COMPARISON STUDY OF SLOPE PROTECTION ALONG PUROK

MAHIGUGMAON ROAD AT KIMAYA, JASAAN, MISAMIS ORIENTAL

A Research Proposal

Submitted To

Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering and Architecture

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines Cagayan de Oro

City

In Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements In

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Submitted By

MARIANNE ANGELI S. ABACAHIN

MARY ABEGAIL B. JADAP

MARIA SHARANIE A. NARADA

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Erosion, slide and other diseases of soil subgrade or cutting slopes of highway

caused by rain seriously undermine safety, stability and durability of subgrade or

pavement that greatly affects the transportation system. Oftentimes, constructing

roadways leaves exposed remnants of excavated soil resulting to its erosive

condition. Due to the rapid increase in population movement to new habitats at

Purok Mahigugmaon, Kimaya, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental means the need of

engineering structures will increase. A slope protection is essential to increase the

stability of slope and secure the public which passes through the roadway.

Provisions in construction do not exclude the safety of the citizens from danger

effects of the existing roadway along the said location as shown in Figure 1 and

Figure 2. The said area is renowned of its mountainous topography which shaped

Figure 1. Actual Site Figure 2. Residents Passing

Through the Road

its sharp valleys beside an existing roadway. Residents from the community and

tourists visiting a nearby resort experiences minor accidents due to undesirable

erosion. A countermeasure along a constructed roadway is essential to avoid soil

erosion. Using slope protection stabilizes the soil and ensures slope security as the

public safety is concerned.

This study focuses to initially assess the affected zone and design a slope

protection that best fit for the area’s profile. A comparison study of retaining wall,

gabion, and grouted riprap in the said location determines the suitable slope

protection necessary. Hence, giving the researchers choices to contrast which

between the three slope protection suits best.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to compare retaining wall, gabion, and grouted

riprap as a slope protection that best fit for the area’s profile. The researchers aim

to analyze each of the soil protection and make an appropriate design, aiming to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the soil classification of the area by using the visual classification

of soil test?

2. What are the designs proposed for each slope protection?

3. What is the estimated cost for each three (3) types of slope protection?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study aims to design and differentiate the three (3) types of slope

protection that could prevent soil erosion in the area. The specific objectives of this

study are as follows:

1. To assess the site’s soil classification and to determine the type of soil

using the visual classification test to be done within University of Science

and Technology of Southern Philippines (USTP) Civil Engineering

laboratory.

2. To analyze the data and provide a design of slope protection for three (3)

different types that is suitable for the area.

3. To estimate the total cost allotted for each three (3) types of the proposed

design.

4. To differentiate the three (3) types of slope protection.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A comparison study of slope protection between retaining wall, gabion, and

grouted riprap will be the main focus of the study in order to mitigate the dangerous

effect of unsupported soil which is beside a roadway. The goal of this study is to

determine which of the three (3) different slope protections will be the most effective

provided by the data tested and gathered by the researchers.

Soil erosion, a problem faced not only at Purok Mahigugmaon road, Kimaya,

Jasaan, Misamis Oriental but also at an high-low connecting elevations bottomed

with weathered soil. Recognizing this problem by creating a design of a slope

protection intended to be constructed within the specific site would greatly help the

community, heightens the preservation of the land which is slowly eroded, and
secures the roadway used by the public. The beneficiaries of this study will be the

community living near the affected area due to its convenient purposes while

passing along the road. Also, the economy’s income would boost especially when

more tourists would come and go to a nearby resort knowing that they are secure

while passing the road.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The study will focus on which of the retaining wall, gabion, and grouted riprap

will be the most suitable slope protection along Purok Mahigugmaon road, Kimaya,

Jasaan, Misamis Oriental. The researchers aim to compare the effectiveness of

each of the slope protection. The study’s scope is from Arante’s residence stretched

towards the end road which is 150-meter in length. This study is limited to a visual

classification test as a form of soil testing and uses the Unified Soil Classification

System (USCS) in order to identify the soil symbol, moisture content, liquid limit,

plastic limit, and the plasticity index of the soil. As for the topographic profile of the

area, the researchers gather the information which is available at the site’s

municipal hall. The estimation of cost will be limited only to the materials used and

labor cost with the assumption of cut-and-fill process.

