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It’s owner is called the Tabon Man Filipinos also practiced irrigation to increase
crop production by irrigating ditches.
Prehistoric people hunted pygmy elephants &
rhinoceros. Filipinos engaged also in industries (fishing,
mining, shipbuilding, poultry & livestock,
logging, pottery and weaving)
Another came a little later by way of Antonio de Morga said that fishing is quite
Sulu and Mindanao, but are more general in the entire country and is considered a
natural activity for the self-support of the A woman of one class should marry the same
people. class.
Mining was also another important industry A man can only marry someone with higher
before the coming of the Spaniards. class if he has showed bravery and courage in a
battle.
Shipbuilding and logging were also thriving
industries. Filipinos were “proficient in building Man was required to give a dowry or bigay-
ocean-going vessels. It is because Philippines is kaya, which usually consisted of a piece of land
rich in hardwoods and are usually living near the or gold.
seas.
To the parents of the girl, the man must give a
No currency was used in trading. Goods were gift called panghimuyat.
bought and sold through the barter system called
baligya. To the girl’s wet nurse, the man must also give
a gift called bigay-suso.
Ancient Filipinos were divided into social
classes. Mixed marriages were uncommon.
Nobles composed of the chiefs and their Barangay was the basic unit of government.
families, were the early society’s upper Each headed by a chieftain.
class. Usually called Gat or Lakan.
People under the chieftain must pay taxes or
Freemen are regarded as the society’s buwis.
middle class during the ancient period of
the Philippine history. The chieftain exercised the powers of
eexecutive, legislative, and judiciary.
Dependents or alipins are the members
of the lowest class. It maybe because of The chieftain was aided by the council of elders
captivity in battle, failing to pay one’s in his role as lawmaker.
debts, inheritance, purchase, or by being
guilty of a crime. An alliance was sealed through a ritual called
sanduguan or blood compact.
Aliping sagigilid had no house of his
own, lived with the master, and could A town cryer, the umalohokan announces to the
not marry without the latter’s consent. community the approval of the law and it’s
mechanics.
Aliping Namamahay had his own house
and family. Trial by ordeal is common. Examples for this
are: 1 the suspects dip their hands into a pot of
Dependents are 3 kinds (tumataban – boiling water, the one scalded the most is the
who worked for his master when told to suspect. 2 the suspects held lighted candles, the
do so), (tumarampuk – who worked one one whose candle died out first was the guilty.
day a week for his master), and (ayuey – 3 the suspects plunge into a deep river with
who worked 3 days a week for his their lances, the one who rises to the surface is
master) guilty. 4 the suspects chew uncooked rice, the
one whose saliva was thickest is the culprit.
Dependents were further classified into
3 levels (first as full dependent), (second Kangan – upper part, jacket with short sleeves.
as one-half dependent (with one parent Chief wears red. Lower rank wears black or
as dependet)), (third as semi-dependent blue.
(one parent being one-half dependent
and the other free)). Bahag – lower part of clothing
Filipino Women Position in Society were equal Women were naked waist up. They wear saya
of men. or skirt, patadyong in the Visayans.
Tapis is a piece of white or red cloth. It was Agni – God of fire.
usually wrapped around waist or the chest.
Balangaw – God of rainbow.
Barefoot
Mandarangan – God of war.
Putong – headgear usually worn by men. Red
means the man killed at least one man. Lalahon – Goddess of harvest.
Embroidered putong means he had killed at
least seven men. Siginarugan – God of hell.
Women as well as men wore armlets called Soul-spirits are called anito.
kalumbiga
Rituals were laid down by a woman priest
Tattoo represent war record called a babaylan and occasionally by a male
priest.
Spanish missionaries call the Visayans,
pintados or painted people. Morotal – mourning for a woman.
Ancient house was built of bamboo, wood, and Maglahi – mourning for a man.
nipa palm. Lower part of the was enclosed with
stakes for fowl enclosure. It also has a sort of Laraw – mourning for a chieftain.
gallery called batalan where house work was
done. Sala is not only used for receiving
visitors, but also for sleeping. Silid was a place Chapter 3: Early Contacts with Neighboring Countries
where mats, pillows, and baskets of rice were
Arab Trade Routes in Southeast Asia
kept.
Orang Dampuan – are group of people from Southern
Mothers were the first teachers. Annam (Vietnam today), established trading posts in
Sulu.
