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ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles and other
objects which consists of an embedded system with sensors, actuators and network connectivity
that enable to collect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more integration of the
physical world into computer-based systems, and result in improved accuracy, efficiency and
economic benefit.
The IoT is a rapidly increasing and promising technology which becomes more
and more present in our everyday lives. Furthermore, the technology is an instance of the more
general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart
grids, smart homes and smart cities.
Considering the high-rate development of IoT technologies, and the significant
increment in the number of the connected devices, comprehensive overview of the IoT system
aims, architecture, challenges, applications, protocols, and market overview were discussed. In
order to give an example of IoT solution, a simple IoT demonstrator was implemented using the
current affordable hardware, and cloud efficient software. With this demonstrator, the simplicity
and design flexibility of IoT solution were highlighted and two of the IBM IoT software, Node-
RED and Bluemix, were examined.
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INTRODUCTION
The ‘Thing’ in IoT can be any device with any kind of built-in-sensors with the ability to collect
and transfer data over a network without manual intervention. The embedded technology in the
object helps them to interact with internal states and the external environment, which in turn
helps in decisions making process.
In a nutshell, IoT is a concept that connects all the devices to the internet and let them communicate
with each other over the internet. IoT is a giant network of connected devices – all of which gather
and share data about how they are used and the environments in which they are operated.
By doing so, each of your devices will be learning from the experience of other devices, as humans
do. IoT is trying to expand the interdependence in human- i.e interact, contribute and
collaborate to things. I know this sounds a bit complicated, let’s understand this with an example.
A developer submits the application with a document containing the standards, logic, errors &
exceptions handled by him to the tester. Again, if there are any issues Tester communicates it back
to the Developer. It takes multiple iterations & in this manner a smart application is created.
Similarly, a room temperature sensor gathers the data and send it across the network, which is then
used by multiple device sensors to adjust their temperatures accordingly. For example,
refrigerator’s sensor can gather the data regarding the outside temperature and accordingly adjust
the refrigerator’s temperature. Similarly, your air conditioners can also adjust its temperature
accordingly. This is how devices can interact, contribute & collaborate.
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HISTORY
The term Internet of Things is 16 years old. But the actual idea of connected devices had been
around longer, at least since the 70s. Back then, the idea was often called “embedded internet” or
“pervasive computing”. But the actual term “Internet of Things” was coined by Kevin Ashton in
1999 during his work at Procter&Gamble. Ashton who was working in supply chain
optimization, wanted to attract senior management’s attention to a new exciting technology
called RFID. Because the internet was the hottest new trend in 1999 and because it somehow
made sense, he called his presentation “Internet of Things”.
Even though Kevin grabbed the interest of some P&G executives, the term Internet of Things did
not get widespread attention for the next 10 years.
The concept of IoT started to gain some popularity in the summer of 2010. Information leaked
that Google’s StreetView service had not only made 360 degree pictures but had also stored tons
of data of people’s Wifi networks. People were debating whether this was the start of a new
Google strategy to not only index the internet but also index the physical world.
The same year, the Chinese government announced it would make the Internet of Things a
strategic priority in their Five-Year-Plan.
In 2011, Gartner, the market research company that invented the famous “hype-cycle for
emerging technologies” included a new emerging phenomenon on their list: “The Internet of
Things”.
The next year the theme of Europe’s biggest Internet conference LeWeb was the “Internet of
Things”. At the same time popular tech-focused magazines like Forbes, Fast Company, and
Wired starting using IoT as their vocabulary to describe the phenomenon.
In October of 2013, IDC published a report stating that the Internet of Things would be a $8.9 trillion
market in 2020.
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There is a lot of scope for IoT in India and Government has rightly recognised it and working
towards it. The government has taken initiative and framed a draft policy to fulfill a vision of
developing a connected, secure and a smart system based on our country’s needs. Government’s
objective is to create an IoT industry in India of USD 15 billion by 2020.
One of the key initiatives of the Government is to build smart cities across the country. Major
aspects of a smart city being focused by the Government are:
Smart parking
Intelligent transport system
Tele-care
Woman Safety
Smart grids
Smart urban lighting
Waste management
Smart city maintenance
Digital-signage
Water Management
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GOALS OF IoT
Long Term software robustness and Security
Trust and Transparency and Protection of IoT users privacy
Faster Innovation
less garbage with less IoT device lock-down
Security is a challenge
At least half of the organizations surveyed cited the increased exposure of data and
information as a major concern. It’s an obvious concern. The interconnectedness of
everything means that a weak link in one asset becomes a weak link in the entire
infrastructure. It’s likely that with the release of every new vulnerable device, hackers will
continue to exploit IoT systems. Expect increased denial-of-service and ransomware attacks
as cyber criminals step up their game. While large steps are being made in the security sector,
the proliferation of the IoT may hinge on the development of sound security and encryption
software.
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But the tech giants aren’t the only ones pushing the Internet of Things forward. Our recent
article highlights other interesting companies that you should know about in the IoT
ecosystem and how they’re leveraging the technology.
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Smart home
IoT devices are a part of the larger concept of home automation, which can include lighting,
heating and air conditioning, media and security systems.Long-term benefits could include
energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are turned off.
