Histo 166 Notes

January 31, 2019

THE PHILIPPINES IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

Changes that affected Philippine society
 Developments in the Philippine economy
a. The decline of the galleon trade
b. Increasing demand for agricultural products (tobacco, hemp, sugar)
i. Opening of Philippine ports
ii. Acquisition of private landholdings
 Bureaucratic changes
a. Reorganization, creation, and expansion of bureaucratic offices
b. New employment opportunities for Filipinos
*highest level of bureaucracy was controlled by the Spaniards
The Philippine society in the late 19th century
 Cullinane’s Framework of Analyzing Filipino (Elite)
a. Municipal Elites
i. Held the highest municipal offices
ii. Usually owned and controlled land or property
iii. Gobernadorcillos or capitan municipal->principalia
iv. Central focus of political life: Casa Tribunal (municipal hall)
v. Big men of small towns
b. Provincial Elites
i. Possessed wealth, status, and/or power
1. Exceeded that municipal elites
2. Not confined to a single municipality
ii. Held large landholding province, other properties in the
provincial capital or regional commercial centers
iii. Had power and therefore considerable influence in the larger
society
iv. Usually viewed as the caciques
v. Big men of several towns
c. Urban Elites
i. Emerged from the 3 urban centers: Manila, Iloilo, Cebu
ii. Most likely mestizos in origin
1. Chinese and Spanish mestizos to multi-ethnic urban
elites
iii. Had properties, landholdings, and economic interests spread
throughout the provinces linked to the three cities
iv. From very wealth and influential families
v. Exhibited ostentatious and cosmopolitan lifestyles
d. Urban Middle Class Sector
 i. Filipinos whose income were from salaries related to their
employment in the bureaucratic or commercial offices in
Manila, Cebu, Iloilo
ii. Landless, but employed
iii. Central focus of political life: oficina
*In regard to wealth & power, the most influential were the urban & provincial elites
Who Were The Masses?
 Made-up the non-elite Filipinos (90 % of the population)
 Majority were farmers, fishermen, peasants, manual/unskilled laborers
 Interaction with the elites: Landlord-Tenant Relations
a. Apparent change brought about by the socioeconomic developments
b. Personalistic
c. Tenant as Client and Landlord as Patron
THE ILUSTRADOS
The Ilustrados & Their Role in Philippine Society
 Who are the Ilustrados
a. highly educated individual, most of whom had obtained university
degrees or professional titles
 Not all Ilustrados were from wealthy families, and not all educated Filipinos
were Ilustrados
b. Distinguishing mark: advanced education
 How did they emerge
c. Changes in the era of education: 1860s -> more access to higher
education
 Importance of the Ilustrados
d. Had a significant impact on the direction of Philippine political affairs
e. Saw themselves as legitimate leaders and spokesmen of the people
f. Affirmations:
i. Efforts of the Katipunan to collaborate w/ them
ii. Aguinaldo’s dependence on the knowledge and advice of the
ilustrados
iii. Veneration of an ilustrado archetype: JOSE RIZAL
 “Education and participation of educated Filipinos in the colonial
bureaucracy led to the development of elite concepts of national identity and
consciousness and to the reform movement”

The Ilustrados & The Philippine Revolution

 “ The Katipunan, the revolutionary society of the 1890s, was established and
led mostly by moderately educated representatives of Manila’s urban middle
sector and the municipal elites, mostly of Cavite, with only minimal
participation from the ilustrados.
 Nevertheless, the violence and devastation during the revolutionary era
(1896-1897) shattered the lives of ilustrados everywhere and created a new
environment for political involvement by the start of 1898.”
EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACE DURING THE FIRST PHASE OF THE REVOLUTION
(1896-1897)
The Cry of Pugadlawin
 August 23, 1896

Attack On Manila
 Scheduled attack on Manila was planned: Aug. 29
 Did not materialize:
a. Lacked men
b. Insufficient arms
c. Lacked coordination
d. Spaniards were well-defensed
 Powder magazine at San Juan Del Monte