Father Pedro Chirino said there was hardly a
man or a woman who did not know how to read Buranun – a flourishing trade developed in Champa
and write. (Anamese Kingdom) and the people of Sulu
Ancestors possessed a system of writing or This trade proved favorable to the Orang
alphabet called a syllabary, baybayin or alibata. Dampuans whose prosperity drew the entire
3 vowels – 14 consonants. Buranuns. In a fit jealousy, the Buranuns
massacred the Orang Dampuans.
Literature may be classified into written or oral.
Banjar – another group of people who was attracted at
Filipinos are considered born musicians. The the famous pearl trade in Sulu
ancient Filipinos from all region had dances
and songs for all occasions. Tungod sa nahitabo sa Buranun ug Orang
Dampuan kay mura silag na trauma so gi doubt
Filipinos used metal and glass for weaponry nila ang mga Banjar. So ang mga Banjar nag
and pottery. think ug way para mo trust ang Buranun nila
sooo ila gi bring ilang Princess to be the bride sa
Prehistoric Filipinos believed that the soul is
Buranun Prince and they were wed.
immortal.
Arab Traders – dominated the Southeast Asian trading,
Believed in life after death as evidenced by the were later barred from the central Chinese cost.
manunggul jar, a container for the bones of the
dead. Believed in supreme being called They relocated to the Malay Peninsula where
Bathalang Maykapal or simply Bathala. they sought an alternative route starting from
Malacca and passing through Borneo and
Idinayale – God of agriculture. Philippines to reach Taiwan.
Sidapa – God of death. The Chinese trades in the Philippines greatly improved
during the Ming Dynasty.
Emperor Yung-lo sent a fleet of vessels to the ganda ganda Beauty
Philippines, under the command of Admiral tara tala Star
Cheng Ho, to visit Lingayen, Manila Bay, Deities in the myths of the Filipinos nga nay trace of
Mindoro and Sulu. Indian:
By thirteenth century, the Chinese had overtaken A figurine of the Hindu goddess Padmapani was
the Arabs in the region. found in Butuan. Pag use ug veil and cord sa
kasal is from India.
Description of the profitable trade between
China and Philippine archipelago can be found Laguna Copperplate – discovered in Pagsanjan,
in Chao Ju-Kua’s, Chu fan-chi mentioned the Laguna river delta. It contains an inscription in
following places: Ma-I (Mindoro), Min-to-Lang an old Phil. Language, stating the full payment
(Mindanao), Ma-li-lu (Manila), Su-lu (Sulu), Pi- of the loan obtained by a woman trader from her
sho-ye (Visayas) contacts in the nearby Indonesia.
Telling lies, stealing, adultery, and murder are COMING OF THE SPANIARDS
all grave sins that deserve serious punishment.
Europe at that time was experiencing changes because of
Every Muslim has goodness expressed in faith in growth of industry and commerce, added to this was the
God and such virtues as patience, faithfulness, desire to know more about the countries of the Orient.
honesty, industry, honor and courage. The commercial rivalry between European countries
with the trade led to expeditions in Asia.
A follower of Allah has to observe the following
rituals or obligations: a declaration of faith in
oneness of God (shahada), prayer facing the east TRADE ROUTES
(Mecca) five times a day (salah), fasting (sawm),
giving of alms (zakat), and a one-time There were 3 trades routes connecting Asia to Europe.
pilgrimage to Mecca (hadjj)
1. Northern Route - passed throught central Asia by land
Fasting is observed during Ramadan, held at the then to cities if Samarkand and Bokhara, then around the
ninth month of the Muslim calendar. No solids Caspian and Black sea, then to Constantinople in the
are taken from early dawn until the sun sets. Mediterranean.
2. Central Route- started in Malacca in the Malay - Issued another bull on the same day (May 3) by which
Peninsula, then to the Indian ocean and ports, and finally an imaginary line ran from north to south. Any land east
to Cairo in the Mediterranean. of it would belong to Portugal, and those on the west
would belong to Spain.
3. Southern Route - started in Malacca, then to the
Indian Ocean, then to the Red Sea, and finally Cairo. - But because the pope favored Spain, he nullified this
bull making Spain own lands they had discovered in the
East.
