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Narendra Modi
Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati pronunciation: [ˈnəɾendrə dɑmodəɾ
Narendra Modi
ˈdɑs ˈmodiː]; born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the
14th and current Prime Minister of India since 2014. He was the Chief
Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for
Varanasi. Modi is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and of the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer
organisation. He is the first prime minister outside of the Indian National
Congress to win two consecutive terms with a full majority, and the second
one to complete five years in office after Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[2]
Born to a Gujarati family in Vadnagar, Modi helped his father sell tea as a
child, and has said he later ran his own stall. He was introduced to the RSS at
the age of eight, beginning a long association with the organisation. Modi left
home after finishing high-school in part due to an arranged marriage to
Jashodaben Chimanlal, which he abandoned, and publicly acknowledged only
many decades later. Modi travelled around India for two years and visited a
number of religious centres before returning to Gujarat. In 1971 he became a
14th Prime Minister of India
full-time worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed across
Incumbent
the country in 1975, Modi was forced to go into hiding. The RSS assigned him
to the BJP in 1985, and he held several positions within the party hierarchy Assumed office
until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary. 26 May 2014
President Pranab Mukherjee
Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001, due to Keshubhai Ram Nath Kovind
Patel's failing health and poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj.
Preceded by Manmohan Singh
Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration
has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots,[a] or otherwise
14th Chief Minister of Gujarat
criticised for its handling of it. A Supreme Court-appointed Special In office
Investigation Team found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings 7 October 2001 – 22 May 2014
against Modi personally.[b] His policies as chief minister, credited with Governor Sunder Singh
encouraging economic growth, have received praise.[10] His administration Bhandari
has been criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty, and Kailashpati Mishra
education indices in the state.[c]
Balram Jakhar
Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave the party a majority Nawal Kishore
in the Indian lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, the first time for any Sharma
single party since 1984. Modi's administration has tried to raise foreign direct S. C. Jamir
investment in the Indian economy, and reduced spending on healthcare and
Kamla Beniwal
social welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the
bureaucracy; he has centralised power by abolishing the Planning
Preceded by Keshubhai Patel
Commission. He began a high-profile sanitation campaign, and weakened or Succeeded by Anandiben Patel
abolished environmental and labour laws. He initiated a controversial Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi 1/41
demonetisation of high-denomination banknotes. Described as engineering a Incumbent

political realignment towards right-wing politics, Modi remains a figure of Assumed office
controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist 16 May 2014
beliefs and his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, cited as evidence of an
Preceded by Murli Manohar Joshi
exclusionary social agenda.[d]
Constituency Varanasi
Member of the Gujarat Legislative
Assembly
Contents In office
Early life and education 1 January 2002 – 16 May 2014
Early political career Preceded by Kamlesh Patel

Chief Minister of Gujarat Succeeded by Suresh Patel
Taking office
Constituency Maninagar
2002 Gujarat riots
2002 election Personal details
Second term Born Narendra
Development projects Damodardas Modi
Development debate
17 September 1950
Final years
Vadnagar, Bombay
Indian general elections State, India
Prime Minister (present-day
Governance and other initiatives
Gujarat)
Economic policy
Health and sanitation Citizenship Indian
Hindutva Nationality Indian
Foreign policy
Political party Bharatiya Janata
Defence policy
Party
Environmental policy
Personal life and image
Other political National Democratic
Personal life affiliations Alliance
Approval ratings Spouse(s) Jashodaben
Awards and recognition (m. 1968;
State honours estranged)[1]
Notes Residence 7, Lok Kalyan Marg,
References New Delhi, Delhi,
Bibliography India
External links Alma mater University of Delhi
Gujarat University
Signature
Early life and education
Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in
Website Official website (htt
Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the
p://narendramodi.in)
third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c. 1915–1989) and
Government
Hiraben Modi (born c. 1920).[19] Modi's family belonged to the Modh-
website (http://pmin
Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community,[20][21][22] which is categorised as an
dia.gov.in)
Other Backward Class by the Indian government.[23][24]
As a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station, and said that he later ran a tea stall with his
brother near a bus terminus.[25] Modi completed his higher secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher
described him as an average student and a keen debater, with interest in theatre.[26] Modi had an early gift for rhetoric in
debates, and his teachers and students noted this.[27] Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical
productions, which has influenced his political image.[28][29]
When eight years old, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local shakhas
(training sessions). There, Modi met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him as a
balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS and became his political mentor.[30] While Modi was training with the RSS, he
also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were founding members of the
BJP's Gujarat unit in 1980.[31]
Also in Narendra Modi's childhood, in a custom traditional to his caste, his family arranged a betrothal to a girl,
Jashodaben Chimanlal, leading to their marriage when they were teenagers.[32][33] Sometime thereafter, he abandoned
the further marital obligations implicit in the custom,[34] and left home, the couple going on to lead separate lives, neither
marrying again, and the marriage itself remaining unmentioned in Modi's public pronouncements for many decades.[35]
In April 2014, shortly before the national elections that swept him to power, Modi publicly affirmed that he was married
and his spouse was Ms. Chimanlal; the couple has remained married, but estranged.[36]
Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across Northern and North-eastern India, though few details of where he went
have emerged.[37] In interviews, Modi has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur
Math near Kolkata, followed by the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained
only a short time at each, since he lacked the required college education.[38][39][40] Vivekananda has been described as a
large influence in Modi's life.[41]
In the early summer of 1968, Modi reached the Belur Math but was turned away, after which Modi wandered through
Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati.[42] Modi then went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in
Almora, where he was again rejected, before travelling back to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968–69.[43] Sometime
in late 1969 or early 1970, Modi returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad.[44] There, Modi
lived with his uncle, working in the latter's canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.[45][46]
In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS
headquarters) in the city.[47][48][49] After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he stopped working for his uncle and became a
full-time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS,[46] working under Inamdar.[50] Shortly before the war, Modi took part in a
non-violent protest against the Indian government in New Delhi, for which he was arrested; this has been cited as a reason
for Inamdar electing to mentor him.[50] Many years later Modi would co-author a biography of Inamdar, published in
2001.[51]
In 1978 Modi received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from School of Open Learning[52] at University of
Delhi,[53][54] graduating with a third class.[55] Five years later, in 1983, he received a Master of Arts degree in political
science from Gujarat University, graduating with a first class[56][57] as an external distance learning student.[58]
Early political career

