COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FLUID FLOW

THROUGH DIFFERENT PIPE SECTIONS

Submitted by
Abhishek Bhattacharjee

DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGONEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

AGARTALA 799004, INDIA
MAY 2019

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 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AGARTALA
AGARTALA – 799046, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FLUID FLOW
THROUGH DIFFERENT PIPE SECTIONS
PROJECT REPORT submitted for the fulfillment of the
requirement of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
By
ABHISHEK BHATTACHARJEE (15UCH014)
Under the guidance of
Dr. TARUN KANTI BANDHYOPADHYAY
Asst. Professor, dept. of Chemical Engineering
NATIOAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AGARTALA

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 APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled as COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FLUID FLOW
THROUGH DIFFERENT PIPE SECTIONS by Abhishek Bhattacharjee is
approved for the degree of bachelor of technology.

Examiner

Supervisor

Date

Place

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own

words and where others ideas or words have been included, I have
adequately cited and referenced the original sources I also declare that I
have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and.
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
ideas/data/facts/sources in my submission. I understand that any
violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the
institute and can also evoke penal action from the original sources.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure, I wish to put my deep gratitude and

indebtedness to my respected project guide, Dr TARUN KANTI
BANDHYOPADHYAY., Asst. Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,
NIT AGARTALA for all the advice and valuable guidance that I received from
him throughout this work.

I am also grateful to all who showed their great efforts and guidance at
required times, without which it would have been very difficult to carry out my
project work. Moreover, an assemblage of this nature could never have been
attempted with my reference to the works of others whose details are mentioned
in the references section at the last. I acknowledge our indebtedness to all of
them.

I would like to thank my friends and family members for providing me

with the moral support in course of my project work.

-ABHISHEK BHATTACHARJEE

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Chapter page no.

1. Approval sheet 1
2. Declaration 2
3. Acknowledgement 3
4. Introduction 4
5. Objective 4
6. Literature Review 5
7. Experimental setup 11
8. Numerical studies 12
9. CFD study 13
10.Results 14
11.Conclusion 26
12.Future prospects 27
13.Reference 28

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 INTRODUCTION

• Fluid flow through pipes uses different types of sections like Enlargement,
contraction, elbow bends etc.

• Flowing through bends and fittings fluid losses its energy.

• Vortices are created flowing through different sections where energy is

transferred from larger eddies to smaller eddies.

Thus energy is dissipated

OBJECTIVE

• A comparative study of fluid flow through different pipe sections like

enlargement, contraction, elbow bend etc. in different flow types.

• Here numerical study is carried out by calculating static head from pressure
drop through the apparatus and dynamic head from the flow rate.

• The computational study is carried out by using GAMBIT 6.3 for modeling
and ANSYS 6.3 for simulation.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

NAME OF THE AUTHER , DATE BRIEF DISCUSSION

PAPER

Non Newtonian gas TK Bandyopadhyay, SK Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

and non Newtonian Das analysis for the flow of non-Newtonian and
liquid flow through Publication date gas-non-Newtonian liquid through elbows is
elbows- CFD analysis 2013/1/1 presented. The commercial software Fluent
6.3 has been used for the simulation.
Laminar non-Newtonian pseudo plastic
power law model has been used for the
simulation of non-Newtonian liquid flow
through elbows. For two-phase flow
Elurian-Elurian approach has been used for
simulation.
Gas‐Non‐Newtonian TK Bandyopadhyay, AB The problem of determining the pressure
liquid flow through Biswas, SK Das losses in helical coil is important in design
helical coils— Publication date and analysis of the fluid machinery. It is
pressure drop and 2010/10/26 well known that when a fluid flows through
CFD analysis a curved pipe, the flow pattern becomes
more complex than that of a straight pipe
because of the generation of secondary
flows due to the interaction between
centrifugal and viscous forces. To
understand the interaction between the
two‐phase gas‐ non‐Newtonian liquid flow
through helical coil tube, hydrodynamic
modeling is being performed with a
commercial computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) code—FLUENT 6.3. The modeling
has attempted to describe the results of flow
visualization experiments performed in
transparent helical coil tube
Computational fluid Anirban Banik, Tarun Disc membrane is used to improve the
dynamics simulation Kanti Bandyopadhyay, quality of the effluent of the rubber industry.
of disc membrane Sushant Kumar Biswal Rotation in the disc membrane is produced
used for improving Publication date with the help of the gear that has been joined
the quality of effluent 2017 to the membrane to produce desirable

