BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA

Nidhika Birla,
Asso. Prof.,
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
Block Diagram

It represents the mathematical relationships
between the elements of the system.

U1 ( s ) G1 ( s ) = Y1 ( s )

The transfer function of each component is placed
in box, and the input-output relationships between
components are indicated by lines and arrows.
Block Diagram Algebra

A graphical tool can help us to visualize the model of a system
and evaluate the mathematical relationships between
their elements, using their transfer functions.

In many control systems, the system of equations can be

written so that their components do not interact except by
having the input of one part be the output of another
part.

In these cases, it is very easy to draw a block diagram that

represents the mathematical relationships in similar manner to
that used for the component block diagram.
Block Diagram Algebra

Using block diagram, we can solve the equations by
graphical simplification, which is often easier and more
informative than algebraic manipulation, even though the
methods are in every way equivalent.

It is convenient to think of each block as representing

an electronic amplifier with the transfer function
printed inside.

The interconnections of blocks include summing points,

where any number of signals may be added together.
Rules # 1, 2

Block in series:
Blocks in parallel with

their outputs added:

Y2 ( s ) Y2 ( s )
= G1G2 = G1 + G2
U1( s ) U1( s )
Rule # 3

Single-loop negative feedback
The overall transfer

function is given by:

Y( s ) G1
=
R( s ) 1 + G1G2

Two blocks are connected in a feedback

arrangement so that each feeds into the
other.
Rule # 3
Rule # 4
Rule # 5
Rule # 6
Rule # 7
Example 1 Y(s)/R(s)?
Example 1 Y(s)/R(s)? (1 of 6 )

Transformation 4 (outside block coming in the loop)

Example Y(s)/R(s)? (cont. 2 of 6)

forward path
CL = Transformation 6
1 − closed loop
Example Y(s)/R(s)? (cont. 3 of 6)

Transformation 1 (Cascade blocks)

Example Y(s)/R(s)? (cont. 4 of 6)

Transformation 6
Example Y(s)/R(s)? (cont. 5 of 6)

Transformation 1 (Cascade blocks)

Example Y(s)/R(s)? (cont. 6 of 6)

forward path
CL =
1 + closed loop
Example 1 (Summary)
Exercise 2

G2
1 + G 2H 2 1+ G 2
G2

G3
1 + G 3H 3
Exercise 2
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3

G1G2G5 + G1G6
T( s ) =
1 − G1G3 + G1G2G4