In June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India which lasted until 1977. During this
period, known as "The Emergency", many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were
banned.[59][60] Modi was appointed general secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee
coordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, the RSS was banned.[61] Modi was forced to go
underground in Gujarat and frequently travelled in disguise to avoid arrest. He became involved in printing pamphlets
opposing the government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations.[62][63] Modi was also involved with
creating a network of safe houses for individuals wanted by the government, and in raising funds for political refugees and
activists.[64] During this period, Modi wrote a book in Gujarati, Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In The Struggles of Gujarat),
describing events during the Emergency.[65][66] Among the people he met in this role was trade unionist and socialist
activist George Fernandes, as well as several other national political figures.[67] In his travels during the Emergency, Modi
was often forced to move in disguise, once dressing as a monk, and once as a Sikh.[64]
Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser) in 1978, overseeing RSS activities in the areas of Surat and
Vadodara, and in 1979 he went to work for the RSS in Delhi, where he was put to work researching and writing the RSS's
version of the history of the Emergency.[68] He returned to Gujarat a short while later, and was assigned by the RSS to the
BJP in 1985.[31] In 1987 Modi helped organise the BJP's campaign in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the BJP
won comfortably; Modi's planning has been described as the reason for that result by biographers.[69] After L. K. Advani
became president of the BJP in 1986, the RSS decided to place its members in important positions within the BJP; Modi's
work during the Ahmedabad election led to his selection for this role, and Modi was elected organising secretary of the
BJP's Gujarat unit later in 1987.[70]
Modi rose within the party and was named a member of the BJP's National Election Committee in 1990, helping organise
L. K. Advani's 1990 Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–92 Ekta Yatra (Journey for
Unity).[26][71][72] However, he took a brief break from politics in 1992, instead establishing a school in Ahmedabad;
friction with Shankersingh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat at the time, also played a part in this decision.[72] Modi
returned to electoral politics in 1994, partly at the insistence of Advani, and as party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy
was considered central to the BJP victory in the 1995 state assembly elections.[72][31][73][74] In November of that year Modi
was elected BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for party activities in
Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[73][75] The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader from Gujarat,
defected to the Indian National Congress (Congress, INC) after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha
elections.[26] Modi, on the selection committee for the 1998 Assembly elections in Gujarat, favoured supporters of BJP
leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting Vaghela to end factional division in the party. His strategy was credited as
key to the BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998 elections,[73][76] and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary
(organisation) in May of that year.[77]
Chief Minister of Gujarat
Taking office
In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing and the BJP lost a few state assembly seats in by-elections. Allegations of
abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his
administration's handling of the earthquake in Bhuj in 2001.[73][78][79] The BJP national leadership sought a new
candidate for the chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as
a replacement.[26] Although BJP leader L. K. Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack
of experience in government, Modi declined an offer to be Patel's deputy chief minister, telling Advani and Atal Bihari
Vajpayee that he was "going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all". On 3 October 2001 he replaced Patel as Chief
Minister of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for the December 2002 elections.[80] Modi was sworn in
as Chief Minister on 7 October 2001,[81] and entered the Gujarat state legislature on 24 February 2002 by winning a by-
election to the Rajkot – II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC by 14,728 votes.[82]
2002 Gujarat riots