In Other Places…Cavite
 Successful attacks against the Spaniards
 The rise of Emilio Aguinaldo
a. Dubbed as a hero of the hour: Imus encounter against Spanish troops
b. General Miong
 2 Factions of Katipunan in Cavite:
c. Magdalo
i. Led by Baldomero Aguinaldo
ii. HQ: Kawit
d. Magdiwang
i. Led by Mariano Alvarez
ii. HQ: Noveleta
Tejeros Convention
 A general meeting was held on March 22, 1897
 Continued discussion regarding the form of government
a. Revolutionary Government
b. Election filled with drama
 Bonifacio: “will of the majority should be obeyed and followed”
c. President: Emilio Aguinaldo
d. Vice President: Mariano Trias
e. Captain-General: Artmio Ricarte
f. Director of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
g. Director of the Interior: Andres Bonifacio
Significance of the Tejeros Convention
 From the Council of Katipunan to Revolutionary Government
 Change of Leadership: Andres Bonifacio to Emilio Aguinaldo
 Marked the end of Bonifacio
The Naik Military Agreement
 Bonifacio: Establish a new independent government
o Problematic Posed danger to the revolutionary government
  Bonifacio was ordered to be arrested, was tried, and was found guilty of
treason and sedition
Aguinaldo in Biak na Bato
 Aguinaldo had to go to Northern Bulacan to strengthen his position
 He established a republican government: The Biak na Bato Republic
o Short-lived
o Had a constitution copied from the Cuban constitution
The Truce of Biak na Bato
 The revolution continued to spread, Spain had to do something:
o Philippines-last possession in the East
o It was willing to call for a truce
o Pedro Paterno was sent as a mediator and negotiator
 Aguinaldo and his men would go into exile abroad
 Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3
installments:
o P400,000 upon departure of Aguinaldo and his men
o P200,000 when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded
700
o The remaining P200,000 when the Te Deum was sung and general
amnesty was proclaimed by the governor
 Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of P900,000 to civilians who
suffered in armed conflict
Failure of the Truce
 Trust Issues
o Resistance continued
 Breaking the promise
Aguinaldo & the Revolutionary Leaders in Hong Kong
 Government-in-Exile
o Supreme Council of Representatives of the People
o Hong Kong Junta
What Happened to the P400,000
 Invested the money
o Deposited in HSBC and in the Charted Bank of Australia, India and
China
 4% interest per annum
o Funded the expenses of the exiles such as lodging
 Emilio Aguinaldo was entrusted for safe-keeping
 Intended to use the principal to start a new insurrection
INITIAL CONTACTS BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTIONARIES AND THE
AMERICANS (1898-1899)
Misunderstandings Between Aguinaldo and Pratt
A Matter of Diplomatic Practice
 Translation factor: they do not know how to speak in English
 Filipinos were naïve
o Putting down agreements in writing
 o Still in the process of struggling to be free, no experience of fine
diplomatic relations
o Undesirable frame of mind: Tendency to believe what they wanted to
believe
 The Teller Amendment
THE SECOND PHASE OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
The American Angle
 The Cuban Revolution in 1895
o Between Cubans and Spaniards
o US had no official part, but was helping Cuba because of economic
interests
 Intercepted Letter by A Spanish Gov’t Official Dupuy De Lome
o Letter was published and made public
o Letter calling US Pres. McKinley as a low politician and weakling
o Turned the public opinion in America against Spain. American citizens
wanted to declare war against Spain
 American Warship Maine blew-up
o February 15, 1898, Havana Harbor
o Around 250 Americans died
o Became America’s battle cry
 Results of the investigation: inconclusive
o Prompted US to act
o Talks on declaring war with Spain
 Declaration of War
o US Congress formally declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898
o Dewey sailed to the Philippines via Olympia and entered Manila Bay
almost undetected on May 1, 1898
The Battle of Manila Bay
 America defeated an Imperial Power
o Spanish ships outnumbered the Americans, but they were poorly
armed
Aguinaldo’s Return
 Aguinaldo went secretly to Singapore
o Feud with Isabelo Artacho over the division of P400,000
o Meetings with US Consul Pratt
o Aguinaldo was eager to return to the Philippines
o Returned to HK, but Dewey already left for Manila Bay
 Back in Hong Kong
o Used some of the P400,000 to purchase arms and ammunitions for the
Filipinos
Road to Aguinaldo’s Return
 Aguinaldo returned in Manila via the American Warship Mc Culloch on May
19
 He wrote proclamations to continue fighting against Spain
 o By the beginning of June, most of Luzon were under the
revolutionaries’ hands
The Siege of Manila
 Americans blocked Manila Bay to prevent Spanish ships from entering or
leaving the bay
 Aguinaldo’s troops surrounded Intramuros
 Cut-off food and water supply
 On June 6 – Aguinaldo’s offer of an honorable surrender to the Spanish Gov.
Gen. Agustin
The Spanish-American Secret Agreement
 Dewey tried to negotiate with Augustin regarding surrender through a
Belgian Consul, Andre
o Madrid did not like it so Augustin was replaced by Gov. Gen. Jaudines
o BUT Jaudines also believed that the Spanish position was already
hopeless
 The Secret Agreement
o Mock Battle
 A staged battle
 Happened on August 13, 1898
 Plan of attack: Dewey’s ship to bombard Fort San Antonio Abad