1.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Variables and processes were known in order to make a design intended for the

affected area. The process is where the actual steps are made by the researchers

for the completion of the design and this includes soil classification, topographic

profile, design of each slope protection, and total estimation cost of each. Figure 3
illustrates the conceptual framework considering the independent and dependent

variables in order for this study to be possible.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1. Soil Classification 1. Design of Slope Protection:

2. Topographic Profile Retaining Wall, Gabion Wall,

Grouted Riprap

2. Total Estimated Cost for each of

the Proposed Slope Protection

Figure 3. Conceptual Framework

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Excavated Soil – extracted soil material by digging or removing of earth.

Exposed Remnants – surface material which is susceptible to erosion due to its

weathered condition.

Grout – a mixture of cement and sand poured into the voids of riprap to ensure

impermeability of the structure intended in the design of the slope protection.

Highway Infrastructure – man-made structure be means of transportation such as

roads and highways.

Liquidity – scaling the limit of natural water content present in a soil sample.

Loose Stones – a form of slope protection which does not need grout application.

Mountainous Topography – the feature of landmass which vastly varies in

elevation and rises very high above the land around it.
Partial Grouting – a design of riprap where some parts are not grouted for

permeability purposes.

Plasticity – the range of the water content within which the soil achieves its plastic

state.

Pneumatic Equipment – a pneumatic concrete placer which is a device in placing

concrete.

Reinforcement – a structure holding the slope for soil stability

Riprap - stones placed as a protection intended to mitigate soil erosion.

Sharp Valleys–depression of land between mountains

Slope Protection – a grouted riprap intended to provide defense of soil which is

vulnerable to erosion.

Soil Classification – a parting of soil class which is classified as sand, silt, clay,

and combinations of different types.

Soil Erosion – removal of soil and rock debris caused by natural agencies such as

rainfall and wind.

Soil Strata – horizontal layers of soil

Steep – the abrupt height difference of the elevation between the road and the cliff

beside it.

Topography – a map showing elevations and feature (such as plain or mountains)

of the site.

Undesirable Erosion – unwanted movement of soil that will cause destruction that

may detriment the security of the public.

Veneer – a thin layer of grout which is formed to bond aggregates.

Voids – spaces made by the riprap which will then be filled by the grout.

Weathered Soil - soil which is exposed to weather conditions.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 STUDIES RELATED TO SLOPE STABILITY

Most frequent and a never-ending problem which occur in a mountainous

roadway are cause by unstable soil slope which concerns the most on highway

infrastructure. (M.J. Thompson et al., 2005).

According to Risk Management for Sediment-related Disaster on Selected

National Highways in the Republic of the Philippines (2002), various factors may

lead to a disaster if not provided by reinforcements includes slope characteristics

such as slope height, slope grade, groundwater, surface water, geology and

topography may result to unsteady slope.

A study on Impacts of Erosion of Street Roads in Sijuwade Area Akure Ondo

State in Nigeria stated that terrain and topography of the area which are from its

natural profile are mostly the causes of erosion and slope problem failures. Another

factors to be considered are soil nature, continuous rainfall, human influence, poor

construction process and maintenance activity; hence, installation of slope

protection to the area is important in order to decrease slope erosion problems and

annual repairs must be done to ensure that the area is well considered and free

from detected failures (Oyedipo, O.J., and November 2013).

A method of assessing stress in particular slope is the slope stability. Stable

slopes are considered when slopes are constant enough to counteract movements

while unstable slopes are analyzed if the movement is more visible for a slope.

Concerning slope analysis, there are four of the most prominent factors and it

includes height variances amongst the slope’s terrain, strength of material used in
creating the slope, relative amount of water in the soil surrounding the slope, and

plants and vegetation covering. Although not always requires, 3D slop analysis is

another trend for determining stability of slopes and has technology advances into a

unique element of the slope stability method as it provides capability to analyze and

observe the actual situation of the slope. Also, it is able to manage more complex

and potentially unknown factors (Norwich University Online, February 2017).