On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers burned near Godhra, killing approximately 60 people.[e]
The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of the
demolished Babri Masjid.[85][86] In making a public statement after the incident, Modi declared it a terrorist attack
planned and orchestrated by local Muslims.[5][85][87] The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for a bandh across
the state.[88][89] Riots began during the bandh, and anti-Muslim violence spread through Gujarat.[85][88][89] The
government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the
violence.[85][90] The state government stated later that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed.[91] Independent sources
put the death toll at over 2000.[85][92] Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.[93] Numerous women
and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilations of women.[4]
The government of Gujarat itself is generally considered by scholars to have been complicit in the riots,[3][4][5] and has
otherwise received heavy criticism for its handling of the situation.[94] Several scholars have described the violence as a
pogrom, while others have called it an example of state terrorism.[95][96][97] Summarising academic views on the subject,
Martha Nussbaum said: "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that
in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of
the law."[4] The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the
army to patrol the streets, but was unable to prevent the violence from escalating.[88][89] The president of the state unit of
the BJP expressed support for the bandh, despite such actions being illegal at the time.[5] State officials later prevented
riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, and the camps were often unable to meet the needs of those living there.[98]
Muslim victims of the riots were subject to further discrimination when the state government announced that
compensation for Muslim victims would be half of that offered to Hindus, although this decision was later reversed after
the issue was taken to court.[99] During the riots, police officers often did not intervene in situations where they were
able.[4][87][100] In 2012 Maya Kodnani, a minister in Modi's government from 2007 to 2009, was convicted by a lower
court for participation in the Naroda Patiya massacre during the 2002 riots.[101][102] Although Modi's government had
announced that it would seek the death penalty for Kodnani on appeal, it reversed its decision in 2013.[103][104] On 21
April 2018, the Gujarat High Court acquitted Kodnani while noting that there were several shortfalls in the
investigation.[105]
Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, Modi said that "What is
happening is a chain of action and reaction."[4] Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was
his only regret regarding the episode.[106] In March 2008, the Supreme Court reopened several cases related to the 2002
riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and established a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the
issue.[94][107][108] In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri (widow of Ehsan Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Society
massacre), in April 2009 the court also asked the SIT to investigate the issue of Modi's complicity in the killings.[107] The
SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him.[107][109] In
July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the
SIT's position, he said that Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence.[110][111] The Supreme Court gave the
matter to the magistrate's court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March 2012 submitted its final report,
asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jaffri filed a protest petition in response. In December 2013 the magistrate's court
rejected the protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding that there was no evidence against the chief minister.[112]
2002 election
In the aftermath of the violence there were widespread calls for Modi to resign as chief minister from within and outside
the state, including from leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party (allies in the BJP-led
National Democratic Alliance coalition), and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue.[113] Modi submitted his
resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa, but it was not accepted.[114] His cabinet had an
emergency meeting on 19 July 2002, after which it offered its resignation to the Gujarat Governor S. S. Bhandari, and the
state assembly was dissolved.[115][116] Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said that a number of
voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002.[117] In the elections, the BJP won
127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[118] Although Modi later denied it, he made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric
during his campaign,[119][120][121][122] and the BJP profited from religious polarisation among the voters.[117] He won the
Maninagar constituency, receiving 113,589 of 154,981 votes and defeating INC candidate Yatin Oza by 75,333 votes.[123]
On 22 December 2002, Bhandari swore Modi in for a second term.[124] Modi framed the criticism of his government for
human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride, a strategy which led to the BJP winning two-thirds of the seats
in the state assembly.[3][119]
Second term
During Modi's second term the rhetoric of the government shifted from Hindutva to Gujarat's economic
development.[78][3][119] Modi curtailed the influence of Sangh Parivar organisations such as the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
(BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP),[125] entrenched in the state after the decline of Ahmedabad's textile
industry,[78] and dropped Gordhan Zadafia (an ally of former Sangh co-worker and VHP state chief Praveen Togadia)
from his cabinet. When the BKS staged a farmers' demonstration Modi ordered their eviction from state-provided houses,
and his decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with the VHP.[125][126] Sangh
organisations were no longer consulted or informed in advance about Modi's administrative decisions.[125] Nonetheless,
Modi retained connections with some Hindu nationalists. Modi wrote a foreword to a textbook by Dinanath Batra released
in 2014, which stated that ancient India possessed technologies including test-tube babies.[127][128]
Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (who asked Modi for
tolerance in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence and supported his resignation as chief minister)[129][130] distanced
himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. After the elections Vajpayee called
the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had been a mistake to leave Modi in office after
the riots.[131][132]
Questions about Modi's relationship with Muslims were also raised by many Western nations during his tenure as chief
minister. Modi was barred from entering the United States by the State Department, in accordance with the
recommendations of the Commission on International Religious Freedom formed under the aegis of the International
Religious Freedom Act,[133][134] the only person denied a US visa under this law.[135] The UK and the European Union
refused to admit him because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK[136]
and the EU[137] lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister he
was invited to Washington.[138][139]
During the run-up to the 2007 assembly elections and the 2009 general election, the BJP intensified its rhetoric on
terrorism.[140] In July 2006, Modi criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh " for his reluctance to revive anti-terror
legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the national government to allow states to invoke
tougher laws in the wake of the 2006 Mumbai train bombings.[141] In 2007 Modi authored Karmayog, a 101-page booklet
discussing manual scavenging. In it, Modi argued that scavenging was a "spiritual experience" for Valmiks, a sub-caste of
Dalits.[142][143] However, this book was not circulated that time because of the election code of conduct.[144] After the
November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi held a meeting to discuss the security of Gujarat's 1,600-kilometre (990 mi)-long
coastline, resulting in government authorisation of 30 high-speed surveillance boats.[145] In July 2007 Modi completed
2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post,[146] and the BJP
won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election.[147]
Development projects
As Chief Minister, Modi favoured privatisation and small government, which
was at odds with the philosophy of the RSS, usually described as anti-
privatisation and anti-globalisation. His policies during his second term have
been credited with reducing corruption in the state. He established financial
and technology parks in Gujarat and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit,
real-estate investment deals worth ₹6.6 trillion were signed.[78]
The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in
the creation of groundwater-conservation projects. By December 2008,
The Sardar Sarovar Dam during a
500,000 structures had been built, of which 113,738 were check dams, which
2006 height increase.
helped recharge the aquifers beneath them.[148] Sixty of the 112 tehsils which
had depleted the water table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater
levels by 2010.[149] As a result, the state's production of genetically modified cotton increased to become the largest in
India.[148] The boom in cotton production and its semi-arid land use[150] led to Gujarat's agricultural sector growing at an
average rate of 9.6 percent from 2001 to 2007.[151] Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the
Sardar Sarovar Dam, were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project only irrigated 4–6% of the area intended.[148]
Nonetheless, from 2001 to 2010 Gujarat recorded an agricultural growth rate of 10.97 percent – the highest of any
state.[150] However, sociologists have pointed out that the growth rate under the 1992–97 INC government was 12.9
percent.[152] In 2008 Modi offered land in Gujarat to Tata Motors to set up a plant manufacturing the Nano after a
popular agitation had forced the company to move out of West Bengal. Several other companies followed the Tata's to
Gujarat.[153]
The Modi government finished the process of bringing electricity to every village in Gujarat that its predecessor had
almost completed.[152] Modi significantly changed the state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers.
Gujarat expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other rural
electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Although early
protests by farmers ended when those who benefited found that their electricity supply had stabilised,[148] according to an
assessment study corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the expense of small farmers and
labourers.[154]
Development debate
A contentious debate surrounds the assessment of Gujarat's economic development during Modi's tenure as chief
minister.[155] The state's GDP growth rate averaged 10% during Modi's tenure, a value similar to other highly
industrialised states, and above that of the country as a whole.[153] Gujarat also had a high rate of economic growth in the
1990s, before Modi took office, and scholars have stated that growth did not accelerate during Modi's tenure.[156] Under
Modi, Gujarat topped the World Bank's "ease of doing business" rankings among Indian states for two consecutive
years.[157] In 2013, Gujarat was ranked first among Indian states for "economic freedom" by a report measuring
governance, growth, citizens' rights and labour and business regulation among the country's 20 largest states.[153][158] In
the later years of Modi's government, Gujarat's economic growth was frequently used as an argument to counter
allegations of communalism.[3] Tax breaks for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states, as was land.
Modi's policies to make Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of Special Economic Zones, where labour
laws were greatly weakened.[119]
Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development,
poverty relief, nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013, Gujarat ranked
13th in the country with respect to rates of poverty and 21st in education. Nearly 45
percent of children under five were underweight and 23 percent were
undernourished, putting the state in the "alarming" category on the India State
Hunger Index.[159][160] A study by UNICEF and the Indian government found that
Gujarat under Modi had a poor record with respect to immunisation in children.[161]
Over the decade from 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the
rest of the country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the
median of the 29 Indian states.[99] It showed only a marginal improvement in rates of
infant mortality, and its position with respect to individual consumption declined.[99]
With respect to the quality of education in government schools, the state ranked
below most Indian states.[99] The social policies of the government generally did not
benefit Muslims, Dalits, and Adivasis, and generally increased social inequalities.[99] Modi addressing graduates of
Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and citizens the Gujarat National Law
in rural areas or from lower castes were increasingly marginalised. In 2013 the state University in 2012.
ranked 10th of 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index.[7] Under Modi, the
state government spent far less than the national average on education and
healthcare.[99]
Final years
Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's election campaign
in 2007 and 2012 contained elements of Hindu nationalism. Modi only
attended Hindu religious ceremonies, and had prominent associations with
Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign he twice refused to wear
articles of clothing gifted by Muslim leaders.[119] He did, however, maintain
relations with Dawoodi Bohra.[119] His campaign included references to issues
known to cause religious polarisation, including to Afzal Guru and the killing of
Sohrabuddin Sheikh. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim candidates for the
Modi with Anandiben Patel at a
assembly election of 2012.[119] During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to meeting of BJP MLAs after his
identify himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by election as prime minister; Patel
Indira Gandhi during the Emergency, and projected himself as protecting succeeded him as Gujarat chief
Gujarat against persecution by the rest of India.[119] minister.
While campaigning for the 2012 assembly elections, Modi made extensive use
of holograms and other technologies allowing him to reach a large number of people,[117] something he would repeat in the
2014 general election. In the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections, Modi won the constituency of Maninagar by
86,373 votes over Shweta Bhatt, the INC candidate and wife of Sanjiv Bhatt.[162] The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats,
continuing its majority during his tenure[163] and allowing the party to form the government (as it had in Gujarat since
1995).[164] In later by-elections the BJP won four more assembly seats and two Lok Sabha seats held by the INC, although
Modi did not campaign for its candidates.[165] In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the Wharton
School of the University of Pennsylvania cancelled a keynote video-conference speech by Modi following protests by
Indian-Americans.[166] After his election as prime minister, Modi resigned as the chief minister and as an MLA from
Maninagar on 21 May 2014. Anandiben Patel succeeded him as the chief minister.[167]
Indian general elections

