Español 3 PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT: PAST PARTICIPLES:

When speaking about the past, you can use either the preterite or the imperfect, depending on the sentence and the meaning
you wish to convey. Compare: A past participles is formed from a verb and modifies a noun or verb.
Este fin de semana tomé una clase de cerámica. Cuando era niño, tomaba clases de escultura.
This weekend I took a ceramics class. When I was a boy, I took sculpture classes.
• When used to modify nouns, like other adjectives, they agree in
• Use the preterite to tell about past actions that happened and are complete. gender and number with the nouns that they modify. (Typically
El sábado, la clase empezó a las 10 de la mañana.
On Saturday, the class started at 10 in the morning.
used with the verb ESTAR .)
• Use the app
• Use the imperfect to tell about habitual actions in the past. La puerta está cerrada. Las puertas están cerradas.
• Support and defend your opinion
Cuando era niño, las clases empezaban a las 5 de la tarde. The doors are closed.
The door is closed.
When he was a boy, the classes started at 5 in the evening.
• Use the preterite to give a sequence of actions in the past. El restaurante está abierto. Los restaurantes están abiertos.
Cuandollegamos la profesora sacó su pintura y sus pinceles y empezó a pintar. The restaurant is open. The restaurants are open.
When we arrived, the professor took out her paint and brushes and began to paint.
• Use the imperfect to give background details such as time, location, weather, mood, age, and physical and mental descriptions.
Eran las dos de la tarde.Estabamos en el parque. Era un día de otoño. Todos estabamos muy contentos.
It was two in the afternoon. We were in the park. It was a day in the fall. We were all very content.
• The past participle can be combined with the verb SER to
• Use the preterite and the imperfect together when an action (preterite) interrupts another that is taking place (imperfect) in the past. express the passive voice. Use this construction when an action is
Estábamos en el taller cuando entró el profesor. being described, and introduce the doer of the action with the word
We were in the shop when the professor entered. “por.”
• Use the imperfect when two or more actions are taking place simultaneously in the past.
Mientras los niños pintaban, el profesor observaba las pinturas. La casa fue construida por los carpinteros.
While the children were painting, the professor observed the paintings. The house was built by the carpenters.

PRESENT PERFECT: La tienda es abierta todos los días por el dueño.

To form the present perfect tense, combine the present tense of the verb haber (the auxilary verb) with a past participle form of the The store is opened every day by the owner.
main verb. You generally use the Spanish present perfect in the same way you use its English equivalent.

No he reparado la bicicleta todavía. ¿Qué trabajos has tenido?

