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Can lead to deprivation, so needs are not met. Understand how to respond
appropriately.
"I should."
1.1 .4 Defenses
Ways the ego tries to solve the twin problems of:
Mediating conflict between desires of the id and restrictions of
the superego.
Keeping person connected to reality at the same time.
Important:
— All defenses are unconscious ( below the level of awareness) .
\ Important Concept
2.1.2 Denial
Refusal to accept some feature of objective reality.
\ Important Concept
Expected first response to bad medical news . Denial: Refusal to accept reality
2.1 .3 Splitting
The world seen in terms of extremes .
Things are seen as "all good " or " all bad . " Can rapidly shift from
\ Important Concept
2.2.3 Displacement
Redirecting emotion or behavior to a different target .
\ Important Concept
The person who has the emotion or reaction stays the same, Displacement: Redirection to a
but the target shifts (contrast with projection ) . different target
2.2.4 Regression
Returning to an earlier level of functioning.
Regression often happens when people are tired, afraid, hungry,
or in pain. Frequently seen in medical settings.
\ Important Concept
2.2. 5 Somatization
Real, objective physical symptoms produced by psychological
processes.
\ Important Concept
Somatization: Psychological
Feelings manifest as physical symptoms .
action produces physical
" Symptom replaces anxiety. " symptoms
Examples:
Woman says she is not sad about her divorce, but complains
of headaches and GI upset.
Baseball player reports that his hands shake just before he
steps up to bat.
At the extreme, produces the somatic disorders .
2.2.8 Intellectualization
Emotion expunged and replaced by excessive cognition.
A Important Concept
Intellectualization: Emotion
Intellect accentuated to push out feelings .
pushed aside and replaced with
Not conveying useful information, but keeping up the flow of excessive cognition
cognition as a way to avoid underlying emotion .
Examples:
Academic discussions, philosophical musings, focusing on
numerical data while talking with patient.
Physician speaking to patient who has a gunshot injury
uses Latin anatomic terms and describes the physics of
bullet velocity.
Manifest
T
behavior
2.2.11 Undoing
An action that reverses or fixes the unacceptable or intolerable.
Focal and behavioral .
A Important Concept
2.2.12 Rationalization
Inventing a reason why the normally unacceptable is OK .
Unconscious justification .
Not reasoning about what to do, but giving reasons why
\ Important Concept
2.2.14 Dissociation
Separating oneself from difficult or unbearable experiences .
k Important Concept
Person is having an experience, but is shielded from feeling the Dissociation: Self separated
full emotional weight of events . from experience
"Third- person experience" of events affecting you .
Feeling as if in a dream - like state, floating, feeling that things are
in slow motion.
Example:
A woman who was raped says that during the rape she felt as if
she were floating on the ceiling instead of being within her own
body (depersonalization ).
In extreme form, it produces dissociative disorders . Also seen
in substance abuse and in PTSD .
Differentiate from repression.
3.1 Suppression
Conscious decision to push something out of consciousness.
\ Important Concept
Suppression: Conscious
Content can be recovered from the unconscious by the right cue decision to push things into
or stimulus. unconscious
Person has the ability to access the emotion later and accept it:
A medical student forgets about his workload while at a party,
but then remembers the test he has to study for as he returns
to his room.
As the music began to play, the woman suddenly recalled a boy
she dated in high school .
Different from repression in that content can be recalled .
B.2 Humor
Venting of unpleasant feelings by laughter.
Not just a covering, but a release of feelings. You feel better after
\ Important Concept
3.3 Altruism
Helping others without apparent return to self.
Important Concept
Person gets unconscious benefit from:
• Making the world a better place. Altruism : Doing good to feel
• Relieving guilt that we have that others do not. good
Storing up credits to balance out future bad behaviors .
Examples:
A man who lost a leg in an accident volunteers at camps for
children with physical disabilities.
A ruthless business man donates to and takes great interest in
the local orphanage.
A wealthy woman volunteers weekly at a soup kitchen for
the poor.
3.4 Sublimation
Gratification is achieved by altering a socially unacceptable desire
into one that is acceptable.
\ Important Concept
Examples:
Professor becomes a helpful mentor for a female student to
whom he is attracted .
Becoming a nutritionist to overcome personal obesity.
•A pedophile becomes a child photographer.
Manifest
behavior
Acceptable Unacceptable
Figure 5-3.4 Sublimation
3.5 Transference
In transference, emotions and reactions to someone in the past are
unconsciously carried forward and applied to someone in the present.
Unconscious process, but not a defense.
\ Important Concept