Weather-related geographic hazards, unsafe embankments and man-made

slopes are of major concerns for slope stability. Some specific conclusions arise as

government organization progressively required guaranteeing that there is suitable

protection of sloping facades in order that climate interfaces does not produce

stability problems. First, improve hazard modeling schemes should be accessible

for the assessment of possible unstable slopes. Also, climatic conditions like

precipitation, evaporation and others must become the main driving tool for

variations in the safety factor of a slope. Situations on slope stability hazard include

combining the water seepage modeling with analysis of slope stability while slope

stability management systems related to hazard needs to be planned for situations

most appropriate within the vicinity (Fredlund Delwyn G, July 2007).

A program is proposed to analyze retaining structure focusing on its earth

pressures and structures stability. It is used to design cantilevered structure of

numerous heights and with a number of foundation-backfill tool based on a few

geometrical limits. Procedures in Handbok 016 creates the structure designs are

shown in the finite element and the program is named PLAXIS which mostly used

to inspect if the same material safety factor could be derived in the definite

conditions (Sigurður Már Valsson, June 2011).

 A study at Karabük University Stadium Construction lays an unsupported

excavation results to landslides are examined using software like Geoslopes, Plaxis

and Slide. The study area, in terms of slope stability, is known to be critical. It is

important to perform detailed investigations before engineering structure

constructions since the stadium encountered movement occurred in greater

plasticity clay units containing silt and sand. Finite element (FE) examination and

slice method was used to examine and measure natural slope stability by

considering failures known as the plastic limit condition. Pertaining to factor of

safety calculated using the different mathematical provisions confirm that the

outcome on the program acquired are the same. Moreover, the landslide area is

near to the predicted results on simulation (Fatih Göktepe & Inan Keskin, March

2018).

Due to rainstorm and absence of remedial measures, Saudi Arabie, descent

road is put in danger as to man-made rock slope faces turns to failure along both

sides of 8-meter wide road. The methods of modeling, simulation, and graphical

were applied to assess rock slope failures and whilst remedial actions for failures

were suggested. Nonetheless, thorough slope analysis consists of application of

RMR and GSI rock mass classification system designates if rocks are of medium to

poor value. Weathering and poor rock quality can be the result of higher elevation

debris flow. From the analysis, the intensity of rainfall, block shape and size, joint

sets attitudes, slope face attitudes, and specific gravity are the main causes in

problems on rock slope failure (Bahaaeldin Sadagah, February 2014).

As a solution to the slope related problems, reinforcement is a sustainable

technique to enhance the stability of a vertical area. The design philosophy can also
be used to design soil protecting layout based on the necessary forces for

preserving stability (Engr. G L Sivakumar Babu, 2003).

2.2 GROUTED RIPRAP AS SLOPE PROTECTION

Engr. Pete Lagasse and Engr. Paul Clopper are water resources engineers

who worked on a research with the National Cooperative Highway Research

Program (NCHRP) of the Transportation Research Board (March 2018), which

recognized partially grouted or matrix riprap as a standard for an erosion control

technique. A partially grouted combines to a normal riprap which composed of a

cement-adhesive mixture in a sense of gluing to make the rocks hold together

instead of depending on loose stones which apply as riprap. This method has

proven operational as the partial grouting allows for higher hydraulic stability without

losing its permeability which uses smaller-sized rocks coated and attached on site,

resulting in a riprap solution that coarsely one-half to two-thirds the thickness of a

standard loose stone installation which helps the client save money.

As protecting layers of slope is concerned, lots of systems are deemed

available such as partially grouted riprap which has proved to execute extremely

well, they are flexible to adapt to soil deformations with the possibility of building

comparably thin layers. With partial grouting smaller and such often cheaper

protective cover stones can be used to shape conglomerates with similar resistance

as large one. To assure a thriving application of partial grouted covers, a number of

tests before, during and after installation have to be passed for quality assurance

(M.Heibaum & J.Trentmann, 2010).

Project along Alegria Falls in Pagadian City, Zamboanga Del Sur results to

better experience a safer and smoother travel as the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH) recently completed the upgrading of national highway due

to problems on road protection. Residents experience great deal regarding failures

along the road just like sudden collapse of pavement which affect the transportation

of tourists and crops delivery from the area. The project involves the concreting of

1.97 kilometres of road with grouted riprap for slope protection. As stated, grouted

riprap as a slope protection is the most conventional process considering the type

and properties of soil on the area. As a result, the road improvement will further

boost tourism and economic development in Zamboanga Peninsula. DPWH –

Zamboanga Del Sur First District Engineer Reynerio P. Alcachupas said that this

project would benefit not just the locals but also both local and foreign tourists who

want to visit and explore the beauty of Zamboanga Del Sur ( Mar 24, 2018).

