FACTORS AFFECTING CROP

PRODUCTION
Pite U. Banayag, L.Agr
pitebanayag@gmail.com
+639071788689
Purok 10, Poblacion, Compostela, 8803 Compostela Valley
FACTORS AFFECTING CROP
PRODUCTION
•Crop production can be viewed from
two perspectives:
• CROP level
• PRODUCTION SYSTEMS level

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 CROP LEVEL
•In the form of an equation:

Y = G+E+(GxE)
Where, Y = yield
G = genotype
E = environment
G x E = interaction
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 SYSTEMS LEVEL
environment
Inputs systems
Output (Yield)
(resources)

•At production system,

• INPUTS – controllable, manageable resources
such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
• OUTPUT – yield
• ENVIRONMENT – uncontrollable factors
external to the system
• SYSTEM – component crops, processes and
activities JMUBanayag
FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
Climatic (climate & weather)
Abiotic Soil factors (soil components & soil pH,
(Agromet) physicochemical & biological properties)
ENVIRONMENTAL
Climatic stresses (drought, salinization,
lahar, el niño, la niña, greenhouse effect,
ozone, global warming)
Biotic
Beneficial organisms (pollinators,
decomposers, natural enemies)
Pests (arthropods, pathogens, weeds, vertebrate
pests

Y = G + E (G X E) Anthropogenic --- evolution-based (allelopathy)

Genotypes (variety, cultivar)

GENETIC Selection indices (major crops)

GMOs (concepts/developments)

HUMAN Socio-economic aspects

 ENVIRONMENT AND ITS COMPONENTS
Function of
a) latitude
b) altitude
c) topography
• Sunshine d) geography
• Temperature • Near uniform in tropics
• Wind movement Climate • High seasonal variation in
higher latitudes
• Precipitation (seasonal pattern)
• Atmospheric (stable  year- Climate is major determinant
of plant geographic
humidity round) distribution
• Mist
• Fog natural
vegetation and
Weather cultivated crops
(Deviations from
the pattern) Effect on diversity of
species
except those produced
through breeding and
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genetic manipulation
 EXTERNAL FACTORS
(Environmental Factors)

Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors

• CLIMATE • Beneficial organisms
• Light
• Temperature • Pests
• Atmospheric gases
• Relative Humidity
• Climatic Stresses
• SOIL FACTORS
• Biotic factors
• Beneficial organisms
• Pests

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ENVIRONMENT FOR CROPS
Location and Site
Location and Site
Location – refers to the geographical
position or the place where the crop
enterprise is situated in relation to a
city or town or another point of
designation. (e.g. in Publacion
Compostela)
Site – refers to the actual place where the
given crop is produced. (e.g. along
CVSC)
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Location and Site
• Dictates the following:
–Kind of crops to grow
–Production cost (labor, inputs, etc.)
–Management practices
–Accessibility (transport cost –
product and inputs)
–Cropping pattern
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Factors to be considered when
evaluating site/location for
suitability to agricultural enterprise
establishment:
1. Ecological factors
2. Economic factors
3. Sociological factors (Peace and
order)
4. Biological factors
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B. Ecological Factors
b.1. Climate and weather factors
-temperature - wind - relative
humidity
-rainfall/precipitation - light

b.2. Topography
-contour - terrain
-elevations -drainage system
- depression - ease of transportation
 Climate and Weather
Climate – defined as the general state
of the atmosphere at given location
over a long period of time.
Weather – is the expression of the day
to day conditions of the atmosphere
at a given location.