*the invasion of the Turks in Constantinople led to the
search for new trade routes because the Turks only let
the Venetian people trade* *To avoid anymore conflict the TREATY OF
TORDESILLAS was created on JUNE 7, 1494*
AMERIGO VESPUCCI - geographers thought that After 2 months, he reached Pernambuco, Brazil. When
Amerigo founded a new world, therefore naming he reached South America, there was a mutiny amongst
America after him. He was sent by the king and queen to his men. By the time he crossed the straight of the
explore what Columbus had found. Pacific Ocean, he only had 3 ships left. In March 1521
he reached the Marianas Island, natives stole from him,
VICENTE PINZON - discovered Brazil so he named the island Islas de Ladrones (Island of
Thieves).
NUÑEZ de BALBOA - crossed Panama and discovered
the Pacific Ocean.
King Charles I
GOVERNOR GENERAL- king’s official representative
-decided to send an expedition the the MOLUCCAS, in the colony.
purpose was primarily commercial.
-he possessed vast executive, legislative and judicial
Spices powers
-commanded high prices that time, so trade in spices was -was the president or presiding officer of the
very profitable. AUDIENCIA
-Spice Islands -was the VICE ROYAL patron in the Philippines
1st: The Philippines was rightfully owned by Spain -was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
2nd: Spain claimed the Philippines by RIGHT OF -truly a powerful (Best shown in the right of cumplase
DISCOVERY and by RIGHT OF ACTUAL bestowed upon him by the King) official
OCCUPATION or conquest -CUMPLASE the right of the governor to suspend the
operation of a Royal decree or order relative to the
Philippines if in his opinion. “i obey but do not comply”
Philippines was a possession or property of the King of
Spain, therefore a CROWN COLONY
THERE ARE ONLY 2 BRANCHES OF
GOVERNMENT: Executive & Judicial
POLITICAL CHANGES
Superior decrees- issued orders with the force of law
Council of the Indies- they administered the Philippines
Royal decrees- decrees or orders coming from the King
-1863, the Philippines, as a colony was placed under the of Spain
jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas
Ministry (Ministerio de Ultramar)
-Oversease Ministry was advised and aided in its work THE AUDIENCIA
by the Council of the Indies. Audiencia & Lower Courts- the ones who exercised the
judicial powers of the government.
Cebu
- His salary was small and became rich and powerful Arevalo (Part of Iloilo City)
because he was given the right to engage in trade
(indulto de comercio) Nueva Caceres (Naga)
- Abused his power and committed graft & corruption -City then & now, was the center of social, commercial,
religious & cultural life
- Judge of the province ( provincial governors role=
anomalous practice ) -AYUNTAMIENTO (2 alcaldes, 12 regidors/councilors,
cheif of police, city secretary and lesser officials)
- 1886, provincial governor should remain as JUDGE
only -Each barangay/ bario is headed by Cabeza (was
considered as member of Principalia/ aristocracy)
-Town/ Municipality is composed of several barrios -Legazpi sailed for the Philippines, he was accompanied
headed by Gobernadorcillo (litter governor)/capitan by some friars belong to the Augustinian Order.
municipal (capitan) or now called as MAYOR.
-Many Filipinos who were converted to the Catholic
faith by the first Augustinians that came with Legazpi in
Gobernadorcillo 1565, later on returned to their old animist religion.
-The missionaries spread catholicism in and around
- Was elected by 13 electors: 6 (former Cabezas de manila, the Visayas, the Ilocos, Pampanga, and
barangay), 6 (actual cabezas de barangay), 1 (outgoing
captain. Pangasinan.
-In 1577, the Franciscan missionaries arrived and spread
- Selected Gobernadorcillo have to be approved by the
the Catholic faith in Manila, in the provinces near
Spanish friar-curate
Laguna de Bay.
-the jesuits who were not friars, arrived in the
Tenientes Philippines.
-The Dominican missionaries came to manila in 1587 to
- The captain was aided in the administration of the town
spread catholic faith in Manila, Cagayan region and
by deputies
Pangasinan.
-The Recollect missionaries came in 1606 and
Alguaciles propagated the faith in Manila, Bataan, Zambales,
Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Burias, Cuyo, Romblon,
- A chief of police and subordinate officals
Negros and some parts of Mindanao.
-These missionaries worked hard to convert Filipinos to or practicing religious doctrines that were contrary to the
Catholicism that in a span of a little more than 20 years Catholic Church.
from the time Legazpi landed in Cebu, the number of -There was no office for the Inquisition but there was a
converts were about 250,000. representative or commissary of the Mexican Inquisition
in the Phils.