The standard gradations suggested using for grouted riprap applications are

the USCOE Class II with D50 of 8.5, Class III and Class IV, with 10.5, 11.5 to 14.0,

and 14.5 to 17.5 inches, respectively. These approximately interpreted to MnDOT

riprap Classes III, IV, and V. The NCRHP Report states that riprap gradations lesser

than these classes have void spaces that are too small for the grout to penetrate.

Riprap gradations larger than these classes do not have enough contact between

the stones and void spaces are too large to retain the grout. If the void space is too

small, then grouting is not possible however, if the void space is too large, then the

grout will not be retained. Finally, injecting grout with a “spot-by-spot” method

instead of a line method reduces the risk of clogging the voids and preventing

permeability (Jeffrey D. G. Marr, April 2015).

Major riprap stone sizes, compared to small or medium-sized rocks are more

helpful at avoiding erosion. Because of this, major riprap stone sizes may be used

in parts where broad erosion could take place and are frequently placed on the
sides of hills for this purpose. Larger type of riprap stones can also be used to

restore banks that have been somewhat washed away and in drainage drains (Dirk

Braen, March 21, 2017).

2.3 GABION WALL AS SLOPE PROTECTION

Gabion wall is one of the most cost-effective for stabilization of natural slope.

It is preferable to use instead of gravity walls for the efficiency of the drainage. Its

features includes artistically attractive in nature, flexibility, permeable in nature,

lower costs, and environmental friendly. If well designed, fabrication of flexible wires

and its usage that reaches from 30 to 100 years without any distortion makes

gabion components essential (Baran Toprak, et.al., January 2016).

Gabion wall and tiebacks which is known as one of the most common slope

protections, can be recognized as the most flexible procedures for slope

stabilization which shows accurate good results in dynamic and even static forces.

Gabion wall is analyzed in dissimilar loading situations, and then to contract with

earthquake dynamic forces whereas the tiebacks are used to raise the gabion wall’s

stability with the use of GEO5 software. Results shows that in compressed silt

gravel soil (GM) which is in 8.5-meter slope, and with scale of 0.25 horizontal

quantities in consideration to earthquake, the considered gabion wall could be

steady. Tieback=k anchors which is 23 meters with 12-degree slope with respect to

horizontal axis could be used to stable the considered gabion wall. This means that

the blend of gabion wall to the tieback anchors gives a fitting result and it is an

efficient and useful technique for slope stabilization in terms of earthquake and

dynamic forces (Asadpour and T. Akhlaghi, May 2017).

 There is also a study carried out to develop gabions resistance in contrast to

lateral movement by the used of interlocking structure instead of the conventional

stack-and-pair structure. It includes simulating lateral plunges against two

dimensionally equal retaining wall systems constructed conferring to the rectangular

and hexagonal gabion style. As a result of deformation investigation, it observed

that the interlocking design shows better structural integrity than the conventional

box gabion-based wall in resisting lateral movement and therefore permits to be

used as an appropriate scour-arresting method for earth retaining structures

(Mahyuddin Ramli T. Jr., et.al., December 2013)

A test has conducted in order to investigate the behavior of gabion retaining

wall as to its strength and capabilities when piling numbers of gabion box is being

considered. It includes analysis on vertical earth pressure, lateral earth pressure,

deformation actions of reinforcements, probable failure of surface and distortion

actions happened in wall face of the gabions design. The result shows that the

vertical earth pressure is less than hypothetical value and the ratio of vertical earth

pressure to hypothetical value rises nearly linear with rising load. The deformation

performance of reinforcements is both in the third and fifth layer which is in single-

peak distributions, and the spot of the maximum strain is behind the determined

0.3H (where H stands for height) or also called the Rankine theory. The lateral

deformation of wall face rises with increasing load, and the largest lateral

deformation happens in the fourth layer, which lead to a swelling in the mid of wall

face (Lin Yu-liang, et.al, 2010).

