puck on
the opening at A at the steady rate of his stick and moves in the direction
2 per second. Find the vertical shown with a speed vA= 4 m/s. In
separation h of two consecutive balls passing the puck to his stationary
when the lower one has dropped 3 team mate B, by what shot angle α
meters. Neglect air resistance. should the direction of hisshot trail the
line of sight if he launches the puck
with a speed of 7 m/s relative to
himself?
A. 2.61 m
B. 6.21 m A. 28.8◦
C. 21.6 m B. 23.8◦
D. 1.62 m C. 28.3◦
D. 23.3◦
16. The rocket is fired vertically and
tracked bythe radar shown. When θ 18. The telephone-cable reel rolls without
reaches 60◦, other corresponding slipping on the horizontal surface. If
measurements give the values r = 9 point A on the cable has a velocity
km, ¨r = 21 m/s2, and˙θ = 0.02 rad/s. vA= 0.8m/s to the right, compute the
Calculate the magnitudes of the velocity of the center O and the
velocity and acceleration of the rocket angular velocity ω of the reel. (Be
at this position. careful not to make the mistake of
assuming that the reel rolls to the
left.)

41
A. 18.23 rad/s CCW

B. 23.18 rad/s CW
C. 18.18 rad/s CCW
D. 32.81 rad/s CW
A. 3.111 rad/s CCW
B. 1.333 rad/s CCW
C. 3.111 rad/s CW
D. 1.333 rad/s CW
19. The power screw turns at a speed

that gives the threaded collar C a
velocity of 0.25 m/s vertically down.
Determine the angular velocity of the
slotted arm when θ = 30◦.
A. 1.471 rad/s CCW

B. 7.417 rad/s CW
C. 0.417 rad/s CCW
D. 0.714 rad/s CW
20. The wheel rolls without slipping. For

the instant portrayed, when O is
directly under point C, link OA has a
velocity v = 1.5m/s to the right and
θ=30◦. Determine the angular
velocity ω of the slotted link.

42
SOLUTIONS Answer: C
Solution 1: Solution 4:
Draw the coordinate axes and the f Calculate the couple generated by
orce vector. Carefully indicate the angles. the thrust forces and equate it to the one
Then project the force to the respective axes. produced by the braked forces. The resultant
couple is zero, that is,
Answer: D
Pt= 180 cos (10 + 15) = 163.1 N
Pn= −180 sin (10 + 15) = −76.1 N

Solution 5:
Answer: D
The moment induced by the resultant
force must be equal to the 4000 Nm couple.
Hence the resultant force magnitude can be
Solution 2:
determined.
To remove the spike, the efforted
force must point in the direction along the
spike axis. This means there is no net force
in the perpendicular direction. P and 1.6 kN Answer: B
must add up to give the resultant force in the
horizontal direction.
Solution 6:
Because there is no net force in the
y- direction, the summation of force is The key to this problem is that the
resultant passes through point O means
there is no moment at point O. By summing
all moment from the two forces and one
unknown couple M at point O to zero, we can
Therefore, P = 2.15 kN. find the solution.
The axial tension is the total force
along the x- direction.
Answer: A
Answer: A
Solution 7:
Solution 3: The key to this problem is that the
Solution: Here we illustrate the moment resultant passes through point O means
calculation by the vector approach. r and F there is no moment at point O. By summing
are described as vectors according to the all moments at point O from the tension
coordinate system. The moment can then be forces to zero, T can be determined.
calculated directly as MO= r × F. (160 − 𝑇 ) × 100 + (150 − 200) × 200 = 0
𝑻 = 𝟔𝟎 𝑵
R is obtained by summing the tension forces

altogether.

43
𝑅 = (200 + 150 − 160𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 60𝑐𝑜𝑠30) 𝑖

+ (160𝑠𝑖𝑛 30 + 60𝑠𝑖𝑛 30)𝑗
Solution 10:
𝑅 = 159.5𝑖 + 11 0𝑗 𝑁
As usual, describe the related
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟕 𝑵 quantities using the same coordinate frame.
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟔 ◦ 𝑟 = 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30𝑖 + 75𝑗 + 75 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30𝑘 𝑚𝑚
Answer: C F = −5k N
The moment of the force about point A is
Solution 8: 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = −375𝑖 + 3 25𝑗 𝑁𝑚𝑚
This problem is best solved by first The moment about the line AB is then the
determining the pertinent directional unit component of MA about AB, which can be
vectors. Next we describe the tension T and found by the dot product
the unit vector nBC onto which it will be
𝑛𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30𝑖 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30𝑘
projected. Finally, the projection is found by
calculating the dot product of the tension with 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = (𝑀𝐴 · 𝑛𝐴𝐵)𝑛𝐴𝐵
that unit vector. For each point,
= −281𝑖 − 162.4𝑘 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = (−0.4, 0, 1.2 sin 25)
Answer: A
𝐵 = (0, 0, 1.2 sin 25)
𝐶 = (0, 1.2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25, 0)