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produced by the rotational speed. The computational fluid
rubber industry dynamics (CFD) simulation of the disc
membrane is done by using ANSYS Fluent
6.2. The meshing of the geometry of the disc
membrane is done by using Gambit 2.4. 6
and a mesh size of 268,794 has been
selected from the grid-independent study.
Using the laminar model and Fluent 6.2,
prediction of flow phenomena, pressure,
pressure drop, wall shear stress, and shear
strain rate are studied for the disc
membrane. CFD simulated results agree
with our experimental values.
CFD Analysis of Non- Suman Debnath, Tarun Non-Newtonian pseudo plastic liquid flow
Newtonian Pseudo Kanti Bandyopadhyay, through different types of 0.0127 m diameter
Plastic Liquid Flow Apu Kumar Saha pipe bends as well as straight pipe have been
through Bends Publication date investigated experimentally to evaluate
2017/6/29 frictional pressure drop across the bends in
laminar and water flow in turbulent
condition. We have studied here the effect of
flow rate, bend angle, fluid behavior on
static pressure and pressure drop. A
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based
software is used to predict the static
pressure, pressure drop, shear stress, shear
strain, flow structure, friction factor, loss co-
efficient inside the bends for Sodium
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (SCMC) solution
as a non-Newtonian pseudo plastic fluids
and water as a Newtonian fluid. Laminar
Non-Newtonian pseudo plastic Power law
model is used for SCMC solution to
numerically solve the continuity and the
momentum equations. The experimental
data are compared with the CFD generated
data and is well matched
Analysis of flow Manish Orifice meters are the most common
ac
through an orifice S.Shah Jyeshtharaj instruments used for fluid flow measurement
1ab
meter: CFD B.Joshi Avtar because of its ruggedness, simple
c c
simulation S.Kalsi C.S.R.Prasad Daya mechanical construction and other known
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 S.Shuklac advantages. Orifice coefficients are
empirical because of difficulty in accurately
predicting the effects of geometrical
complicacy and flow separation from the
wall on the flow. In the present paper,
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
simulation has been used to predict the
orifice flow with better accuracy. CFD
simulations have been performed using
OpenFOAM-1.6 solver and validated with
the published experimental data of Nail
(1991) and Morrison et al. (1993)
CFD Analysis of a S. Subhas, V F Saji, S. The propeller is the predominant propulsion
Propeller Flow and Ramakrishna H. N Das device used in ships. The performance of
Cavitation propeller is conventionally represented in
terms of non-dimensional coefficients, i.e.,
thrust coefficient (KT), torque coefficient
(KQ) and efficiency and their variation with
advance coefficients (J). It is difficult to
determine the characteristics of a full-size
propeller in open water by varying the speed
of the advance and the revolution rate over a
range and measuring the thrust and torque of
the propeller. Therefore, recourse is made to
experiments with models of the propeller
and the ship in which the thrust and torque
of the model propeller can be conveniently
measured over a range of speed of advance
and revolution rat
a
CFD analysis of S.M.Mahajani It has been well established that heat transfer
a
single-phase flows J.C.Mandal Kannan in a helical coil is higher than that in a
a b
inside helically coiled N.Iyer P.K.Vijayan corresponding straight pipe. However, the
tubes detailed characteristics of fluid flow and
Author links open heat transfer inside helical coil is not
overlay panel available from the present literature. This
paper brings out clearly the variation of local
Nusselt number along the length and
circumference at the wall of a helical pipe.
Movement of fluid particles in a helical pipe
has been traced. CFD simulations are carried
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 out for vertically oriented helical coils by
varying coil parameters such as (i) pitch
circle diameter, (ii) tube pitch and (iii) pipe
diameter and their influence on heat transfer
has been studied. After establishing
influence of these parameters, correlations
for prediction of Nusselt number has been
developed
CFD Analysis of Two P. Bhramara, V. D. Rao, In designing of condensers, the prediction of
Phase Flow in a K. V. Sharma , and T. K. pressure drop is as important as the
Horizontal Pipe – K. Reddy prediction of heat transfer coefficient.
Prediction of Pressure Modeling of two phase flow, particularly
Drop liquid – vapor flow under diabatic
conditions inside a horizontal tube using
CFD analysis is difficult with the available
two phase models in FLUENT due to
continuously changing flow patterns. In the
present analysis, CFD analysis of two phase
flow of refrigerants inside a horizontal tube
of inner diameter, 0.0085 m and 1.2 m
length is carried out using homogeneous
model under adiabatic conditions. The
refrigerants considered are R22, R134a and
R407C. The analysis is performed at
different saturation temperatures and at
different flow rates to evaluate the local
frictional pressure drop. Using
Homogeneous model, average properties are
obtained for each of the refrigerants that is
considered as single phase pseudo fluid. The
so obtained pressure drop data is compared
with the separated flow models available in
literature.