Evaluating the potential of gabion wall as roadside safety barrier, a study

directed to test its capacity to balance the natural landscape proposing that they

can be used as a safety barrier for low-volume road locations. In fact, gabion wall
has already used in the country of Nepal, but the impact reaction was not assessed.

This study reports on mathematical and tentative tests performed on a new gabion

wall barrier model. The ideal gabion unit size and mass were tested using multi

body analysis and four sets of 1:4 scaled crash tests were carried out to study the

local vehicle–barrier contact. The barrier model was then finalized and exposed to a

TB31 crash test agreeing to the European EN1317 standard for N1 safety barriers.

The result shows failure based on the rollover of the vehicle and tearing of the

gabion’s front mesh yielding a large width on the sample. It was found out that

although the structure theoretically has the necessary mass to contain a vehicle,

the barrier front face does not have the essential stiffness and strength to cover the

gabion stone filling and hence transmit to the vehicle. As a suggestion to the

design, the importance of strength in front face of gabion walls must be considered

on the design to counteract the impact of vehicles crash on the gabion walls

(Giuseppina Amato, et.al., January 2015)

2.4 RETAINING WALL AS SLOPE PROTECTION

Reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls (RCCRW) are used in

numbers of engineering fields such as tunnels, roads, mines and dams. It is usually

favored due to their benefits economically when compared to other types of

retaining walls. Considering larger heights, RCCRW can be efficiently used if

shelves is provided on its branch. The effective lateral earth pressure on the wall

reduce considerably if the shelves are extended up to break surface which is

advantageous for stability of the wall as compared to a retaining wall without using

shelves. The best location for a shelf for considering single shelf retaining walls is at

7/12th of stem height from top and for two shelves used for double shelf retaining
wall is at 4/12th of stem height up to 7/12th of stem height from top (A. C.

Chougule, et.al. July 2017).

A study conducted for cantilever retaining wall and counter fort retaining wall

to determine its behavior and optimal design. The rate next to each optimal plan for

wall protection in its particular height is calculated by means of volume of concrete

and the amount of steel. The alternative with the smallest cost estimate is selected

as the best design solution. Considering economic factors, cantilever retaining walls

is appropriate for wall heights up to 6 meters and below while counter fort retaining

walls are appropriate for retaining wall heights 8 meters to 10 meters for typical site

conditions. Also it shows that retaining wall with relieving platform is proved to be

most cost effective and advantageous over the cantilever and counter fort retaining

wall. Also, the reduction in cross-sectional in retaining wall with relieving platforms

area decreases the prerequisite of volume of concrete and the amount of steel thus

reducing overall cost (Yash Chaliawala, et.al, December 2015).

A study conducted that Coulomb’s limit equilibrium theory engages active

earth pressure design for retaining wall that considers translational movement of

wall. Earth pressure beside back of the wall is due to the push exerted by a piece of

soil between the wall and a flat transitory to the heel of the wall where tri-axial test

is done to obtain woil-wall friction angle and internal soil friction angle. The basic

equations are recognized by seeing the force equilibrium of a partial soil wedge and

lateral earth pressure quantity which is obtained from the moment equilibrium of the

whole soil wedge (Lin Chen, 2014).

A semi-gravity retaining wall is built to be used as retaining structure in a silty

gravel backfill in Dewarwadi village near Vaijanath temple. Soil samples in three

sections are collected and tested at the top and bottom of the wall caring out its
static stability analysis. The average factors of safety in terms of overturning,

bearing failure and sliding are 4.56, 3.1 and 9.62 respectively which indicates wall’s

safety as the essential factors of safety as determined are 2, 2 and 3 respectively.

But based on sites topography these are too higher, which shows the oversized wall

design. Therefore, for economy and safety, the actual dimensions of the design wall

is as follows; Stem top width=0.2 m, Stem bottom width=1.1 m, Width of base slab=

2.72 m, Thickness of base slab=0.68 m, Heel projection=0.62 m and Toe projection

=1 m. Also the percent saving in materials would be 41.5 % compared to the

existing wall. Also, for the proposed wall the factors of safety with respect to

overturning, sliding and bearing failure are 3.684, 6.970 and 5.14 (Vijayakumar

Sureban, et.al. May 2015).