THE UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE -It was the duty of this representative to ferret out
-A high Church official was also eligible to become a heretics among the Spaniards.
governor-general during the latter’s absence or illness. -The Filipinos were not subject to Inquisitional practice
-church officials who became acting governor-general and methods, accdg. to the instructions of King Philip II.
were Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-1721); -Only the Spaniards were subject to arrest by the
Bishop Juan Arrechederra (1745-1750); Bishop Miguel representative of the Holy Inquisition in Mexico.
Lino de Ezpeleta (1759-1761); and Archbishop Manuel
Rojo (1761-1762) THE INTRODUCTION TO PRINTING
● Most religious works were handwritten
● Dominicans- introduced the art of printing in the
THE CHURCH ORGANIZATION
Philippines
● Xylography- first printing press; printing by woodblock
-Catholic church were divided into districts. ● Christian Doctrine in Tagalog and Chinese- first books
-Each district divided into parishes and missions. printed
● Father Francisco de San Jose- popularly called Blancas de
-The districts represented geographic areas or regions San Jose
that had different dialects or languages. - introduced the movable type of printing; typography
-The parishes represented villages, while missions - Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala,
represented areas or regions that were not yet conquered famous book by
to Catholicism. Father Domingo
-1578, Manila became a diocese. de los Santos
-Father Domingo de Salazar was appointed the first
Bishop in Manila. THE RESIDENCIA AND THE VISITA
-The bishopric of Manila became an archbishopric in ● Two institutions; introduced to stop the abuses of high
1595 with Father Ignacio Santibañez as the first Spanish officials in the colonies
● Residencia- public investigation and trial of outgoing
archbishop.
colonial officials
-Under the archbishopric of Manila were the bishopric of
- Governor-General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera-
Cebu, Nueva Caderes and Nueva Segovia.
his enemies filed
-The Ecclesiastical Government was headed by the
unfounded charges against
Archbishop of Manila, who was appointed by the Pope
him, resulting in his imprisonment
upon the recommendation of the King of Spain. ● Visita- a secret investigation of an official’s conduct as a
-Serving under him were the bishops who administered public servant
the parishes under their jurisdiction.
-The church, like the civil gov’t, had a court of justice THE PLAZA COMPLEX
called Ecclesiastical Court or Archbishop’s Court and ● Can best illustrate this politico-religious structure of the
colonial government of the country under Spain
was composed of the Archbishop, the vicar-general, ● Plaza or town center- brings them close to the church, the
notary, & other officials. convent, the municipio, the marketplace, and the
cemetery
● “Under the peal of bells” or bajo de las campanas
THE INQUISITION
-The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical office, who’s duty
was to search for heretics and those guilty of preaching
● Galleon trade- trade across the pacific
ECONOMIC CHANGES - only privileged persons, such as high-ranking
officials, were allowed to
engage in the trade
THE ENCOMIENDA
● Encomienda- a favor from the King, the Spaniard THE MEXICAN SUBSIDY
receiving the favor was given the right to collect tributes ● Annual subsidy- was sent by the Mexican government to
or taxes the Philippines, in order to
● Encomendero- the man who received the favor prevent the government from
● Three kinds of encomienda:
becoming bankrupt
1. Royal encomienda- belonged to the King
2. Ecclesiastical encomienda- belonged to the Church - the subsidy amounted P250,000
3. Private encomienda- belonged to a private individual
THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY
FORCED LABOR ● Economic Society of Friends of the Country- founded by
● Also known as polo y servico Governor Basco; to effectively implement an economic
1. Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for their policy in the colony
work
2. Filipino laborers should not be made to work in distant THE GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES
places where they could not return to their families ● Governor Basco was remembered for his role in
3. The drafting of laborers should not coincide with the establishing government monopolies
planting and harvest seasons ● Tobacco monopoly- the most important monopoly
4. Men who are physically incapable should not be ● The government also had other monopolies, such as those
overworked on wine and liquor, gunpowder, playing cards and anise
5. Forced labor should be resorted to only in cases of or buyo
absolute necessity
6. Number of laborers drafted should be diminished as soon
as laborers from other countries had volunteered to work
● Falla- a fee for Filipino laborers to be exempted from THE ROYAL COMPANY
forced labor ● Governor Basco’s administration was also highlighted by
the establishment of the Royal Company of the
THE TRIBUTE Philippines
● Pay a tribute- in order to raise enough money to finance ● The aims of the company
the administration of the colony ○ Promote the progress of the Philippines by improving the
foreign trade of the colony with Spain
- in cash or kind ○ To develop the natural resources of the Philippines by
- form of recognition of the Filipino’s loyalty encouraging industry, manufacturing, and agriculture.