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 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

• The experiment is carried out using Arm field F 1-10 hydraulics bench and
F 1-22 Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings Apparatus.

• The apparatus consists of an enlargement, a contraction, and elbow fitting.

• The dia. Of the pipe is .0183 m.

• The elbow is a 90 ° bend and having the same pipe dia.

• the inlet dia. for contraction and the outlet dia. for enlargement is .024m

FIG:- experimental setup

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 NUMERICAL STUDY

• There will be both major and minor losses in the pipe flow.

• The major loss is due to the skin friction of the pipe and it is given by
Hfs=4f(L/D)(v2/2)

• The minor losses can be because of bending, expansion or contraction.

• Loss due to expansion is Hfe= Ke (v2/2)

• Loss due to contraction is Hfc= Kc (v2/2)

• Loss due to fitting is Hff= Kf (v2/2)

• Therefore the total head loss is

Hf= (4f (L/D) +Ke+Kc+Kf) (v2/2)

Table:-experimental data(Book1.xlsx)
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 CFD STUDY

• Model: - the model considered or all the numeric calculation and simulation
is Laminar and viscous flow of Newtonian fluid through pipe for low
Reynolds number whereas for high velocity flow K epsilon model has been
considered.

• Assumptions: - 1 .the pipe designed by GAMBIT has a dia. of .0183m and

enlargement and contraction dia. Is .024m and the elbow is 90°

• 2. The Newtonian fluid or water as taken for both experiment and

simulation is incompressible and isothermal.

• 3. The skin friction is considered to be the same through the pipe surface.

• For low velocity flow the laminar flow model holds good.

• For high velocity flow K epsilon model holds good

• Boundary condition: - 1. Inlet to the pipe is considered to be velocity

inlet.

• 2. Outlet is considered to be pressure outlet.

• 3. No slip condition is considered and velocity of fluid at pipe walls is

taken as zero.

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 RESULT

Fig:- tetrahedral grid with 0.5 spacing

Pressure contour in laminar flow Pressure contour in turbulent flow

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 Velocity vector for laminar flow

Velocity vector in turbulent flow

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 Strain rate variation in laminar flow

Strain rate variation in turbulent flow

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 Contour of wall shear in laminar flow

Contour of wall shear in turbulent flow

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 For expansion

Expansion grid with spacing 0.5

Contour of static pressure in laminar contour of static pressure in turbulent flow

Flow

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Change of velocity in laminar flow change of velocity in turbulent flow

Contour of shear stress in laminar flow

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 Contours of strain rate in laminar flow

Contours of strain rate in turbulent flow

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 Contraction

Grid for contraction simulation with spacing 0.5

Contour of static pressure in laminar flow

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 Contour of velocity in laminar flow

Contour of velocity in turbulent flow

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 Contour of shear stress in laminar flow

Contour of shear stress in turbulent flow

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 Velocity vector distribution in laminar flow

Velocity vector distribution in turbulent flow

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 Contours of strain rate in laminar flow

Contours of strain rate in turbulent flow

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 CONCLUSION

From the above CFD studies I have plotted the graph comparing the laminar model
K Epsilon model and the experimental data which is as follows

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18
17
16
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14 exp. Data

13 laminar modelexp.data

12 exp data
11 K Epsilon
10

Both the experimental data and the CFD studies are found to be agreeing with each
other and a minor percentage of error is present which we can easily neglect.

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 FUTURE PROSPECT

• From this study we can take different types grids and depending upon their
size and number and we can vary them to see the deviation from actual
result and thus we can go for a grid optimization study.

• By comparing the experimental data and simulation we can study the

laminar and turbulent flow and also the transition zone in between them.

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 REFERENCES

• Experimental and CFD Analysis of Non-Newtonian Pseudo plastic Liquid

Flow through Vertical Helical Coil by Dr. Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay ,
Sudhansu Sandhibigraha, Sudip Kumar Das.

• Gas‐Non‐Newtonian liquid flow through helical coils—pressure drop and

CFD analysis TK Bandyopadhyay, AB Biswas, SK Das

• CFD Analysis of Two Phase Flow in a Horizontal Pipe – Prediction of

Pressure Drop P. Bhramara, V. D. Rao, K. V. Sharma , and T. K. K. Reddy

• Analysis of flow through an orifice meter: CFD simulation S. Subhas, V F

Saji, S. Ramakrishna H. N Das

• Unit operations of chemical engineering by Warren L. McCabe, Julian C.

Smith, Peter Harriett.

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