Investigation in symmetrical gravity retaining walls on different heights is

conducted. Verifications are listed as the forward sliding, overturning, bearing

capacity, and the shears and bending’s in the stem. The heights of the walls in the

study are designated as 2 meters, 3 meters, and 4 meters in order to examine the

outline of the ideal cross-section and the effect of the wall height on the outline.

Furthermore, soil properties; mechanically and physically are kept the same in

order to compare only the influence of the height on the geometry. As a result, walls

cross-section with unlike heights have similar outlines. The outlines of the optimum

cross-sections have wide or greater approach on lower portions, for the footings

and slender stems that have least thicknesses sufficient for bending proofs. Areas

of the optimum cross-sections are less than those of conventional plain concrete

gravity retaining walls and that optimum cross-sections used will considerably

lessen the costs (Errol Sadoğlu, February 2014).

 The stability safety factor increases with the increase of wall friction angle,

soil friction angle, and wall inclination angle which is indicated from the numerical

results based on formula of stability safety factor of retaining wall against

overturning under seismic action. Yet, it also decreases with the increase of

horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient, seismic amplification factor, and backfill

inclination angle. Needless to say, under violent earthquake act, the seismic

increase effect can occur steadily and the influences of friction positions on the

stability somewhat deteriorate in its place. The trends of stability safety factors with

seismic actions are in central agreement under different wall inclination angles and

backfill inclination angles. Matching the calculation results on two approaches, the

overturning stability safety factor by pseudo-dynamic method shows greater than

that by pseudo-static technique (Huang R., Et.al. October 2013).

Retaining wall safety factor in terms of stability against overturning is known

as the relation between the totality of resisting moments and the summation of

overturning moments. The wall may be considered in two different ways:

decreasing the overturning moment or increasing the resisting one, considering the

vertical factor of the active thrust. This procedural note explains that both definitions

are false because the safety factor value depends on the thrust surface being

randomly anticipated in the study. Wall stability in contrary to overturning can also

be evaluated by the position of the resultant force on the base, which is not affected

by the expected thrust surface. In contradiction of overturning, factors of safety

against sliding and bearing capacity are not affected by the expected thrust surface

(M. Ghaly, et.al., March 1999).

Reinforced concrete cantilever wall procedure for the probabilistic analysis of

is established and defined in this study. The external stability on walls under
stationary circumstances is determined and displayed as a sequence method with

connected failure ways. Monte Carlo simulations for assumed probability allocations

of the foundation and backfill material engineering properties are used for the

designs. As a results indicated, risk calculated by the system’s possibility of failure,

is not a linear safety function percentages. The three safety percentages in request

were absolutely connected, with bearing capacity being exposed to higher point of

uncertainty. The degree of correlation was found to have an essential effect on the

system’s probability of failure. Seeing the width of the base as changeable design

parameter, this study also revealed that first-order reliability limits, which are often

applied in engineering practice, may lead to a notable over- or under-estimation of

the plan (Ioannis E.Zevgolis and Philippe L.Bourdeau, April 2010).

Review study considers the related theories to know the reaction of retaining

wall in static and seismic state. The mass of heavy soil is reinforced by retaining

walls in various fields such as irrigation structures, hydraulics, highways, tunnels,

railways, mining etc. Assessment of earth pressure in lateral form is the key factor

to propose a retaining wall. In the steady form, the lateral earth pressure applied by

retained soil only in mass. In some situations, the distortion in retaining wall due to

static filling may be negligibly minor; in others cause significant damage. In

earthquake prone area, earthquake can induce large destabilizing force in retaining

wall and backfill soil, seismically induced force has greater influence on lateral earth

pressure. Earthquakes have caused stable deformations in retaining wall in many

historical earthquakes. In some cases, retaining walls have distorted during

earthquake with devastating economic and physical significances. Temporarily, it is

very much important to accurately evaluate dynamic earth pressure. This review

shows the development of concept to evaluate dynamic lateral earth pressure

based on analytical, experimental and numerical method for computation of

dynamic lateral earth pressure. The current research brings a comprehensive and

categorized review of response of retaining wall system in static condition and

dynamic condition (Yadav, Pankajkumar.Et.al. February 2018).