to the King of Spain
● Sanctorum- a small portion went to the church CHAPTER 6- LEVIE
● Cedula personal- the present equivalent of the residence
certificate class “A”
• Revolts alarmed Spanish Authorities - led to reforms 2 events that foreshadowed the developing
1. Incompetence consciousness of the masses as a different race and
2. Graft and greed society:
3. Restrictive economic policies 1. Tagalog publication of Florante and Laura in 1838 by
Francisco Baltazar
4. Constant quarrels
2. Revolt by Apolinario de la Cruz in Tayabas on 1841
• 1778 - Jose Basco y Vargos (governor general of the
Philippines)
EDUCATION OF SOME FILIPINOS
• Galleon trade was unproductive - only few officials and
religous order benefitted
• Basco encouraged cultivation of crops for export -
coffee, sugar and spices
• Development of mines, offered prizes to those who
excelled in certain fields
• Government Society of Friends of the Country in 1781
- effective implentataion of economic plans
• Royal Company in 1785 - failed to improve foreign
trade
- due to mismanagement and lack of cooperation of
Manila merchants ( want to engage in galleon trade)
• Only government had the right to sell and trade
tobacco
• Led to Basi revolt - 10 000 rebels in ilocos
• Bloodiest revolt recorded during this time.
THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
- opened in 1869 and resulted in the shorter route and travel
LAISSEZ-FAIRE AND THE OPENING OF PORTS time between Spain and Philippines.
Laissez-Faire or “let alone policy”
- a policy that gives full freedom to private individuals ● EFFECTS OF THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL:
○ Spaniards with progressive ideas that advocates freedom
and firms to engage in economic activities without much
and liberties migrated the Philippines.
interference from the government. ○ Spaniards influenced some educated Filipinos and both
were asking the government to introduce changes in the
THE RISE OF THE “FILIPINO” MIDDLE CLASS administration.
○ Influx of progressive books and periodicals to the
country. Sending materials from Spain to Philippines
Inquilos- tenants in a hacienda became easy and inexpensive.
○ Printed literature and magazines
○ Introduction of modern technology (Mail, Telegraph,
Middle class- a group below the aristocratic spanish
Telephone and Manila-Dagupan Railway)
officials but above the masses
○ Encouraged many educated Filipinos to go to Europe to
continue their studies and prove that they were equal of
1. REGULAR PRIESTS
the Spaniards.
- belonged to religious orders (Dominicans, Recollects,
Augustinians, Franciscans)
- Converts Non-christians to Christians
2. SECULAR PRIESTS
- not members of religious orders
LIBERALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES ● Fr. Pedro Pablo Pelaez (1812-1863) - leader of the
● In 1868, a revolution in Spain took place. secularization campaign
Revolutionaries were against Queen Isabel II and when
they won, the Queen was forced to flee to Spain. As a THE CAVITE MUTINY
result of this, the Republic of Spain was born.
January 20, 1872 - mutiny was caused by revocation of
● Governor - General Carlos Maria de la Torre
⁃Arrived Manila in 1869 privelage of shipyard workers to be exempted from
⁃Put into practice liberal FORCED LABOR and from PAYING TRIBUTE to the
● principles of the revolutionists in Spain and showed his Governor-General de Izquierdo
democratic ways ● Indios
⁃Was the best governor-general the Philippines has ever ● Mestizos
● SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS ADMINISTRATION: ● Criollos - Spaniards born in Mexico and exiled in Cavite
- Abolished censorship of the press
- Abolished flogging as punishment
- Solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite La Madrid -led the mutiny
● Spanish soldiers and officers were killed
THE RETURN OF AUTOCRACY ● Priests and some civilians were arrested and was banished
⁃The administration of Governor de la to GUAM
Torre was brief because The Republic of Spain ended in ● GomBurZa were sentenced to death
1870 and was back to monarchy.