In September 2013 Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister in the 2014 Lok Sabha election.[168][169]
Several BJP leaders expressed opposition to Modi's candidature,[170] including BJP founding member L. K. Advani, who
cited concern with leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas".[171] Modi played a dominant role in the
BJP's election campaign.[172][173] Several people who voted for the BJP stated that if Modi had not been the prime-
ministerial candidate, they would have voted for another party.[168][174][175] The focus on Modi as an individual was
unusual for a BJP election campaign.[170][176] The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.[155]
During the campaign, Modi focused on the corruption scandals under the
previous INC government, and played on his image as a politician who had
created a high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat.[155][170] Modi projected himself
as a person who could bring about "development," without focus on any
specific policies.[170] His message found support among young Indians and
among middle-class citizens.[155] The BJP under Modi was able to downplay
concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's commitment
to secularism, areas in which he had previously received criticism.[155] Prior to
Modi meets his mother after winning
the election Modi's image in the media had centered around his role in the
the 2014 elections
2002 Gujarat riots, but during the campaign the BJP was able to shift this to a
focus on Modi's neoliberal ideology and the Gujarat model of development,[173]
although Hindutva remained a significant part of its campaign.[170][174][14] The BJP's campaign was assisted by its wide
influence in the media.[160] Modi's campaign blitz cost approximately ₹50 billion (US$720 million),[155] and received
extensive financial support from corporate donors.[160] In addition to more conventional campaign methods, Modi made
extensive use of social media,[155][170] and addressed more than 1000 rallies via hologram appearances.[14]
The BJP won 31% of the vote,[13] and more than doubled its tally in the Lok Sabha to 282, becoming the first party to win a
majority of seats on its own since 1984.[173][174] Voter dissatisfaction with the INC, as well as with regional parties in North
India, was another reason for the success of the BJP,[174] as was the support from the RSS.[170] In states such as Uttar
Pradesh in which the BJP performed well, it drew exceptionally high support from upper-caste Hindus, although the 10
percent of Muslim votes won was more than it had won before. It performed particularly well in parts of the country that
had recently experienced violence between Hindus and Muslims.[174] The magnitude of the BJP's victory led many
commentators to say that the election constituted a political realignment away from progressive parties and towards the
right-wing.[155][174][177][178] Modi's tweet announcing his victory was described as being emblematic of the political
realignment away from a secular, socialist state towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.[179]
Modi himself was a candidate for the Lok Sabha in two constituencies: Varanasi and Vadodara.[180] He won in both
constituencies, defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi and Madhusudan Mistry of the INC in
Vadodara by 570,128 votes.[181] Modi, who was unanimously elected leader of the BJP, was appointed prime minister by
India's president.[182][183] To comply with the law that an MP cannot represent more than one constituency, he vacated
the Vadodara seat.[184]
Prime Minister
Governance and other initiatives
Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014. He became
the first Prime Minister born after India's independence from the British
Empire.[185] His first year as prime minister saw significant centralisation of
power relative to previous administrations.[128][186] Modi's efforts at
centralisation have been linked to an increase in the number of senior
administration officials resigning their positions.[128] Initially lacking a
majority in the Rajya Sabha, or upper house of Indian Parliament, Modi passed
a number of ordinances to enact his policies, leading to further centralisation Modi with the Chief Minister of
Nagaland, T. R. Zeliang, and Naga
of power.[187] The government also passed a bill increasing the control that it
people in Northeast India,
had over the appointment of judges, and reducing that of the judiciary.[13]
December 2014
In December 2014 Modi abolished the Planning Commission, replacing it with