Good backfill materials in retaining wall structures ought to be used with a

good drainage features to prevent build-up of hydrostatic pressure,. If not available,

water must be stopped from attaining into the backfill material to keep away from

hydrostatic pressure build-up ( Mu’azu Mohammed Abdullahi, June 2009).

2.5 OTHER RELATED LITERATURES

Soils can be classified as Type A, Type B, or Type C. Type A soil is cohesive

and has a greatamount of loose compressive strength or 1.5 tons per square foot

andbigger. Examples of type A soil consist ofsilty clay, sandy clay, clay and clay

loam. Type A soilcannot be covered if it has been previously distressed, if it has

water leaking through it, or if it is depending on vibration from bases such as heavy

traffic or pile drivers. Type B soil is cohesive and has frequently been cracked or

disturbed. Type B soil has averageunconfined compressive strength which is

between 0.5 and 1.5 tons per square foot as estimated. Type B soil containssilt,

angular gravel, silt loam and others that are fissured or near vibration source, but

could otherwise be Type A. Type C soil is the slightest stable category of soil type. It

includes granular soils in which elements don't stick together and cohesive soils

with a low loose compressive strength.It is estimated 0.5 tons per square foot or

fewer that includessand and gravel soils. Soil with water leaking through it is also

automatically classified as Type C soil, regardless of its other characteristics since it

is not stable. It is useful to perform a visual investigation of the construction site

before sudden investigations conducted.

Also studies on other soil stability classification in Nigeria revealed that the

soils contain 6-34 % clay and 72-90 % sand on the slopes which possible

liquefaction is determined. The plot of plasticity index against liquid limit shows that

the soil samples from Anambra and Kogi area in Nigeria are potentially liquefiable.

These values showed that the samples are granular material with soil having

anticipated embankments performance, subgrade and base material as poor-fair,

fair-good and good-poor, respectively. These values indicate stability but care must

be taken as the condition at the site shows that the slope is in its state of impending

failure and should be reinforce by slope protection (Olusegun O. Ige, Tolulope A.

Oyeleke, et.al. 26 October 2016).

It is wise to check both short term and long term conditions in carrying slope

stability analysis for design purposes. For the short term conditions an effective

stress analysis could be used, but this will involve an estimate of the pore pressures

that will be established. Alternatively a total stress analysis could be used, but this

would only be appropriate in cases where the pore pressure changes are entirely

dependent upon stress changes. For long period conditions an effective stress

analysis is normally carried out, since the pore pressures are usually independent

of stress variations. For this analysis estimates of the pore pressures, for example,

by means of flow nets, are required (Bishop, A.W., 1955).

Weep holes are also necessary to a durable slope protection. They allow

water that builds up in the ground along the structure held by the wall to escape. If

there were no weep holes, the built-up water would freeze and expand, making

force pushing out the wall. With less or no water on the terrain, there will not be
enough to freeze and cause problems (Hotton, Peter C., Aug 1999). It must be

provided to allow decrease in lift forces and hydrostatic pressure build up along soil

which is behind the stones (Thomas N. Debo and Andrew Reese, November 2002).

Geotextile was used as flexible reinforcement and filter to stabilized steep

slopes in residual soil and weathered rock or embankments. The geotextile are

usually located in parallel coatings within the slope. It is situated along the slope

cutting across probable sliding surfaces in the soil. The geotextile reduces the pore

water pressure within the slopes during the rainy season, increasing the shear

strength. The geotextile also act as a filter which prevent the internal erosion within

the slope. Lastly, the geotextile reinforces the soil along possible sliding zones or

planes thus, increasing the stability of the slope (Bund. R, 2012).

After the placement of grout, curing and protection begins for at least seven

(seven) days. All grout should be cured from temperature changes and other factors

such as mechanical damage and flowing water. Constant moisture for the grout is a

must and it is obtained by pending, sprinkling, absorptive mats, impervious heat

material, or a membrane-forming remedial compound. Until appropriate strength is

reached and established, no other loads such as human and others are allowed on

the grouted surface (Paul D. Barber, P. E., Dec 11, 2015).

