101. OTITIS MEDIA – infection of the middle ear
BIOFILMS-complex communities of assorted
102. LRT INFECTIONS – are the most common cause of
death from infectious diseases
103. UPPER UTI – infections of the kidneys and ureters
104. LOWER UTI – infections of the bladder, urethra
and prostate
105. E. COLI – common cause of cystitis and
pyelonephritis
106. CLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS – common cause of
urethritis
107. OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS – microbes that
usually do not cause disease, but have the potential to
cause disease under certain condition
108. RHINOVIRUSES – the common cause of cold in
adults
109. SUFERFICIAL MYCOSES – fungal infections of the
outer most areas of the body
110. SYSTEMIC MYCOSES – most serious types of fungal
infections
111. DERMATOPHYTOSIS INFECTION-this fungi are
collectively referred to as dermatophytes
112. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS-transmission occurs via
inhalation of arthrospores
113. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS-transmission occurs via
inhalation of yeast
114. HISTOPLASMOSIS-transmission occurs via
inhalation of conida from soil
115. PNEUMOCYSTIC PNEUMONIA-was once classified
as a protozoan, but is now classified as a fungus
116. THRUSH-a yeast infection of the oral cavity
117. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS-starts as a lung infection, but
spreads via the blood stream to the brain
118. CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS-diagnosed by
observing encapsulated, budding yeast in CSF
specimens examined by an Indi Ink preparation
119. ECOLOGY-systematic study of the interrelationship
that exists between organisms and their environment
120. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY-study of numerous
interrelationships between microbes and the world
around them
121. INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA-microbes present both
on and in out bodies
122. TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA-takes up temporary
residence on and within humans
123. ORAL CAVITY-affords a shelter for numerous
anaerobic and aerobic bacteria
124. A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI-most common
organism within the indigenous microbiota of the
mouth
125. COLON-contains the largest number and variety of
microbes of any colonized area of the body
126. COLON-bacteria in this part are mostly obligate,
aerotolerant, and facultative anaerobes
127. MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM-means “microbes vs.
microbes”
128. OPPURTUNISTIC PATHOGENS-microbes that “Hang
around”
129. BIOTHERPEUTIC AGENT/PROBIOTICS-bacteria and
yeast used to stabilize the microbial balance
130.
organisms
131. MICROCOLONIES-bacteria grow in tiny clusters
132. BIOFILM-vary resistant to antibiotics and
disinfectants
133. SYNERGISM-when two or more organisms “team
up” to produce a disease that neither could cause by
itself
134. ENDOSYMBIONTS-bacteria found within other
microorganisms
135. BIOTECHNOLOGY-a technological application, that
uses biological by stems, living organisms, or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify products or processes for
specific use
136. BIOREMEDIATION-use of microbes to clean up
various types of wastes
137. THERMOPHILES-microorganisms that grow best at
high temperature
138. MESOPHILES-microbes that grow best at moderate
temperature
139. PSYCHROPHILES-microbes that prefer cold temp
140. PSYCHROTROPHS-particular group of
psychrophiles prefer refrigerator temperature
141. PSYCHRODURIC ORGANISMS-prefer warm temp,
but can endure very cold or even freezing temperatures
142. PH-refers to the acidity of a solution
143. ACIDOPHILES-prefer a pH of 2 to 5
144. 7.0 – 7.4-most microbes prefer a neutral or slightly
alkaline growth medium of___
145. ALKALIPHILES-prefer a pH of >8.5
146. OSMOTIC PRESSURE-pressure exerted on a cell
membrane by solutions both inside and outside the cell
147. OSMOSIS-movement of solvent, through a
permeable membrane, from lower to higher
concentrations
148. HYPERTONIC-solute of external environment is
greater than the solutes inside the cell
149. PLASMOLYSIS-condition in which the cell
membrane and cytoplasm of a cell shrink away from the
cell wall
150. HYPOTONIC-solutes outside of cell is less than that
of solutes inside a cell
151. PLASMOPTYSIS-if a bacterial cell is placed into a
hypotonic solution and bursted is called ___
152. ISOTONIC-when concentrations of solutes outside
and inside the cell s equal
153. HALOPHILES-prefer to live in salty environments
154. HALODURIC-do not prefer to live in salty
environments
155. PIEZOPHILES-microbes that can survive in high
atmospheric pressure