the National Institution for Transforming India, or NITI Aayog.[188][189] The
move had the effect of greatly centralising the power previously with the planning commission in the person of the prime
minister.[190][187][188][189][191] The planning commission had received heavy criticism in previous years for creating
inefficiency in the government, and of not filling its role of improving social welfare: however, since the economic
liberalisation of the 1990s, it had been the major government body responsible for measures related to social justice.[189]
The Modi government launched investigations by the Intelligence Bureau against numerous civil society organizations and
foreign non-governmental organizations in the first year of the administration. The investigations, on the grounds that
these organizations were slowing economic growth, was criticized as a witchhunt. International humanitarian aid
organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres was among the groups that were put under pressure.[128] Other organisations
affected included the Sierra Club and Avaaz.[190] Cases of sedition were filed against individuals criticising the
government.[128] This led to discontent within the BJP regarding Modi's style of functioning and drew comparisons to the
governing style of Indira Gandhi.[128][187]
Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister; a total of 1,301 such laws had been repealed by
previous governments over a span of 64 years.[192][193][194] He started a monthly radio programme titled "Mann Ki Baat"
on 3 October 2014.[195] Modi also launched the Digital India programme, with the goal of ensuring that government
services are available electronically, building infrastructure to provide high-speed Internet access to rural areas, boosting
manufacturing of electronic goods in the country, and promoting digital literacy.[196][197]
Modi launched Ujjwala scheme to provide free LPG connection to rural households. The scheme led to an increase in LPG
consumption by 56% in 2019 as compared to 2014.[198] In 2019, a law was passed to provide 10% reservation to
Economically weaker sections.[199]
He was again sworn in as Prime minister on 30 May 2019.
Economic policy
The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, based on a
neoliberal framework.[190][200] Modi liberalised India's foreign direct investment policies, allowing more foreign
investment in several industries, including in defence and the railways.[190][201][202] Other proposed reforms included
making it harder for workers to form unions and easier for employers to hire and fire them;[200] some of these proposals
were dropped after protests.[203] The reforms drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the
country's largest unions went on strike, including one affiliated with the BJP.[200] The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, a
constituent of the Sangh Parivar, stated that the underlying motivation of labour reforms favored corporations over
labourers.[190]
The funds dedicated to poverty reduction programmes and social welfare

measures were greatly decreased by the Modi administration.[128] The money
spent on social programmes declined from 14.6% of GDP during the Congress
government to 12.6% during Modi's first year in office.[190] Spending on health
and family welfare declined by 15%, and on primary and secondary education
by 16%.[190] The budgetary allocation for the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, or the
"education for all" programme, declined by 22%.[190] The government also
Modi with other BRICS leaders in
lowered corporate taxes, abolished the wealth tax, increased sales taxes, and 2016. Left to right: Temer, Modi, Xi,
reduced customs duties on gold, and jewelry.[190] In October 2014, the Modi Putin and Zuma.
government deregulated diesel prices.[204]
In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage

foreign companies to manufacture products in India, with the goal of turning
the country into a global manufacturing hub.[190][205] Supporters of economic
liberalisation supported the initiative, while critics argued it would allow
foreign corporations to capture a greater share of the Indian market.[190]
Modi's administration passed a land-reform bill that allowed it to acquire
Modi at the launch of the Make in
private agricultural land without conducting a social impact assessment, and India programme
without the consent of the farmers who owned it.[206] The bill was passed via
an executive order after it faced opposition in parliament, but was eventually
allowed to lapse.[187] Modi's government put in place the Goods and Services Tax, the biggest tax reform in the country
since independence. It subsumed around 17 different taxes and became effective from 1 July 2017.[207]
In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate black money.[208] On 9 November 2016, the government
demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes, with the stated intention of curbing corruption, black money, the use of
counterfeit currency, and terrorism.[209] The move led to severe cash shortages,[210][211][212] a steep decline in the Indian
stock indices BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50,[213] and sparked widespread protests throughout the country.[214] Several
deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.[215][216] In the subsequent year, the number of income tax returns filed
for individuals rose by 25%, and the number of digital transactions increased steeply.[217][218]
Over the first four years of Modi's premiership, India's GDP grew at an average rate of 7.23%, higher than the rate of
6.39% under the previous government.[219] The level of income inequality increased,[220] while an internal government
report said that in 2017, unemployment had increased to its highest level in 45 years. The loss of jobs was attributed to the
2016 demonetization, and to the effects of the Goods and Services Tax.[221][222]
Health and sanitation