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Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall

Type I –
two pronounced seasons :dry from Nov.
to April and wet during the rest of the year;
dry season lasts for 3-7 months. Western
part of the island of Luzon, Mindoro,
Negros and Palawan

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Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall

Type II –
No dry season with a very pronounced max.
rainfall from Nov- Jan. .Catanduanes,
Sorsogon,Eastern part of Albay, Samar, eastern
Leyte and eastern Mindanao
Type III –
Seasons not very pronounced; relatively dry
from Nov. to Apr and wet during the rest of the
year; short dry period of 1-3 months. Cagayan
Valley, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Negros, Souhtern
Cebu, and northern Mindanao
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Climate in the Phil based on Rainfall

Type IV –
rainfall more or less evenly distributed
throughout the year. Batanes Islands,
western parts of Camarines sur and Albay,
Quezon, western Leyte, northern Cebu,
Bohol and most of central, eastern and
southern Mindanao

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Crop Climatic Requirements

•Temperature --- optimum temperature

during growing season

•Water --- total water requirement during

cropping

•Light --- required daylength and degree of

shading tolerated by the crop

•Wind --- sensitivity to wind movement or

typhoons

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 Climate and Weather
• Temperature- decrease with increasing
altitude ( 0.5-0.6 0C for every 100 m of
elevation gained)
• Phil- has generally high temp.; average
temp-27 0C ; May – hottest month;
January – coolest

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Temperature range

•13.2-24.6 ⁰C in highlands
Baguio (1,200 m asl elevation)

•23.3-30.05 ⁰C in lowlands
•Laguna (22 m asl elevation)

•100 m ↑ = ↓ 0.5-0.6 ⁰C

•Monthly average temp.

•lowest in January (22.5 ⁰C)
•highest in May (28.2 ⁰C)
Temperature and Crop Adaptation

LOW ELEVATION HIGH ELEVATION

Mean: 23 – 30 oC 13 – 25 oC
Extremes: 17 – 37 oC

Warm Season Crops Improved cultivars not

• Field Crops sensitive to altitude and
• Fruit Trees low temperatures
• Vegetables

Cool Season Crops

During cold months Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower
Improved cultivars Peas, Carrot, Potato, Snap
bean
Celery, Lettuce, Calla lily
Improved cultivars not
Shasta daisy, Dahlia, Carnation
sensitive to high Strawberry, Grape, Lychee
temperatures Sweet orange, Tea, Coffee
(arabica)

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 3 Cardinal Temperature affecting
plant processes:
1. Minimum temperature
• below which velocity of reaction
becomes zero

2. Optimum temperature
• reaction velocity is at maximum

3. Maximum temperature
• above which reaction velocity
becomes zero JMUBanayag
 Classification of Crops based on
Temperature requirement
1. Cool season
• Cole crops (cabbage, broccoli,
cauliflower), peas, potato, Shasta
daisy, carnation, tea, etc.

2. Warm season – Rice, banana

3. Tropical – Coconut, pineapple

4. Sub-tropical – citrus
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 Threshold high Temperature for
some crops
Crop Plants Threshold Temperature Growth Stage
0C

Wheat 26 Post anthesis

Corn 38 Grain filling
Cotton 45 Reproductive
Pearl millet 35 Seedling
Tomato 30 Emergence
Brassica 29 Flowering
Cool Season 25 Flowering
pulses 34 Pollen production
Groundnut 41 Flowering
Cowpea 34 Grain yield
Rice
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 Vernalization
•Low temperature exposure
•Requirement of crops for
flowering, crop maturation, and
germination
•Lettuce germination
•Flowering in Aster

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 Solar Radiation
• most important factor that affect crop yield
• 3 aspects of light:
1. Intensity (foot candles or lux)
2. Duration or daylength (hours from
sunrise to sunset)
3. Wavelength (Angstrom or
nanometers)

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 Light intensity
• Only about 47% of sun’s energy reaches the
earth’s surface
• PAR – Photosynthetically active radiation is
used by plants to fix CO2 during Ps
 Amount of light should be above light
compensation point before plants can
grow
 Photoenergetic effect – photosynthesis
 Photocybernetic effect – plant development
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Classification: Light intensity

1. Heliophytes
– Sun-loving plants
– Light saturated at about 5,000 ft.
candles
– corn, upland rice, cowpea, peanut,
sweet potato, watermelon,
papaya, banana, citrus, various
vegetables
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Classification: Light intensity

2. Sciophytes
– Shade-loving
– Light saturated at about 500 ft.
candles
– Black pepper, cacao, coffee,
lanzones, mangosteen, durian,
ginger, vanilla, gabi