Solution 11:
𝐷 = (−0.4, 1.2 cos 25 , 0)
Let us choose the system to be the
𝐸 = (0, 0.6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25, 0) lower arm. Consequently, the forces acting
on it are the pushing force from the load-cell,
The tension T and the unit vector nBC
the mass of the arm, the tensile force by the
is then readily determined:
triceps muscle, and the compressive force by
the humerus bone. The FBD of the system is
shown in figure. From the figure, there are
two unknowns. Hence two equations are
required, which are one moment and one
force equations. First let us take the moment
about O to eliminate the compressive force.
Therefore the projection of T onto nBC is
[Σ𝑀𝑂 = 0]
−𝑇 × 25 − 1.5𝑔 × 150 + 160 × 300 = 0

Answer: C 𝑇 = 1832 𝑁
Force equation is then used to

Solution 9: determine the tensile force produced by the
triceps, i.e.,
For this simple force P, we can
determine the moment component-wise. It is [ΣFy = 0]
obvious that the force is in y-direction. Hence 𝑇 − 𝐶 − 1.5𝑔 + 160 = 0
it does not cause moment in the y-direction.
By observation, 𝐶 = 1977 𝑁
𝑀𝑂 = (400 × 1.2)𝑖 + (400 × 6)𝑘 Answer: B
= 480𝑖 + 2400𝑘 𝑁
Answer: D Solution 12:

44
It is readily seen that the planes of

symmetry of the steel halfring is the middle
vertical plane and the zero horizontal plane.
Therefore the centroid lies on the intersection
line of these two planes. Consequently, only
the distance r is needed to be determined. To
do so, the differential volume shaded in red,
as shown in figure below, is selected. If the
x- coordinate varies from −a to a, the whole
steel half ring is addressed. The other
coordinates then need to be expressed as Solution 13:
the functions of x variable. From the circular-
The mass and density of the control
shap e cross section along the ring, we can
wheel are given. Hence its volume can be
write
determined as
x2+ y2= a2
[V = M/ ρ]
V = 10/2690 = 0.00372 m3
for the upper half of the circle. The differential Since the volume is created from the
volume can now be expressed as full- round revolution of half of the section
depicted in figure, the planar area to revolve
is 15200/2 × 1E-6 = 7600E-6 m2. From the
Pappus theorem, the distance 𝑟̿ to the
Using the result of Ex.5.1, the centroid of the centroid can be calculated as
differential volume is located at [V = θrA]
0.00372 = 2π×r×7600 E-6
𝑟̿ = 77.85 mm
The center of mass G of the steel half ring Answer: D
can now be determined by substituting the
above quantities into the moment equation:
Solution 14:
Assume that the door has negligible

weight and volume. Therefore its weight and
buoyancy force may be omitted. To
determine P , we need to calculate the
pressure force acting on the gate and apply
the equilibrium condition to it. Figure below
shows the free body diagram of the gate and
the corresponding pressure distribution and
forces acting on it. Since the door surface is
flat and has constant width, it is appropriate
to calculate the pressure force magnitude
from the volume of pressure distribution.
Furthermore, we may divide the volume into
two parts – rectangular and triangular
volume. Hence the indicated force
magnitudes are
F1= (1000×9.81×1.2) × 1.6×0.8
F2= 12×(1000×9.81×1.6sin 30◦)×1.6×0.8

45
Taking the moment of all forces

around point A, the balancing tension P may
be determined as
[ΣMA= 0]
−P×1.6cos30◦+F1×0.8+F2×1.6×23= 0
P = 12566 N Therefore we may relate their geometric

projections to the kinematic relationships as
Answer: C
vθ= v sin 30 = rθ=9000 × 0.02 → v = 360 m/s
ar= acos30 = ¨r − r˙θ2= 21 − 9000 ×0.022