In his first year as prime minister, Modi reduced the amount of money spent by the central government on healthcare.[161]
The Modi government launched New Health Policy (NHP) in January 2015. The policy did not increase the government's
spending on healthcare, instead emphasizing the role of private healthcare organisations. This represented a shift away
from the policy of the previous Congress government, which had supported programmes to assist public health goals,
including reducing child and maternal mortality rates.[223] The National Health Mission, which included public health
programmes targeted at these indices received nearly 20%[224][225] less funds in 2015 than in the previous year. 15
national health programmes, including those aimed at controlling tobacco use and supporting healthcare for the elderly,
were merged with the National Health Mission. In its budget for the second year after it took office, the Modi government
reduced healthcare spending by 15%.[226] The healthcare budget for the following year rose by 19%. The budget was
viewed positively by private insurance providers. Public health experts criticised its emphasis on the role of private
healthcare providers, and suggested that it represented a shift away from public health facilities.[227] The healthcare
budget rose by 11.5% in 2018; the change included an allocation of 2000 crore for a government-funded health insurance
program, and a decrease in the budget of the National Health Mission.[228] The government introduced stricter packaging
laws for tobacco which requires 85% of the packet size to be covered by pictorial warnings.[229] An article in the medical
journal Lancet stated that the country "might have taken a few steps back in public health" under Modi.[223] In 2018 Modi
launched the Ayushman Bharat Yojana, a government health insurance scheme intended to insure 500 million people.
100,000 people had signed up by October 2018.[230]
Modi emphasised his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good health.[223] On 2 October 2014, Modi
launched the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ("Clean India") campaign. The stated goals of the campaign included eliminating
open defecation and manual scavenging within five years.[231][232] As part of the programme, the Indian government
began constructing millions of toilets in rural areas and encouraging people to use them.[233][234][235] The government
also announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants.[236] The administration plans to construct 60 million toilets
by 2019. The construction projects have faced allegations of corruption, and have faced severe difficulty in getting people
to use the toilets constructed for them.[232][233][234] Sanitation cover in the country increased from 38.7% in October 2014
to 84.1% in May 2018; however, usage of the new sanitary facilities lagged behind the government's targets.[237] In 2018,
the World Health Organization stated that at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths were averted in rural India after the launch
of the sanitation effort.[238][239]
Hindutva
During the 2014 election campaign, the BJP sought to identify itself with
political leaders known to have opposed Hindu nationalism, including B. R.
Ambedkar, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Ram Manohar Lohia.[128] The campaign
also saw the use of rhetoric based on Hindutva by BJP leaders in certain
states.[240] Communal tensions were played upon especially in Uttar Pradesh
and the states of Northeast India.[240] A proposal for the controversial
Uniform Civil Code was a part of the BJP's election manifesto.[14]
Modi pays obeisance at Tirumala
The activities of a number of Hindu nationalist organisations increased in Temple in Andhra Pradesh
scope after Modi's election as Prime Minister, sometimes with the support of
the government.[128][240] These activities included a Hindu religious
conversion programme, a campaign against the alleged Islamic practice of "Love Jihad", and attempts to celebrate
Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, by members of the right wing Hindu Mahasabha.[128] Officials in the
government, including the Home Minister, defended the conversion programmes.[240] Modi refused to remove a
government minister from her position after a popular outcry resulted from her referring to religious minorities as
"bastards."[128] Commentators have suggested, however, that the violence was perpetrated by radical Hindu nationalists to
undercut the authority of Modi.[128] Between 2015 and 2018, Human Rights Watch estimated that 44 people, most of
them Muslim, were killed by vigilantes; the killings were described by commentators as related to attempts by BJP state
governments to ban the slaughter of cows.[241]
Links between the BJP and the RSS grew stronger under Modi. The RSS provided organizational support to the BJP's
electoral campaigns, while the Modi administration appointed a number of individuals affiliated with the RSS to
prominent government positions.[241] In 2014, Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who had previously been associated with the
RSS, chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR).[14] Historians and former members of the ICHR,
including those sympathetic to the BJP, questioned his credentials as a historian, and stated that the appointment was
part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.[14][242][243]
Foreign policy
Foreign policy played a relatively small role in Modi's election campaign, and
did not feature prominently in the BJP's election manifesto.[244] Modi invited
all the other leaders of SAARC countries to his swearing in ceremony as prime
minister.[245][246] He was the first Indian prime minister to do so.[247]
Modi's foreign policy, similarly to that of the preceding INC government,

focused on improving economic ties, security, and regional relations.[244] Modi Modi at the Banaras Hindu
University in Varanasi
continued Manmohan Singh's policy of "multi-alignment."[248] The Modi
administration tried to attract foreign investment in the Indian economy from
several sources, especially in East Asia, with the use of slogans such as "Make
in India" and "Digital India".[248] The government also tried to improve
relations with Islamic nations in the Middle East, such as Bahrain, Iran, Saudi
Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as with Israel.[248]
During the first few months after the election, Modi made trips to a number of
different countries to further the goals of his policy, and attended the BRICS,
ASEAN, and G20 summits.[244] One of Modi's first visits as prime minister was Modi and US President Donald
to Nepal, during which he promised a billion USD in aid.[249] Modi also made Trump giving a joint statement.
several overtures to the United States, including multiple visits to that