 American troops advanced towards the walls. Filipino
troops were told that there was no need for their help.
 Attack happened between 9:30-11:20am
 By August 14, Manila was handed to the Americans
PERIOD OF LOCAL REORGANIZATIONS
Declaration of Independence
 A move thought by Aguinaldo as necessary
o To lead the foreign countries in recognizing the country’s
independence
 June 12, 1898 Kawit, Cavite
Creation of the Philippine Flag
Local Reorganization
 Decree of June 18
o First logical step after declaring independence
o Local reorganization of government
o Guerrero: American Presence: Need to consolidate power and widen
the foundation of the revolutionary government
o Elections became the basis for local reorganization
o Voter’s qualifications:
 Citizens of 20 years of age or above
 Friendly to Philippine Independence
 Distinguished for their “high character, social position, and
honorable conduct, both in the center of the community and
the suburb.”
 o Positions:
 Municipal Government/Popular Council:
 Jefe Local or the President of the Town, Three
Councilors, Headman
 Provincial Government
 Governor of the Province and Three Councilors
 Representatives to the Malolos Congress
 Election Commissioner
 Military Head
o Was not easy
o Very elitist in nature
o No significant social change in the political leadership of the provinces
can be discernable
The Masses Continued to Suffer
 Taxes
 Polo
 Corruption
 Abuse of power
Ileto’s Pasyon and Revolution
 Differences in the concept of kalayaan
o Challenge for Aguinaldo to reconcile the contradicting concepts and
aspirations
 Masses
o Brotherhood
o Equality
o Abundance
o Contentment
o Separation of Spain
o Unity: having the same experience of struggle
 Elites
o Separation from Spain
o Sovereignty
o International recognition
o Territory
o Unity: preservation of the orders
The Revolutionary Government
 On June 23, Aguinaldo issued a decree changing the dictatorial government
to a revolutionary government
 The creation of a Congress: the Malolos Congress
Road to Malolos Republic
 The Malolos Congress
o First national congress
o Happened at Barasoain Church on Sept. 15,1898
 Committees Formed in the Congress:
1. Felicitation
 2. Message
3. Internal Regulations
4. Reception
5. Budget
6. Festivities
7. Style
8. Drafting the Constitution
 The Malolos Constitution
o Felipe Calderon drafted the constitution
o Debate: Separation of Church and State
 Representatives were bothered. Although they were anti-friars
they were not anti-Catholic
 BUT voting resulted in separation
o First document produced by the people’s representatives
o Anchored on democratic traditions
o Created a Filipino state with 3 branches: executive, legislative, and
judicial
o Main features:
 Superiority of the Legislative Branch
 Permanent Commision
 Unicameral
o After some amendments, the constitution was promulgated on Jan 21,
1899
o The Malolos Republic was inaugurated on Jan 23, 1899
o PR and Propaganda
 Official organ and privately owned newspapers w/
nationalistic stance came out
o Diplomatic Relations
 Hong Kong Junta
 Members were to represent the Philippines in different
countries
 Felipe Agoncillo
 Important position: assigned to the US
 Failed in his attempt: Secure an audience with Pres.
Mckinley
The Treaty of Paris
 A treaty between Spain and America
 Signed on Dec 10, 1898
 Ratified on Feb 6, 1899
 America paid $20 million for the Philippines to Spain
THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
Immediate Background of the Tension
 Evacuation of Filipino troops from Manila Bay area
 Filipinos troops were not allowed to enter Intramuros
o Non-participation of the Filipinos during the surrender of Manila
  Treaty of Paris
o Cessation of the Philippines by Spain to the United States
 Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
o US Military occupation to expand across the archipelago
Minor Encounters
 Feb 1, 1899 – Americans strayed in the Philippine area
 Feb 2, 1899 – Filipino troops stayed in the American occupied area
Outbreak of the War
 Feb 4, 1899 – William Grayson fired a shot in the area of San Juan Bridge
Conventional Phase and Guerilla Phase
Why the US Won the War
 Superiority of the US Army
 Incompetency of Aguinaldo
 Divisiveness/Disunity
o Ethnic tension
o Rivalry among officials and military commanders
 Geography and Tradition
 Lukewarm support from the masses
 Passage of Time
Demoralizing Events
 Death of Gen. Antonio Luna
 Ouster of Apolinario Mabini
The Battle of Tirad Pass
 Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar delayed the Americans so that Aguinaldo will not be
captured and be able to flee up north.
The Capture of Emilio Aguinaldo
 Letter for Baldomero Aguinaldo was intercepted
 Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by deceit
o Macabebe Scout and General Funston
o March 23, 1901
 April 19, 1901: Emilio Aguinaldo wrote a proclamation to surrender to the
Americans
Military Rule
 The Philippines became under military rule
o Established initially in Manila
o Eventually expanded in other areas
 Goal: Pacification
o To restore peace and order and to put down resistance
Continued Resistance and End of the Philippine-American War
 Balangiga Massacre
o September 28, 1901, Samar
o Led by Gen. Vicente Lukban
o Retaliation by the Americans: Howling Jake Smith
 Miguel Malvar
o Last official General who surrendered, April 1902
 o His capture was considered the end of the Philippine-American War
o Harsh life in Southern Tagalog
 Macario Sakay