Rafael de Izquierdo THE EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA
● Fr. Mariano Gomez
⁃Was appointed governor-general in 1871 to replace de
● Fr. Jose Burgos
la Torre. ● Fr. Jacinto Zamora
⁃He reversed the reforms of de la Torre.
○ Jailed in FORT SANTIAGO
CAMPAIGN FOR SECULARIZATION
Priesthood during the Spanish period was composed of 2 ○Gobernor-General failed to prove convincingly
Classes: but promised to present documents to prove their
guilt
- He went to manila to escape persecution and to
February 17, 1872 continue his studies
- GomBurZa marched from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan - Spanish Authorities harassed him, which
Field
compelled him to secretly sail for Europe in 1880
- Death by Garrote
- In spain, he studies medicine but later on gave it up and
- Filipinos began to feel as Filipinos
devoted his time and energy to writing articles.
CHAPTER 9 - He founded the Fortnightly Newspaper
THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS (1882- 1892) La Solidaridad(Solidarity)
AIMS OF THE NEWSPAPER (Fortnightly Newspaper
THE REFORM MOVEMENT La Solidaridad ):
- Ten peaceful years elapse after the execution of Gomez, 1. To fight reaction
Burgos and Zamora. 2. To stop all efforts to keep the Philippines a backward
- There were threats of persecution for those who would country
oppose or criticize Spanish rule. 3. To extol liberal ideas
4. To defend progress
• Propaganda Movement – Reform Movement - The newspaper became the propaganda arm of the Filipino
- Began in 1882 reformists in Spain.
- Lasted up to the early months of 1892 - Copies were sent secretly to the Philippines and
o La Liga Filipina - founded by Dr. Jose Rizal distributed to educated Filipinos.
- Lopez wrote articles favorable to the Filipinos and
-progressive organization
delivered speeches defending them from the cruel
- propaganda movement charges of Spanish writers
- the idea to assimilate the Philippines as a like Pablo Feced and Wenceslao E. Retana (Anti –
province Filipino)
• Cortes – Spanish Lawmaking body - Lopez called the Philippines “ Pearl of Orient” and “A
• Assimilation - A move to make the Philippines a province piece of the palpitating heart of Spain”
of Spain and the granting of Spanish Citizenship to DEMANDS OF THE FILIPINOS REFORMISTS
Filipinos (EXPRESSED BY LOPEZ):
- Allows Indios to be finally called “Filipinos” 1. Representation in the Spanish Cortes
2. Right to vote
THE IMPORTANT FILIPINO REFORMIST 3. Freedom of Speech of assembly and the press
4. Freedom of commerce
Graciano Lopez Jaena - Great Orator 5. Removal of friars from the Philippines
• Jose Rizal – Great Thinker and Writer 6. The education of the people
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Great Political Analyst and 7. Reforms in the jails of the country
Journalist 8. The abolition of the diezmos prediales or the tithe
consisting of one- tenth of the produce of the land.
- All young men went to Europe to study. JOSE RIZAL
- Born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA - Executed the on Bagumbayan Field ( now Luneta Park/
- Was born in Jaro ( now part of Ilo- Ilo City) on December Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896.
18,1856 - Studied at the Ateneo Municipal and later at the
- Suffered from hunger and illness, died on January 20, University of Santo Tomas
1896 in Barcelona (Spain) - Went to Europe to continue his medical studies
- Parents: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena - Returned to the Philippines and became a founder
- Studied at the seminary of Jaro to become a priest. of La Liga Filipina
- Changed his mind and decided to be a physician.
- Wrote a long story about a certain friar he - At the age of 26 he wrote his first
named Fray Botod novel : Noli Me Tangere(Touch Me Not)
- Fray was greedy, immoral and cruel - In Noli Me Tangere, he exposed the defects of
- the story circulated around Iloilo and Soon. the Spanish administration of the Philippines, the
- The friars hated Lopez because of the story
greed and immorality of the Friars and - Provides an inspiration to the Filipinos who were
questioning their right to remain the Philippines.
superstitions of the Filipinos.
- Lopez Jaena was very active in Masonry and founded
- Second Novel : El Filibusterismo (The Rebel) the Lodge, Revolucion in Barcelona.
- the sequel of the first novel - La Solidaridad (another lodge not to be confused with the
-In this novel, he expressed his political ideas and in newspaper) in Madrid.