country.[246] While this was described as an unexpected development, due to
the US having previously denied Modi a travel visa over his role during the
2002 Gujarat riots, it was also expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade
relations between the two countries.[246]
In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land exchange deal with Bangladesh
about the India–Bangladesh enclaves, which had been initiated by the
government of Manmohan Singh.[187] Modi's administration gave renewed
attention to India's "Look East Policy", instituted in 1991. The policy was Modi meeting Myanmar's leader
Aung San Suu Kyi in New Delhi in
renamed the "Act East Policy", and involved directing Indian foreign policy
January 2018
towards East Asia and Southeast Asia.[248][250] The government signed
agreements to improve land connectivity with Myanmar, through the state of
Manipur. This represented a break with India's historic engagement with Myanmar, which prioritised border security over
trade.[250]
Defence policy
India's nominal military spending increased steadily under Modi.[251] The military budget declined over Modi's tenure
both as a fraction of GDP and when adjusted for inflation.[252][253] A substantial portion of the military budget was
devoted to personnel costs, leading commentators to write that the budget was constraining Indian military
modernization.[252][254][253]
The BJP election manifesto had also promised to deal with illegal immigration into India in the Northeast, as well as to be
more firm in its handling of insurgent groups. The Modi government issued a notification allowing Hindu, Sikh, and
Buddhist illegal immigrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh to legalise their residency in India. The government described
the measure as being taken for humanitarian reasons but it drew criticism from several Assamese organisations.[255]
The Modi administration negotiated a peace agreement with the largest faction
of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCM), which was announced
in August 2015. The Naga insurgency in northeast India had begun in the
1950s.[255][256] The NSCM and the government had agreed to a ceasefire in
1997, but a peace accord had not previously been signed.[256] In 2015 the
government abrogated a 15-year ceasefire with the Khaplang faction of the
NSCM (NSCM-K). The NSCM-K responded with a series of attacks, which
killed 18 people.[255] The Modi government carried out a raid across the border
The President of Israel Reuven
with Myanmar as a result, and labelled the NSCM-K a terrorist
Rivlin and Chief of General Staff of
organisation.[255] the Israel Defense Forces Gadi
Eizenkot with Modi.
Modi promised to be "tough on Pakistan" during his election campaign, and
repeatedly stated that Pakistan was an exporter of terrorism.[257][258][259] On
29 September 2016, the Indian Army stated that it had conducted a surgical strike on terror launchpads in Azad Kashmir.
The Indian media claimed that up to 50 terrorists and Pakistani soldiers had been killed in the strike.[260][261][262]
Pakistan initially denied that any strikes had taken place.[263] Subsequent reports suggested that Indian claim about the
scope of the strike and the number of casualties had been exaggerated, although cross-border strikes had been carried
out.[257][264][265] In February 2019 India carried out airstrikes in Pakistan against a supposed terrorist camp. Further
military skirmishes followed, including cross-border shelling and the loss of an Indian aircraft.[266][267][268]
Environmental policy
In naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the "Ministry of Environment and
Forests" the "Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change."[269] In
the first budget of the government, the money allotted to this ministry was
reduced by more than 50%.[269] The new ministry also removed or diluted a
number of laws related to environmental protection. These included no longer
requiring clearance from the National Board for Wildlife for projects close to
protected areas, and allowing certain projects to proceed before environmental
clearance was received.[190][269] The government also tried to reconstitute the Modi (right) at CoP21 Climate
Wildlife board such that it no longer had representatives from non- Conference, in Paris, announcing
governmental organisations: however, this move was prevented by the the founding of an International
Supreme Court.[269] Solar Alliance (ISA). November
2015.
Modi also relaxed or abolished a number of other environmental regulations,
particularly those related to industrial activity. A government committee stated
that the existing system only served to create corruption, and that the government should instead rely on the owners of
industries to voluntarily inform the government about the pollution they were creating.[190][270] Other changes included
reducing ministry oversight on small mining projects, and no longer requiring approval from tribal councils for projects
inside forested areas.[270] In addition, Modi lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in the most polluted areas in
the countries.[269] The changes were welcomed by businesspeople, but criticised by environmentalists.[270]
Under the UPA government that preceded Modi's administration, field trials of Genetically Modified (GM) crops had
essentially been put on hold, after protests from farmers fearing for their livelihoods.[271] Under the Modi government
these restrictions were gradually lifted.[271] The government received some criticism for freezing the bank accounts of
environmental group Greenpeace, citing financial irregularities, although a leaked government report said that the freeze
had to do with Greenpeace's opposition to GM crops.[271]
Personal life and image
Personal life
In accordance with Ghanchi tradition, Modi's marriage was arranged by his parents when he was a child. He was engaged
at age 13 to Jashodaben, marrying her when he was 18. They spent little time together and grew apart when Modi began
two years of travel, including visits to Hindu ashrams.[26][272] Reportedly, their marriage was never consummated, and he
kept it a secret because otherwise he could not have become a 'pracharak' in the puritan Rashtriya Swayamsevak
Sangh.[273][53] Modi kept his marriage secret for most of his career. He acknowledged his wife for the first time when he
filed his nomination for the 2014 general elections.[274][275] Modi maintains a close relationship with his mother,
Hiraben.[276]
A vegetarian and teetotaler,[277][278] Modi has a frugal lifestyle and is a workaholic and introvert.[279] Modi's 31 August
2012 post on Google Hangouts made him the first Indian politician to interact with citizens on a live chat.[280][281] Modi
has also been called a fashion-icon for his signature crisply ironed, half-sleeved kurta, as well as for a suit with his name
embroidered repeatedly in the pinstripes that he wore during a state visit by US President Barack Obama, which drew
public and media attention and criticism.[282][283][284] Modi's personality has been variously described by scholars and
biographers as energetic, arrogant, and charismatic.[13][285]
He had published a Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj in 2008, containing profiles of various RSS leaders. The longest was of
M. S. Golwalkar, under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri Guruji ("Guru
worthy of worship").[286] According to The Economic Times, his intention was to explain the workings of the RSS to his
readers and to reassure RSS members that he remained ideologically aligned with them. Modi authored eight other books,
mostly containing short stories for children.[287]
The nomination of Modi for the prime ministership drew attention to his reputation as "one of contemporary India's most
controversial and divisive politicians."[155][288][289][290] During the 2014 election campaign the BJP projected an image of
Modi as a strong, masculine leader, who would be able to take difficult decisions.[155][170][168][174][175] Campaigns in which
he has participated have focused on Modi as an individual, in a manner unusual for the BJP and RSS.[170] Modi has relied
upon his reputation as a politician able to bring about economic growth and "development".[291] Nonetheless, his role in
the 2002 Gujarat riots continues to attract criticism and controversy.[6] Modi's hardline Hindutva philosophy and the
policies adopted by his government continue to draw criticism, and have been seen as evidence of a majoritarian and
exclusionary social agenda.[6][170][13][128]
Approval ratings
As a Prime Minister, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the end of his first year in office, he received
an overall approval rating of 87% in a Pew Research poll, with 68% of people rating him "very favorably" and 93%
approving of his government.[292] His approval rating remained largely consistent at around 74% through his second year
in office, according to a nationwide poll conducted by instaVaani.[293] At the end of his second year in office, an updated
Pew Research poll showed Modi continued to receive high overall approval ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled rating
him "very favorably."[294][295] At the end of his third year in office, a further Pew Research poll showed Modi with an
overall approval rating of 88%, his highest yet, with 69% of people polled rating him "very favorably."[296] A poll
conducted by The Times of India in May 2017 showed 77% of the respondents rated Modi as "very good" and "good".[297]
In early 2017, a survey from Pew Research Center showed Modi to be the most popular figure in Indian politics.[298]
Awards and recognition