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 Crop and Light

Light Saturation Point --- light

intensity where photosynthetic
activity is at maximum

Sun-loving Shade-loving Shade-tolerant

Most field crops Lanzones, Cacao Pineapple, Papaya
Coffee Mangosteen, Ginger

 65% of ornamental  35% of ornamental

crops crops

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 Photoperiodism
1. Day-neutral plants
– Flowering not regulated by daylength
– Kidney bean
2. Short-day plants
– Plants that flower in short days
Chrysanthemums, pineapple, coffee
3. Long-day plants
– Plants that flower in long days
– Wheat, Aster
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 Crop and Light

Photoperiodism
• response to daylength

Photoperiodic Plants (Short-day; <11

hrs)
• Some rices (Japonicas, Traditional Indicas)
• Soybean, Winged bean
• Pineapple, Kinaf
• Poinsettia, Chrysanthemum
• Onion & garlic (bulb formation)
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 Light intensity

• Short day plant-

requires short days or
long nights to flower.
• Critical day length
– 14 - 15 hours for flower
initiation
– 13 -14 hours for
development.
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 Lighting for chrysanthemum

Growth phase Weeks from planting Photoperiod

Up to 4-5 weeks from Long day: 13 hrs light
Vegetative phase planting till the plant attains and 11 hrs dark
50 to 60 cm height
5 -6 weeks after planting till Short day: 10 hrs light
Flowering
harvest and 14 hrs dark
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 Photoblastism
1. Positively photoblastic
– Germination is influenced by light
– Grasses, Lettuce, carrot, mustard
2. Negatively photoblastic
– Germination is inhibited by light
– Melon, pumpkin, cucumber

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 Wavelength

• Light → wide range of electromagnetic

radiation
• Biological window of light (300-1000 nm)
→ biological effects
• Visible light : Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow,
Orange, Red (400-700 nm) →
corresponds to photosynthetic photon flux
(PPF)
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 Wavelength

• Red and Blue – effective in

photosynthesis
• Far-red and red – effective in
photoperiodism
• Far-red (700-800 nm) – influences
morphogenesis
• Ultraviolet light → causes damage on
plants
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 Plastic Film Properties
UV Block

Proper Light Transmission

Improper Light Transmission
Not Allowing Harmful U.V.
Harmful U.V. Entering Inside
Transmission
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http://www.essenpoly.com/greenhousefilm.htm
Water Supply
– Quantity
• Availability during season and years
• Availability during drought
– Quality
• Salt content
• Toxic levels of B or other nutrients
-Source – nearness to water supply
• Lake, pond, river, or well

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 Influence of Water on Plants

• As a reactant in many biological reactions

(e.g. hydrolysis)
• It enters into the structure of many biological
molecules such as carbohydrates
• Serve as a medium for transport of nutrients
from the soil and photosynthates
• Help regulate favorable plant temperature
during transpiration

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 Plant Types: Moisture Need

1. Xerophytes
– Plants in arid environments (cactus)
2. Hydrophytes
– Aquatic plants
3. Mesophytes
– Land plants – most of the
economically grown plants
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Water System / Management

• Irrigation
–important in improving yield and
quality of crops
–Permits the use of production
improvement factors in farming
–Makes more effective use of
water-holding capacity of soil to
grow crops during dry season
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 Water System / Management
• Includes drainage for waterlogged
soils, diversion, harvest, and storage
of water
• water conservation/management
practices are proving effective in
stabilizing and improving crop yield

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 Water Requirement of Some Crops
Crop Growing Consumptive
Period (day) Use (cm)
Field Crops
Rice 90-120 72 (WS)
112 (DS)
e.g.
Cassava 240-356 50-250
Corn 100 55
Submerged condition  rice, taro
Mungbean 60-68 41
Peanut 90-150 50-60
Tolerant to periodic waterlogging  jute,
Soybean 80-90 53
sorghum
Sugarcane 300-365 132
Vegetables Crops
Sensitive to waterlogging  papaya,
Cabbage 70-90 30
durian, rambutan
Eggplant 90-120 48
Garlic 90-120 36
Tolerant to drought  sorghum, cashew
Lettuce 40-50 30
Mustard 40-60 41
Okra 60-90 30
In many common crops, they require
Onion 90-100 46
Pechay 40-60 30
700-1000 tonnes of water to produce
Tomato 80-100 46
one ton DM
Watermelon 75-95 46
 Drought
• The insufficiency of rainfall/moisture
which affect plant growth
• Absolute drought – 29 consecutive
days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm
• Partial drought – 15 consecutive days
without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm

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CLIMATE AND WEATHER
• Wind – area near coast/lakes experience
daytime wind or sea or lake breeze
- Normal wind speed in the Phil- 7.2 kph
- tropical cyclone (63-118 kph)– June to
December
- July –Dec – typhoon months
- ¾ of the Phil is within tropical cyclone belt
- Southern Phil – relatively typhoon-free

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 Effects of strong winds

1. Crop lodging
2. Subsequent yield reduction
3. Grin shattering
4. Affects transpiration
5. Straight, upright, curved growth
6. Sterility due to pollen loss
7. Reduced CO2 levels esp. in enclosed
spaces
8. Disease spores dispersal
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 Crop and Wind

Normal wind velocity in Phils. = 7.2 km/hr

Wind Speed Affected Process / Part /
(km/hr) Structure
> 30  Pollination
 Inflorescence
 Damage on leaf
40 – 56  Severe damage on crown
> 65  Severe damage on whole plant / uprooted

Crop Characteristic Crop

Crops sensitive Coconut, Banana, Abaca, Coffee
to strong wind Cacao, Mango, Rice, Corn
Most field crops

Crops resistant Sineguelas (Spondias), Some palms

to strong wind Pandan, Bamboo
Soils Factors
Physical properties Chemical properties
 Topography  Soil reaction (pH)
 Texture (sand, silt, clay)  Soil OM
 Structure  CEC
 Depth  Soil fertility status –
 Color soil amendments
 Drainage (internal and used
external)  Soil moisture

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Soils
Biological properties
Microorganisms –
beneficial as well
as pathogenic.
Soil decomposers
(e.g. earth worms)

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 Soil Properties
a. Soil texture – smoothness or gritness of
soil which depends on the proportion of
variously sized particles
b. Soil structure – a function of the
arrangement of the soil particles and the
space between them
 These are related to the soil workability
and water holding capacity

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Soil Texture
• It also influences
several properties
such as aeration,
pore space
distribution, WHC
and drainage
characteristics.

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Soil structure
• For agricultural use, the best
type is a stable or large
granular “crumb” structure
with biologically formed
sponge-like aggregates of
0.1–1 cm formed by
earthworms in combination
with string-forming fungal
hyphae or gum-producing
microbes.

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Soil water
• Soil water added by rain or irrigation is stored up to the WHC of
the soil, which is also called the field capacity.
Bulk density
“Degree of compaction”

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Porosity
• Measures the relative proportion of pores space system in
the soil.

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Hydraulic conductivity

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 Textural Class: Sand

• Course Texture
• 0.10 – 2.00 mm diameter particles
• Excellent aeration and drainage
• Low cation exchange
• Fast permeability by water
• Low water/nutrient-holding-capacity
• Easy tillage and erodibility by water

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Textural Class: Silt loam
• Medium Texture
• 0.002 – 0.05 mm diameter particles
• Good aeration and drainage
• Medium cation exchange
• Moderate permeability by water
• Moderate water/nutrient-holding-capacity
• Moderate tillage and erodibility by water

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 Textural Class: Clay
• fine texture
• Less than 0.002 mm diameter particles
• poor aeration and drainage
• high cation exchange
• Slow permeability/ penetrability by water
• High water/nutrient-holding-capacity
• Difficult tillage and erodibility by water

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 Soil
Soil Fertility Status
 Organic matter --- indicator of N fertility (>2%)
 Nutrient levels --- limiting?