- 35 Masonic Lodges
story form. - Walana – Masonic Lodges founded by the women.
• THE AIMS AND STRUCTURE OF THE KATIPUNAN • First Grade – called katipon. Password: Anak ngBayan
• Second Grade – kawal. Password: Gom-Bur-Za
• Andres Bonifacio – laid down three primary objectives • Third Grade – bayani. Password: Rizal
of Katipunan: Civic, Political and Moral. • To recognize each other, member should place the palm of
• Civic – based on the principle of self-help and his right hand on his breast, and as he passed the other
the defense of the weak and the poor. member should close his hand and bring his index finger
• Political – separation of the Philippines from Spain that is and thumb together.
to secure the independence of the colony.
• Moral – teaching of good manners, hygiene and good • THE KATIPUNAN CODES
moral character.
• Bonifacio the one who invented a system of writing
• THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT which wold make it difficult fo the Spaniard to read.
• Bonifacio – the one who attended the only meeting of the • THE KATIPUNAN FLAGS
La Liga Filipina. • Bonifacio wanted a flag to be used by the members as a
• Three Governing Bodies: KataastaasangSanggunian or symbol of their unity.
Supreme Council (Central Government),
the Sangguniang Bayan or Provincial Council • THE TEACHINGS OF KATIPUNAN
(Provincial Government), and
• Bonifacio prepared some sort of Ten Commandments for (4) All men are equal, be the color of their skin
the members. He called these
black or white. One mat be superior to another
“Katungkalang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan”.
These may be described as a Decalouge. in knowledge, wealth and beauty, but cannot be
(1) Love God with all your heart. superior in being.
(2) Bear always in mind that the love of God is (5) He who is noble prefers the honor to personal
also love of Country, and this, too, is love of one’s grains; he who is mean prefers personal profit
fellowmen. to honor.
(3) Engrace in your heart that the true measure (6) To a man with a sense of shame, his word is
of honor and happiness is to die for the freedom of inviolate.
your country. (7) Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be
(4) All your good wishes will be crowned with recovered, but time lost will never come again.
success if you have serenity, constancy, reason, (8) Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
and faith in your acts and endeavour. (9) An intelligent man is he who is cautious in
(5) Guard the mandates and aims of the KKK as speech and knows how to keep the secrets that
you guard your honor. must be guarded.
(6) It is the duty of all to defend, at the risk of their (10) In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of
own lives and wealth, anyone who runs great risks his wife and children; if he who guides moves
in the performance of his duty. toward evil, they who are guided likewise move
(7) Our responsibility to ourselves and the toward evil.
performance of our duties will be the example set (11) Think not of woman as a thing merely to
of our fellowmen to follow. while away time with, but as a helper and partner
(8) Insofar as it is within your power, share your in the hardships of life. Respect her in her
means with the poor and the unfortunate. weakness, and remember the mother who brought
(9) Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you into this world and who cared for you in your
you is the true basis of love – love for your own childhood.
self, for your wife and children, and for your (12) What you do not want done to your wife,
brothers and countrymen. daughter and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter
(10) Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all and sister of another.
good work. Believe, likewise, that the aims of the (13) The nobility of a man does not consist in
KKK are God-given, for the will of the people is being a king, nor in the highness of the nose and
also the will of God. the whiteness of the skin, nor in being a priest
• Emilio Jacinto, close friend and right-hand man representing God, nor in the exalted position on
of Bonifacio. He wrote the Kartilla which consisted of this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who,
13 teachings.
though born in the woods, is possessed of an
(1) A life that is not consecrated to a lofty and
upright character; who is true to his words; who
sacredcause is like a tree without a shadow or a
has dignity and honor; who does not oppress and
poisonous weed.
does not help those who oppress; who knows how
(2) A good deed that springs from a desire for
to look after and loves the land of his birth.
personal profit and not from a desire to do good is
not kindness. • THE WOMEN OF THE KATIPUNAN
(3) True greatness consists in being charitable, in
loving one’s fellowmen and in adjusting every • Bonifacio decided that only wife, sister, daughter of
movement, deed and word to true Reason. a Katipunero , and a few selected women could be
eligible for membership to minimize danger.