Modi was named the Best Chief Minister in a 2007 nationwide survey by India
Today.[299] In March 2012, he appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of
Time Magazine, one of the few Indian politicians to have done so.[300] He was
awarded Indian of the Year by CNN-IBN news network in 2014.[301] In 2014,
2015 and 2017, he was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential
People in the World.[302][303][304] He was also declared winner of the Time
magazine reader's poll for Person of the Year in 2014 and 2016.[305][306] Modi interacting with the school
children after delivering his address
Forbes Magazine ranked him the 15th-Most-Powerful Person in the World in
on Independence Day in New Delhi,
2014 and the 9th-Most-Powerful Person in the World in 2015, 2016 and
15 August 2017
2018.[307][308][309][310] In 2015, Modi was ranked the 13th-Most-Influential
Person in the World by Bloomberg Markets Magazine.[311] Modi was ranked
fifth on Fortune Magazine's first annual list of the "World's Greatest Leaders" in 2015.[312][313] In 2017, Gallup
International Association (GIA) conducted a poll and ranked Modi as third top leader of the world.[314][315][316] In 2016, a
wax statue of Modi was unveiled at Madame Tussaud Wax Museum in London.[317][318]
In 2015 he was named one of Time's "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" as the second-most-followed politician
on Twitter and Facebook.[319] In 2018 he was the third most followed head of the state on Twitter,[320] and the most
followed world leader on Facebook and Instagram.[321][322] In October 2018, Modi received UN's highest environmental
award, the 'Champions of the Earth', for policy leadership by "pioneering work in championing" the International Solar
Alliance and "new areas of levels of cooperation on environmental action".[323][324][325] He was conferred the 2018 Seoul
Peace Prize in recognition of his dedication to improving international cooperation, raising global economic growth,
accelerating the Human Development of the people of India by fostering economic growth and furthering the development
of democracy through anti-corruption and social integration efforts. He is the first Indian to win the award.[326] In
January 2019, PM Narendra Modi, a biographic film starring Vivek Oberoi as Modi, was announced.[327] Following his
second swearing-in ceremony as Prime Minister of India, a picture of Modi was displayed on the facade of the ADNOC
building in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[328] Premiered on 12 August 2019, Modi appeared in a special episode of
Discovery Channel's show Man vs Wild with the host Bear Grylls[329], becoming the second world leader after Barack
Obama to appear in the adventure/survival show.[330] In the show he trekked the jungles and talked about nature and
wildlife conservation with Grylls.[331] The episode was shot in Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand and was broadcast
in 180 countries along India.[332]
State honours
Decoration Country Date Note Ref.

Order of Saudi Member Special Class, The highest
Abdulaziz Al 3 April 2016 honour of Saudi Arabia awarded to [333]
Saud Arabia non-Muslim dignitaries
State Order of
Ghazi Amir Afghanistan The highest civilian honour of [334]
4 June 2016
Amanullah Afghanistan
Khan
Grand Collar of
10 February The highest civilian honour of [335]
the State of Palestine
2018 Palestine
Palestine
United Arab The highest civilian honour of the [336]
Order of Zayed 4 April 2019
Emirates United Arab Emirates
Order of St. Russia [337]

12 April 2019 The highest civilian honour of Russia
Andrew
Order of the
Distinguished Maldives The highest honour of the Maldives [338]
8 June 2019
Rule of awarded to foreign dignitaries
Izzuddin
King Hamad
24 August Member First Class, The third highest [339][340]
Order of the Bahrain
2019 civilian honour of Bahrain
Renaissance
Notes
a. Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the 2002 violence.[3][4][5][6][7]
b. In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no evidence against Modi.[8][9]
c. Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in Gujarat.[6][7]
d. Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi.[6][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
e. The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For example, the BBC says it was 59,[83]
while The Guardian put the figure at 60.[84]
References
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557031?&tb_cb=1
2. Malik, Aman (23 May 2019). "Elections 2019: PM Modi returns with bigger mandate, faces growth challenge" (https://
www.vccircle.com/elections-2019-pm-modi-returns-with-bigger-mandate-faces-growth-challenge/). VCCircle.
Retrieved 23 May 2019.
3. Bobbio, Tommaso (2012). "Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India" (ht
tps://zenodo.org/record/1047619). Third World Quarterly. 33 (4): 657–672. doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.657423 (http
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4. Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2008). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard
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ISBN 978-0-521-68369-2.
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orld/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html). The Independent. London. Archived (https://web.archive.or
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sia-india-17664751) from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
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al/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece). The Hindu. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
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e) from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
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6/world/asia/16iht-letter16.html). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170312085254/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/world/asia/16iht-letter16.
html) from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
11. Menon, Kalyani Devaki (2012). Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India. The University of
Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8122-2234-0. "Yet, months after this violent pogrom against Muslims, the
Hindu nationalist chief minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, went to the polls and won a resounding victory"
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Bibliography
Guha, Ramachandra (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Harper Perennial.
ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9.
Kochanek, Stanley; Hardgrave, Robert (2007). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation. Cengage
Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-00749-4.
Marino, Andy (2014). Narendra Modi: A Political Biography (https://books.google.com/books?id=3ylIAwAAQBAJ).

HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5136-218-0.
Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan (2013). Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times. Westkabd. ASIN B00C4PGOF4 (https://www.
amazon.com/dp/B00C4PGOF4).
External links
Political offices
Preceded by Chief Minister of Gujarat Succeeded by
Keshubhai Patel 2001–2014 Anandiben Patel
Preceded by Prime Minister of India
Incumbent
Manmohan Singh 2014–present
Lok Sabha
Member of the Lok Sabha
Preceded by
for Varanasi Incumbent
Murli Manohar Joshi
2014–present
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9/10/2019 Narendra Modi - Wikipedia

demonetisation of high-denomination banknotes. Described as engineering a Incumbent

Early political career Preceded by Kamlesh Patel

Early political career

Chief Minister of Gujarat

2002 Gujarat riots

Indian general elections

Governance and other initiatives

In December 2014 Modi abolished the Planning Commission, replacing it with

He was again sworn in as Prime minister on 30 May 2019.

The funds dedicated to poverty reduction programmes and social welfare

In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage

Health and sanitation

Modi's foreign policy, similarly to that of the preceding INC government,

several overtures to the United States, including multiple visits to that

Personal life and image

Awards and recognition

Decoration Country Date Note Ref.

Order of St. Russia [337]

53. "Narendra Modi: From tea vendor to PM candidate" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-from-tea-vendor-t

146. "Narendra Modi wins Maninagar by 70,000 votes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131207150752/http://www.hindusta

161. "Sparing Mr Modi's blushes" (https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21656239-missing-data-should-embarrass-prime

188. "Modi replaces Planning Commission, aiming to boost growth" (http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/01/01/india-planning

214. "Thousands Protest Across India Against Currency Policy" (https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/11/28/world/asia/

312. "World's Greatest Leaders 2015: Narendra Modi" (http://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/narendra-modi-5/).

Marino, Andy (2014). Narendra Modi: A Political Biography (https://books.google.com/books?id=3ylIAwAAQBAJ).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narendra_Modi&oldid=914868818"

This page was last edited on 9 September 2019, at 20:45 (UTC).

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