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is the discussion of actual activities from which the collection of

data will rely. This enable the researchers to ensure the effectiveness of the study. It

includes Research Design, Research Setting, Research Instrument, and Flow of

Activities.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This study obtained information with the use of qualitative research

through data gathering from soil analysis and topographic assessmentand evaluate

the collected data in order to create a design suitable for the sites profile.

Specifically, this study use comparison on three (3) different types of slope

protection namely; Grouted Riprap, Gabion Wall and Retaining Wall which will then

analyze based on each specific approach on stability and design procedures.

3.2 RESEARCH SETTING

The study focuses in comparing the three (3) types slope protection to

determine the most effective design for the route along Purok Mahigugmaon,

Kimaya, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental. The first focal point starts from Arante’s

Residence up to 150-meter length. Figure 4 shows the scope of our research

setting.
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

This study uses Google Map to determine two focal points in a map. We will

used data’s from DPWH for determining the topographic profile or otherwise use

engineering instrument to determine its topography. Lastly, sieve analysis and

casagrande are instruments used for classifying the soil and determining its liquid

limit present in the site.

3.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology states series of activities that are vital for the

success of the study. It shows the actual process needed to perform in order to

achieve the objectives of this study. The flow of activities undertaken for the

possibility of this study is shown on Figure 5.

3.5 RESEARCH PROCESS

The research process explains each of the flow of activities which are the

main activities needed for the fulfillment of the research.

 Identifying of the Problem

Gathering of Data

Site Visit

Analysing the Soil Profile

Discussion of Results

Design of Slope Protection

Grouted Riprap Gabion Walls Retaining Walls

Stability Analysis

Cost Estimation on each three (3) Slope

Protection

Report of Findings

Conclusion

Figure 5. Flow of Activities

 3.5.1 IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM

The process starts from identifying of the problem which is the

hazardous roadway along Purok Mahigugmaon road, Kimaya, Jasaan,

Misamis Oriental which hinders the safety of the public that passes

through the said area. Identifying of the problem serves as an initial

process in starting a research paper. From the study, it has been an

inconvenience to the public in passing such a steep road where

weathered rock and soil are falling along the road to which the

researchers are interested in resolving the community’s concern.

3.5.2 GATHERING DATA

Gathering of data by acquiring information from related literatures

helps to achieve the study’s objectives. The researchers will also gather

information from soil tests and topographic surveys they had for the

analysis of the data to which is a vital process in designing a slope

protection.

3.5.3 SITE VISIT

Site visits gives the researchers an initial inspection for the site in

order to visualize the problem. It is also a chance to gather sample soils

which is picked from random areas along the site for soil testing. Site

surveying is also an essential for the determination of the site’s

topographic profile.
 3.5.4 ANALYSING SOIL PROFILE

Gathering of soil samples is needed for the determination of soil

classification which is an important data for the design of the slope

protection.

3.5.5 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

After conducting the necessary tests and surveys, the next

process is the analysis of the gathered data. This will aid the researchers

to analytically support the data with facts which is done through

discussion of results.

3.5.6 DESIGN OF SLOPE PROTECTION

The researchers would come up a design of slope protection with

the use of three different approach to determine the most suitable

protection for the site. The design is important to successfully attain the

research’s objectives. The design covers the details of each slope

protection layout, and the materials needed for the completion of the

design.

3.5.7 STABILITY ANALYSIS

The researchers then recognize the stability of the area by

calculating its safety factors which then identify by solving the forces and

moments acting on the material.

 3.5.8 COST ESTIMATION ON THREE TYPES OF SLOPE

PROTECTION

The researchers would then estimate the cost determine which

from the 3 types of slope protection is most economical. This determined

the detailed estimate for the overall cost which is important for the

attainment of the research’s objectives. It includes the materials and

equipment used and labor cost.

3.5.9 PERORT AND FINDINGS

As for the last process, the researchers summarized the results

and findings. The findings is consists of the following:

1. Conclusions

2. Recommendations

3.5.10.1 CONCLUSION

Conclusions are then made after the researchers achieved the

research’s objectives.

3.5.10.2 RECOMMENDATION
 Further recommendations as to the improvement of the research is

beneficial not only in supplementing the research’s needs but also to help

secure the public in usingthe roadway at the said area.

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