• Katipunera’s Duty – aside from helping the male members • At a young age Bonifacio had to support his family after
in their work of propagating the ideas and ideal of the both of his parents died, his
society, was to make the police authorities believe that brothers Ciriaco, Procopio and Troadio & his
no Katipunan meeting was being held in a house. They sisters Esoiridiona and Maxima.
sing and dance in full view of the people in the • Bonifacio taught himself to read and write in bislanguage
street while the male members were holding a meeting in and in time he became literate in Spanish. One of the
a room behind the sala, and in this way, the authorities books he read was the original Spanish version of
were not able to detect the meetings. Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and later, Filibusterismo. He
• Women members were Josefa Rizal also read books on the French Revolution of 1789. When
(president), Gregoria de Jesus (vice p), Rizal was executed on December 30,
Marina Dizon(secretary), and Angeliza Lopez Rizal 1896, Bonifacio felt sad and angry.
(fiscal). • He felt sad because a great Filipino was executed; and he
felt angry with the Spaniards because of what they did to
• THE KALAYAAN Rizal and his cause to fight for justice and liberty.
• Bonifacio was anti-friar and anti-spanish. He hated all
Spaniards, to him they are all same: greedy, immoral,
• Bonifacio & Jacinto believed that they could propagate
cruel & lazy.
their revolutionary ideas by having a printing press. • His poems in tagalong,
• Two visayan patriots form Kalibo & capiz gave
especially Tapunan ng Lingap& Ang Mga Cazadores, att
the Katipunan the money to purchase the printing press, acked the Spaniards furiously. He called the Spaniards
they were Candido Iban & Francisco Del Castillowho
“White cattle”. His poem
won one thousand pesos from a lottery. “Huling Hibik ng Pilipinas” openly called for
• Ulpiano Fernandez & Faustino Duque are
independence from colonial rule.
both Katipuneros and are experienced printers managed • The Revolution of 1896 a.k.a The KatipunanRevolution,
the press.
for it was the katipunan that sowed the seeds of national
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela suggested the name of the independence in the minds of the masses. As founder
newspaper, Kalayaan.
and later became the Supremoof
• In the middle March 1896 the newspaper written in the Katipunan Revolution, and rightly regarded as a
tagalong was published, the Kalayaan contained articles
leading thinker of the Revolution 1896.
written by Bonifacio, Jacinto & Valenzuela. • Bonifacio found Twin soul in the Katipunan-the young
• To mislead the Spanish authorities they put Yokohama as
and intelligent Emilio Jacinto. Born in Tondo, Manila on
the place of publication and Marcelo H. Del Pilar as the December 15, 1875. He first studied ate San Juan
editor.
de Letran and later transferred to the Univerity of Santo
• Jacinto’s Pahayag (Manifesto) & Bonifacio’s poem, Pag- Tomas where he studied Law.
ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (love of country) were published
• Bonifacio came to love this young man who was serious-
in the only issue of the Kalayaan. minded, humble, intelligent and industrious. The two of
• They did not sign their true names for fear that
them greatly influenced the Katipunan.
the Katipunan might be discovered, they used pen • Jacinto, like Bonifacio, wrote in Tagalog, the language of
names instead.
the masses, except for one poem in Spanish, A Mi Patria
• Jacinto – Pingkian and Dimas-Ilaw (To My Country). They believed that the people, the
• Bonifacio – Agapito Bagumbayan
masses, could be reached only through their own
• Valenzuela – Madlang-Away language, so they both wrote in Tagalog. It is for this
reason that Bonifacio and Jacinto succeeded in uniting
• TWIN SOULS OF THE the people behind them.
KATIPUNAN: Andres Bonifacio & Emilio Jacinto • Jacinto wrote such pieces as
the Kartilla, Liwanag at Dilim, Pahayag, Sa Mga Kababa
• The katipunan aimed to make the Philippines a free yan. When the Revolution broke out, he fought side by
country by force of arms. side with Bonifacio. He was assigned to lead the rebels
• Its founder Andres Bonifacio, was born on November 30, in Laguna, he died in Mahayhay, Laguna on April 6,
1863 in a small nipa house now known as 1899 at the young age of twenty-four.
the Azcarraga Street. His parents, Santiago Bonifacio &
Catalina De Castro belonged to the middle
• Santiago Bonifacio – was a tailor, a boatman, and a
former municipal official of Tondo.
• Catalina De Castro – was a Spanish-Chinese of Filipino
origin form Zambales, and worked at a cigarette factory.