Soil Texture
 Sand-silt-clay composition of the soil

Clay Sandy Loamy

Fine-textured Coarse-textured Moderately course-textured
Sticky Light Medium
High amount of Low amount of High amount of nutrients
nutrients nutrients than sandy soils
High water-holding Low water-holding High water-holding capacity
capacity capacity than sandy soils
Poor drainage High drainage Better drainage than clayey
soil
High organic matter
Good for lowland rice Good for root crops Best soil for crop production
• Soil depth --- soil surface to lower layer of
the soil
• Obstructions below the root zone are: bedrock,
gravel, hardpan
• Water (at least 80 cm)
• Deep soils --- appropriate for trees and typhoon-prone
areas
• Top soil is where majority of nutrients are obtained
• Subsoil is the storage region for water and
determines depth of plowing.

Slope --- related to cropping patterns and

water management
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Soil Factors
• Ideal soil – 45% mineral + 5% organic
matter and 50% pore space filled with half
water and half air.
• Texture - 70% sand, 15% silt, 15% clay
- clay loam – best overall in drier areas
- Sandy loam – better in wet area

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Soil Factors
• Color
- dark soil- high OM and good texture
- red and yellow- high level of iron oxides
- gray or yellow brown – indicator of poor
drainage
- whitish or light colored soil – presence
of quartz, carbonate or gypsum

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Soil
Soil pH --- acidity or alkalinity of a soil (1–14 units)

pH Range Soil Characteristics Nutrient Availability

3 – 3.9 Strongly acid  High or toxic levels of Al
& Mn
 Poor structure
 Low microbial activity
4 – 5.9 Moderately acid  Low levels of Ca, Mg, P &
Mo
 Poor structure
 Low microbial activity
6 – 6.9 Slightly acidic
7 Neutral
Best for crop production
7.1 – 7.5 Slightly alkaline
7.6 – 8 Alkaline
>8 Strongly alkaline Low Fe, Mn, Cu & Zn
C. Economic Factors
1. Cost of land
2. Local taxes
3. Available labor
4. Economic status of the people
5. Facilities
- electricity
- communication
- transportation
- storage facilities
-roads (Farm-to-Market)
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D. Sociological Factors/ Human
Factor
• Population – source of labor, religion,
traditions, culture, belief
• Peace and order
• Law enforcement
• School, churches, recreational facilities
and hospitals

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 Social, Economic and Political
Issues
• Climate Change RA 9729
• Biofuel act RA 9367
• Sustainable Agriculture
• Organic Act RA 10068
• High Value Crops RA 7900
• CARL – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law
– Republic Act 6657
– Establishment of big corporate farms is illegal
– Retention limit is only 5 ha of land per family
plus 3 ha for each eligible heir
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 HUMAN FACTORS
Farmer’s preference

• Species or variety to be Farmer’s capability

planted financial
technical
• Level or intensity of others
productivity
• Level or intensity of Cultural/social practices
cultural management
• land preparation Others
laws and regulations
Peer pressure
• postharvest activities Others
• Marketing and other
activities
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E. Biological Factors

• Prevalence of pests and diseases to

plant and humans
• Existence of Animals (wild and
domesticated animals)
• Weed population

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 BIOTIC FACTORS

A. BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS
1. Pollinators – aside from wind as “pollen carrier”  moth, bats, bees, birds,
beetles, butterflies

2. Decomposers – “breaking down of organic remains”

• bacteria and fungi

• Invertebrates --- detritus feeders
 Earthworms
 Millipedes
 Larvae of flies and beetles

3. Natural pest enemies – “non-destructive to crops but keep down population of

destructive pests”
• Lady bird beetles  feed on aphids
Pests NE
• Wasps  feed on larva of
• insect pests some insects

Crop • diseases • BT  larval stage of some insects

• Mites  mite (red spider mite)

• Spiders  flying insects

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 BIOTIC FACTORS

B. PESTS

1. Insects – “six-legged creatures with pair of antennae and wings  feed on

plants  defoliators, sap feeders, stemborers, root feeders

2. Pathogens – “induce disease in plants”

• bacteria
• fungi
• viruses
3. Weeds – “unwanted plants in a particular place” --- compete for light,
water and nutrients

4. Vertebrate & Invertebrate Pests

• rodents • slugs
• birds • snails
• bats
• nematodes
• monkeys

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