156. OBLIGATE AEROBES-prefer the same atmosphere
that humans do
157. MICROAEROPHILES-require reduced
concentrations of oxygen
158. OBLIGATE ANAEROBES-killed by the presence of
oxygen
159. CAPNOPHILES-require increased concentrations of
CO2
160. CO2 INCUBATOR-incubator that contains 5%-10%
CO2
161. NON-CO2 INCUBATOR-incubator that contains
room air
162. ANAEROBIS INCUBATOR-atmosphere is devoid of
O2
163. SPECTROPHOTOMETERS-used to determine
growth by measuring the turbidity of the medium
164. VIABLE PLATE COUNT-used to determine the
number of viable bacteria in a liquid sample by making
serial dilutions of the liquid and inoculating onto
nutrient agar
165. STERILIZATION-complete destruction of all
microbes
166. DISINFECTION-destruction or removal of
pathogens from nonliving objects by physical or
chemical methods
167. DISINFECTANTS-chemical substances that
eliminate pathogens on inanimate objects
168. ANTISEPTICS-solutions used to disinfect skin and
other living tissues
169. MICROBIOSTATIC AGENTS-drug or chemical that
inhibits growth and reproduction of microbes
170. BACTERIOSTATIC AGENTS-one that specifically
inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria
171. LYOPHILIZATION-process that combines
dehydration and freezing
172. SEPSIS-refers to the presence of pathogens
173. ANTISEPSIS-prevention of infection
174. THERMAL DEATH POINT-the lowest temperature
that will kill all the organisms in a standardized pure
culture within a specified time
175. MOIST HEAT-boiling or use of autoclave
176. AUTOCLAVE-uses steam under pressure to
completely destroy all microbial life
177. COLD-most microbes are not killed, but their
metabolic activities are slowed
178. DESICCATION-many dried microbes remain viable,
but they cannot reproduce
179. ULTRA VIOLET LAMP-useful for reducing the
number of microbes in the air
180. ULTRASONIC WAVES-used in hospitals to clean
equipment
181. FILTERS-use to separate cells/microbes from
liquids or gases
182. GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE-can be altered to inhibit
growth
183. CHEMICAL DISINFECTION-refers to the use of
chemical agents to inhibit growth of pathogens, either
temporarily or permanently
184. HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY-the study of the
occurrence, determinants, and distribution of health
and disease within healthcare setting
185. PARASITOLOGY-scientific study of parasites
186. PARASITISM-symbiotic relationship that is of
benefit to one party or symmbiont and usually
detrimental to the other party
187. ECTOPARASITES-parasites that live on the outside
of the host’s body
188. ENDOPARASITES-parasites that live inside the host
189. DEFINITIVE HOST-host that harbors the adult or
sexual stage of the parasite
190. INTERMEDIATE HOST-host that harbor the larval
or asexual stage
191. ACCIDENTAL HOST-one that can serve as a host,
but is not the usual host in the parasite’s life cycle
192. DEAD-END HOST-one in which the parasite cannot
continue its life cycle
193. FACULTATIVE PARASITE-organisms that can be
parasite, but does not have to live as a parasite
194. FACULTATIVE PARASITE-parasite that is capable of
an independent life
195. OBLIGATE PARASITE-has no choice but to inhibit a
host
196. LEISHMANIASIS-caused by various species of
flagellated protozoa in the genus Leishmania
197. LEISHMANIASIS-transmitted via the bite of an
infected and fly
198. CUTANEOUS AND MUCOCUTANEOUS-
leishmaniasis that can cause severe tissue damage and
disfigurement
199. VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS- leishmaniasis that can
lead to death
200. AMEBIC CONJUCTIVITIS-can lead to loss of vision
or enucleation
201. TOXOPLASMOSIS-cause by toxoplasma godii, an
intracellular sporozoan and acquired by ingesting cysts
or cocysts
202. ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA-infects colon with
secondary infection of liver
203. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM-infects lower small
intestine
204. GIARDIA LAMBLIA-infections usually results from
drinking contaminated water
205. TROPHOZATE-has been described as resembling an
owl face, a down face, and an old man with glasses
206. TRICHOMONIASIS-caused by trichomonas
vaginalis, a flagellate
207. TROCHIMONAS VAGINALIS-caused about 1/3 of
the cases of vaginitis in the U.S.
208. PRIMARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS-
caused by Naeglerca fowleria, an ameboflagellate
209. HELMINTHS-means parasitic worm
210. ARTHROPODS-serve as mechanical or biologic
vectors in the transmission of certain infectious diseases
211. WOUND INFECTION-result when protective skin
barrier is broken as a result of burns, punctures, surgical
procedures, or bites
212. S. PNEUMONIAE-most common cause of
pneumonia in the world