What jobs have you had? • To form the past participle of a verb in Spanish, you add -ado to
I haven’t repaired the bicycle yet.
the stem of -ar verbs and -ido to the stem of -er and -ir verbs.
Here are the present perfect forms using the participle form of hablar.
hablar -- hablado comer -- comido vivir -- vivido
he hablado hemos hablado
I have spoken we have spoken
Irregular Participles:
has hablado
you have spoken
abrir -- abierto decir -- dicho caer -- caído
ha hablado han hablado
componer -- compuesto hacer -- hecho reír -- reído
you/he/she has spoken you all/they have spoken
cubrir -- cubierto oír -- oído
describir -- descrito leer -- leído
POR versus PARA descubrir -- descubierto traer -- traído
Use POR when you want to SAY: Use PARA when you want to SAY: escribir -- escrito creer -- creído
- Duration: HOW LONG - Deadline: TIME LIMIT OR DEADLINE (in the future). morir -- muerto
poner -- puesto
- Substitution or Exchange: EQUAL EXCHANGE Translates to “by”, “for”, “on” or “before”;
resolver -- resuelto
- Motivation: “because of” or “due to” - Purpose: the reason a thing exists. The format will always
romper -- roto
- Movement: HOW ONE TRAVELS be para + infinitive
ver -- visto
- Emotions: liking or disliking INTANGIBLE THINGS - Destination: Tells us where something is going, could go or volver -- vuelto
perhaps should go. In this context para nearly always
translates as “for.
FUTURE TENSE: CONDITIONAL TENSE: SUBJUNCTIVE:
The conditional tense is used to describe events that are not guaranteed to UWEIRDO Triggers
You can express the future in Spanish in three ways: by using ir + a + infinitive,
the present tense, or the future tense. In the future tense, all verbs have the happen. It expresses possibility or probability. It can be used to describe what
same endings. For most verbs, attach the endings to the infinitive. people would do, or what would happen if a certain condition were present. It
Uncertainty/Unreal
translates to “would” plus the main verb in English. No es cierto que
Endings  for  Regular  Verbs:  
Endings  for  Regular  Verbs:   No es claro que
-é -emos   * Attach  ending  to  the  infinitive  (the  whole  verb) No es seguro que
-ás   -ía -íamos * Attach  ending  to  the  infinitive  (the  whole  verb) Es probable que
-á   -án   * Same  for  ar/er/ir  verbs -ías
* Same  for  ar/er/ir  verbs Es posible que
-ía -ían  
Here are the future tense forms of the regular verbs pasar, comer, and pedir: Wish/Want/Desire
pasar pedir Here are the conditional tense forms of the regular verbs pasar, comer, and pedir: Espero que
comer Deseo que
pasaré pasaremos comeré comeremos pediré pediremos pasar comer pedir
Quiero que
pasarás comerás pedirás pasaría pasaríamos comería comeríamos pediría pediríamos
pasará pasarán comerá comerán pedirá pedirán pasarías comerías pedirías Emociones
pasaría pasarían comería comerían pediría pedirían Estoy contento que
Some verbs have irregular stems in the future tense. Note that their future endings Estoy feliz que
(-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -án) are the same as those of regular verbs. The same irregular verbs in the future tense are irregular in the same way for the Estoy furioso que
conditional tense. Note that their conditional endings (-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían) Estoy sorprendido que
are the same as those of regular verbs. Es triste que
caber → cabr- cabré, cabrás, cabrá, cabremos, cabrán Es terrible que
drop final haber → habr- habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habrán Lo siento que
poder → podr- podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podrán drop final “e” final “e” or “i” → “d” drop “e” & “c” Temo que
“e” Yo lamento que
querer → querr- querré, querrás, querrá, querremos, querrán caber → cabr-- poner → pondr-- decir → dir--
saber → sabr- sabré, sabrás, sabrá, sabremos, sabrán Impersonal Expressions 
poder → podr-- salir → saldr-- hacer → har--
poner → pondr- pondré, pondrás, pondrá, pondremos, pondrán of Opinion
final “e” querer → querr-- tener → tendr-- Es bueno que
salir → saldr- saldré, saldrás, saldrá, saldremos, saldrán Es difícil que
or “i” tener → tendr- tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendrán saber → sabr-- venir → vendr-- Es fácil que
→ “d” venir → vendr- vendré, vendrás, vendrá, vendremos, vendrán haber → habr-- valer → valdr-- Es fantástico que
valer → valdr- valdré, valdrás, valdrá, valdremos, valdrán Es importante que
Es imposible que
decir → dir- diré, dirás, dirá, diremos, dirán INDICATIVE VS. SUBJUNCTIVE: Es increíble que
drop haré, harás, hará, haremos, harán
hacer → har- Es mejor que
Indicative states FACTS, CERTAINTY and REALITY.
“e” & “c” Es necesario que
Subjunctive expresses UNCERTAINTY, WISH/WANT, EMOTION, IMPERSONAL Es normal que
Use the SUBJUNCTIVE when: EXPRESSION, REQUESTS/RECOMMENDATIONS, DOUBT and REALITY. Es posible que
Es probable que
*There are two different clauses AND
Es raro que
*The clauses are separated by a connector (QUE) AND SUBJUNCTIVE Irregulars: Es triste que
*The clauses have different subjects Es ridículo que
D ar dé,des,dé,demos,den
Es terrible que
I r vaya,vayas,vaya,vayamos,vayan
)RUPLQJ the SUBJUNCTIVE: Request/Recommendation
S er sea,seas,sea,seamos,sean Pido que
There are three steps involved in forming the subjunctive. Recomiendo que
H aber haya,hayas,haya,hayamos,hayan
1. *RWRWKH<R - AR: -e -emos - ER/IR -a -amos Doubt
2. 'URS³R´ -es -as E star esté,estés,esté,estemos,estén Dudo que
3. $GGRSSRVLWHHQGLQJ S aber sepa,sepas,sepa,sepamos,sean Es dudoso que
-e -en -a -an
Es improbable que
evitar: leer: escribir: -car--QU -gar--GU -zar--CE Es incierto que
No creo que
No es cierto que
tocar: llegar: realizar:
evite evitemos lea leamos escriba escribamos No estoy convencido de que
toque toquemos llegue lleguemos realice realicemos No pienso que
evites leas escribas
toques llegues realices Ojalá
evite eviten lea lean escriba escriban
toque toquen llegue lleguen realice realicen Ojalá que