Solution 15:
→ a = 20.09 m/s2
The accceleration for the free-falling object
must be equal to the constant of gravity. Answer: A
Also, we can integrate for the velocity and the
displacement explicitly. In other words,
Solution 17:
a=g
The puck must be passed from the
v = vo + gt
player A to B with the direction being 45◦
s = so + vot + gt2/2 relative to his movement. Because the player
A is moving, he will see the puck moving in
Since the ball is dropped from rest at the
the direction of (45 + α)◦ instead. See the
reference level of the opening, we have the
relevant velocity diagram corresponding to
initial conditions
the relative velocity relationship in the figure
vo= 0 so= 0 below.
Hence, s = gt2/2
Apply this relation to the ball already dropped

by 3 m, the time spent would be
3 = gt2l/2, tl= 0.782 s
Since the balls are released with the rate of

2 per second, the time the consecutive ball
spent so far would then be
tu= tl− 0.5 = 0.282 s Using the law of sine with this
triangle, the shot angle α may be determined:
Use the above relation again to solve for the
distance travelled, which is related to the
vertical separation h:
su= 3 − h = gt2u/2 → h = 2.61 m
Answer: A Answer: B
Solution 18
Solution 16:
At the position where θ = 60◦, the r-θ frame From the previous analysis, rolling without
may be set up asshown in figure below. From slipping implies the velocity at the contact
the problem statement, the velocity and point is zero. Also there is no slippage of the
acceleration vectors point vertically upward. cable at the inner hub, which implies the
velocity of the contact rim is the same as the
velocity of the wrapped cable. Observe the
motion of any line o n the reel, here line OC,
46
to determine the angular motion. From the

proportional velocityprofile on the disc.
Let P be the point at the pin on the disk and

Q be the coincident point on the slotted arm.
According to the figure, their relative velocity
directs along the slot:
Answer: D
Answer: A
Solution 19
Imagine there are two points: point A on the

slotted arm and point B on the collar. A and
B coincide a t θ = 30◦. Because of the sliding
contact constraint from the slot, vA/B has the
direction along the slot (away from O). Also
vA is always perpendicular to the link AO.
Answer: C
Solution 20
Since the wheels rolls without slipping,

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS REVIEWER

ENGINEERING MECHANICS Couple – is a pair of parallel forces of

FORCE AND FORCE SYSTEMS Σ𝐹𝑦 = forces upward – forces downward

FORCE EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION

- Is any influence that tend to change Static Equilibrium

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 1

closing vector needed to close For specific coefficient of friction, the

FRICTION 𝛽 = angle of contact

- Is the force that arises to oppose the 𝑇1 = tension (tight side)

N = normal force Where:

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 2

For unsymmetrical supports (Parabolic 𝑠1 + 𝑦1

1. Tension at the supports Moment or torque

containing the line of action of the A = area

- The natural tendency of the body to

Parallel – Axis Theorem (Transfer Axis

- The moment of inertia of the body at

𝐼𝑥0 = centroidal moment of inertia

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 4

Centroid of lines Triangle Area and

Center of gravity of bodies

Circle Area and

Semicircle Area and Centroid

CENTROIDS OF COMMON GEOMETRIC

Rectangle Area and Centroid

Semicircular Arc Area and Centroid

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 5

Quarter Circle Area and Centroid Quarter Ellipse Area and

Sector of a Circle Area and Centroid Parabolic Segment Area and

Circular Arc Area and Centroid

Spandrel Area and

Ellipse Area and

MOMENT OF INERTIA AND RADIUS OF

Moment of inertia, also called the

Moment of inertia about the x-axis:

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 6

In the same manner, the transfer

Polar Moment of Inertia:

Polar moment of inertia is the Product of Inertia

Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 7

- Forces acting at some angle from the

Components of a Force in XY Plane

Given the coordinates of any two points

Given the slope of the line of action of the

Components of a Force in 3D Space

Vector Notation of a Force (Rectangular

Where λ is a unit vector. There are

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 8

Couple is independent of the moment

RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT FORCE

Resultant of a force system is a

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 9

Note that according to the type of force

The line of action of each force in

RESULTANT OF SPATIAL CONCURRENT

RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCE

Coplanar Parallel Force System

Parallel forces can be in the same or

KARLA CLARISSE B. MAALIHAN 10

definition of the resultant is according to its

Resultant of Distributed Loads

In vector notation, the resultant of

Where F = the magnitude of the two