A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart
devices and appliancesFor instance, using Apple's HomeKit, manufacturers can have their
home products and accessories controlled by an application in iOS devices such as the
iPhone and the Apple Watch.This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such as
Siri. This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a
line of smart home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the
need for a Wi-Fi bridge. There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as
standalone platforms to connect different smart home products and these include the Amazon
Echo, Google Home, Apple's HomePod, and Samsung's SmartThings Hub. In addition to the
commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems; including
Home Assistant, OpenHAB and Domoticz.
Elder care
One key application of a smart home is to provide assistance for those with disabilities and
elderly individuals. These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an
owner's specific disabilities. Voice control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations
while alert systems can be connected directly to cochlear implants worn by hearing-impaired
users. They can also be equipped with additional safety features. These features can include
sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures. Smart home
technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of
life.
The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By 2019,
it is estimated that the EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.
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Commercial application
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The application of the IOT in healthcare plays a fundamental role in managing chronic diseases
and in disease prevention and control. Remote monitoring is made possible through the
connection of powerful wireless solutions. The connectivity enables health practitioners to
capture patient's data and applying complex algorithms in health data analysis.
Transportation
Agriculture
There are numerous IoT applications in farming such as collecting data on temperature, rainfall,
humidity, wind speed, pest infestation, and soil content. This data can be used to automate
farming techniques, take informed decisions to improve quality and quantity, minimize risk and
waste, and reduce effort required to manage crops. For example, farmers can now monitor soil
temperature and moisture from afar, and even apply IoT-acquired data to precision fertilization
programs.
In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools
using the Microsoft Azure application suite for IoT technologies related to water management.
Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University, the water pump mechanisms
use artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the number of
fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from the data the fish provide. The
specific computer programs used in the process fall under the Azure Machine Learning and the
Azure IoT Hub platforms.
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Infrastructure applications
Monitoring and controlling operations of sustainable urban and rural infrastructures like bridges,
railway tracks and on- and offshore wind-farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT
infrastructure can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can
compromise safety and increase risk. The IoT can benefit the construction industry by cost
saving, time reduction, better quality workday, paperless workflow and increase in productivity.
It can help in taking faster decisions and save money with Real-Time Data Analytics. It can also
be used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating
tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be
used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT
devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management
and emergency response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of
operation in all infrastructure related areas.Even areas such as waste management can benefit
from automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT
Metropolitan scale deployments
There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better
management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, the first of its kind fully
equipped and wired smart city, is gradually being built, with approximately 70 percent of the
business district completed as of June 2018. Much of the city is planned to be wired and
automated, with little or no human intervention.
Another application is a currently undergoing project in Santander, Spain. For this deployment,
two approaches have been adopted. This city of 180,000 inhabitants has already seen 18,000
downloads of its city smartphone app. The app is connected to 10,000 sensors that enable
services like parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda, and more. City
context information is used in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark deals
mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximizing the impact of each notification.
Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include the Sino-Singapore Guangzhou
Knowledge City; work on improving air and water quality, reducing noise pollution, and
increasing transportation efficiency in San Jose, California; and smart traffic management in
western Singapore. Using its RPMA (Random Phase Multiple Access) technology, San Diego-
based Ingenu has built a nationwide public network for low-bandwidth data transmissions using
the same unlicensed 2.4 gigahertz spectrum as Wi-Fi. Ingenu's “Machine Network” covers more
than a third of the US population across 35 major cities including San Diego and Dallas. French
company, Sigfox, commenced building an Ultra Narrowband wireless data network in the San
Francisco Bay Area in 2014, the first business to achieve such a deployment in the U.S. It
subsequently announced it would set up a total of 4000 base stations to cover a total of 30 cities
in the U.S. by the end of 2016, making it the largest IoT network coverage provider in the
country thus far.Cisco also participates in smart cities projects. Cisco has started deploying
technologies for Smart Wi-Fi, Smart Safety & Security, Smart Lighting, Smart Parking, Smart
Transports, Smart Bus Stops, Smart Kiosks, Remote Expert for Government Services (REGS)
and Smart Education in the five km area in the city of Vijaywada.
Another example of a large deployment is the one completed by New York Waterways in New
York City to connect all the city's vessels and be able to monitor them live 24/7. The network
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8. 5G’s arrival will also open the door to new privacy and security
concerns
In time, more 5G IoT devices will connect directly to the 5G network than via a Wi-Fi router.
This trend will make those devices more vulnerable to direct attack, according to a recent
Symantec blog post.
For home users, it will become more difficult to monitor all IoT devices, because they will
bypass a central router.
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On a broader scale, the increased reliance on cloud-based storage will give attackers new targets
to attempt to breach.
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CONCLUSION
One certainty is that Internet of Things change our lifestyles, It is for common good, The need is
the input and support of technologists and ordinary people to make it good for individuals and
the society. The info triangle can be acheived by working together. For issues of public safety
and public good, there must be public discussion and public solution.
Projections for the impact of IoT on the Internet and economy are impressive, with some anticipating as
many as 100 billion connected IoT devices and a global economic impact of more than $11 trillion by
2025. The potential economic impact of IoT is huge, but the journey to IoT adoption is not a seamless
one. There are many challenges that face companies looking to implement IoT solutions. However, the
risks and disadvantages associated with IoT can be overcome.
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REFERENCES
www.wikipedia.com
www.slideshare.com
Rouse, Margaret (2019). "internet of things (IoT)". IOT Agenda. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
Wigmore, I. (June 2014). "Internet of Things (IoT)". TechTarget.
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