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▪ the science of the occurrence, distribution and 1. Meteoric water:

movement of water below the surface of the earth ▪ Main source of groundwater
▪ Received in the form of rain and snow through
infiltration of pores, fissures and joints
▪ Water that occurs below the surface of Earth 2. Connate Water:
▪ Occupies all or part of the void spaces in soils or geologic ▪ Exists in pores and cavities of sedimentary rocks of
strata seas and lakes
▪ Also called subsurface water ▪ Also called sedimentary water
▪ an important source of water supply throughout the
3. Magmatic Water:
world
▪ Converts water after condensation of vapor as
▪ use in irrigation, industries, urban and rural home
result of volcanic action at time of entering hot
continues to increase
rocks

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▪ Regulated by ▪ VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL

▪ Flow in soils and rocks takes place through void
▪ quantum and speed of rains spaces
▪ extent of vaporization during rain ▪ hydraulic properties of soils and rocks depend on
▪ Temperature the sizes and shapes of the void spaces
▪ slope of land ▪ PROPERTIES DEFINING SOIL
▪ dryness of air ▪ Porosity, n
▪ porosity and permeability of rocks ▪ volumetric moisture content, q
▪ vegetative cover ▪ relative moisture content, R
▪ water absorbing capacity of soil ▪ Permeability

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▪ Groundwater Percentage ▪ Porosity, n

▪ 0.58% if the total water resources available in ▪ Also called void fraction
nature ▪ Measure of the void spaces in a material
▪ 22.21% fresh water part
▪ 2.6% of reservoirs
▪ Located at 4km depth in earth’s surface
▪ volumetric moisture content, q
▪ Total water existing on earth : 1,384,120,000 cu km ▪ The numerical measure of soil moisture
▪ Total ground water: 8,000,042 cu km ▪ the ratio of water volume to soil volume
▪ Soil moisture: 61,234 cu km

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▪ relative moisture content, R
▪ Amount of water contained in soil particle
▪ The ratio of the volume of water to the volume of
voids of soil
▪ Permeability
▪ Property of soil to enable transmission of water
and air
▪ The more permeable the soil, the greater the
seepage
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▪ Groundwater occurrence is controlled by geology
▪ Groundwater occurs when water recharges the
subsurface through cracks and pores in soil and rock
▪ Groundwater Occurrence
1. Zone of Aeration (unsaturated)
▪ Consists of interstices occupied partially by
water and partially by air
▪ Soil Water zone
▪ Sub-soil zone
▪ Capillary zone
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▪ Groundwater Occurrence
2. Zone of Saturation (saturated)
▪ All interstices are filled with water under
hydrostatic pressure
▪ Extends from the upper surface of saturation down
to the underlying impermeable rock
▪ Water table (Phreatic surface) occurs if there is no
overlying impermeable strata
▪ Forms the upper surface of the zone of
saturation
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4 Types of Geological Formations
1. Aquifers
▪ A saturated formation of earth material
▪ Stores water and yield sufficient quantity
▪ Transmits water relatively easily due to high
permeability
▪ Sand and gravel form good aquifers
2. Aquitard
▪ Formation through which seepage is possible
▪ Yield significant compared to an aquifer
▪ Partly permeable
▪ Appreciable quantities of water may leak to an
aquifer below it
4 Types of Geological Formations
3. Aquiclude
▪ A porous but not permeable geological formation
▪ May bear water but do not yield
▪ Argillaceous rocks, clay and shale are typical
examples
4. Aquifuge
▪ Neither a porous nor permeable geological formation
▪ No interconnected openings
▪ Cannot transmit or absorb water
▪ Suitable for ground water occurrence
▪ Massive granites and quartzite are typical examples
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1. UNCONFINED AQUIFER
2. CONFINED AQUIFER
3. SEMI-CONFINED AQUIFER

1. UNCONFINED AQUIFER
▪ Also called water table
▪ Upper water surface is at atmospheric pressure
▪ Able to rise and fall
▪ Usually closer to earth's surface

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2. CONFINED AQUIFER
▪ Also known as artesian or pressure aquifers
▪ Below the land surface saturated with water
▪ Bound by impermeable layers above and below
▪ Under pressure
▪ If penetrated by a well, water rises above the top of
aquifer
3. LEAKY AQUIFERS
▪ Also called semi-confined aquifers
▪ both of Upper and lower boundaries are aquitards
▪ Or one boundary is an aquitard and the other is an
aquiclude

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