MIMO: FUTURE OF MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS USING

MASSIVE MIMO WITH 5G NETWORKS

1Kadiri Kamoru Oluwatoyin,2 Alimi Maryam Odunola and 3Adegbite Olanrewaju Isaac
1, 2,3 Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Nigeria, Department of Electrical/ Electronic Engineering
1 Groningen Bimolecular sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for
Advanced materials, university of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Corresponding e-mail: maryamodunola123@gmil.com.

ABSTRACT

The ever-growing demands for high-speed data and multimedia services are the
driving forces behind the requirements for future wireless communication systems
and to meet the demand for ubiquitous communication, the ability to access and
share information, wireless appliances and the supporting networking
infrastructure must be equipped with adequate computing and signal processing.
Wireless communication which are inherently limited by the available spectrum
and impaired by path loss, interference and multi-path propagation difficulties can
be erased using an efficient wireless transmission scheme of multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) systems with 5G networks in fading channels. The
proposed technology promises high bit rates, small error rates, reliability, and
increased channel capacity over rich scattering wireless channels without
consuming extra bandwidth.

Keywords: Wireless communication, MIMO, 5G.

INTRODUCTION

With increase in number of users who subscribe to mobile broad band

systems every year, powerful smart phones and laptops are becoming more popular
nowadays, demanding advanced multimedia capabilities. This has resulted in an
explosion of wireless devices and services of third and fourth generation (3G, 4G)
systems. However, these technologies are limited by some constraints which the
solution proposed is the use of MIMO with 5G networks.
 Systems exploiting multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas are
universally identified as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. This
wireless networking technology significantly improves both the range and the
capacity of a wireless communication system.
“MIMO” specifically refers to a practical technique for sending and
receiving more than one data signal on the same radio channel at the same time via
multipath propagation. MIMO is fundamentally different from smart antenna
techniques developed to enhance the performance of a single data signal, such as
beam forming and diversity. The aim of this proposed technology is to connect the
entire world, achieve seamless and ubiquitous communications between anybody
(people to people), anything (people to machine, machine to machine), wherever
they are (anywhere), whenever they need (anytime), by whatever electronic
devices/ services/ networks they wish (anyhow) ,which makes it simple, efficient,
and promising for future wireless communication systems.
This article is structured thus: The introductory section, Historical
background of MIMO section, related researches, Communication model kinds,
Functions of MIMO, Mathematical description of MIMO and kinds of wireless
generation. We also propose a potential 5G mobile architecture and descriptions
about some capable key technologies that can be adopted in the 5G system.
Lastly, conclusions are drawn.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MIMO

MIMO can be traced back to 1970s research papers concerning multi-

channel digital transmission systems and interference between wire pairs in a cable
bundle: AR Kaye and DA George (1970) [1], Branderburg and Wyner (1974) [2],
and W. van Etten (1975, 1976) [3]. Although these are not examples of exploiting
multipath propagation to send multiple information streams, some of the
mathematical techniques for dealing with mutual interference proved useful to
MIMO development. In the mid-1980s, Jack Salz at Bell Laboratories took this
research a step further, investigating multi-user systems operating over “mutually
cross-coupled linear networks with additive noise sources” such as time-division
multiplexing and dually-polarized radio systems [4].

Methods were developed to improve the performance of cellular radio

networks and enable more aggressive frequency reuse in the early 1990s. Space-
division multiple access (SDMA) uses directional or smart antennas to
communicate on the same frequency with users in different locations within range
of the same base station. An SDMA system was proposed by Richard Roy and
Björn Ottersten, researchers at ArrayComm, in 1991. Their US patent (No.
5515378 issued in 1996) [5] describes a method for increasing capacity using "an
array of receiving antennas at the base station" with a "plurality of remote users".
Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath proposed an SDMA-based inverse
multiplexing technique in 1993. Their US patent (No. 5,345,599 issued in 1994)
[6] described a method of broadcasting at high data rates by splitting a high-rate
signal "into several low-rate signals" to be transmitted from “spatially separated
transmitters” and recovered by the receive antenna array based on differences in
“directions-of-arrival.” However, neither patent contemplated the use of co-located
antennas at both ends of a radio link in order to exploit multipath propagation.

RELATED WORKS

In an April 1996 paper and subsequent patent, Greg Raleigh proposed that
natural multipath propagation can be exploited to transmit multiple, independent
information streams using co-located antennas and multi-dimensional signal
processing [7]. The paper also identified practical solutions for modulation
(MIMO-OFDM), coding, synchronization, and channel estimation. Later that year
(September 1996) Gerard J. Foschini submitted a paper that also suggested it is
possible to multiply the capacity of a wireless link using what the author described
as “layered space-time architecture [8].

Greg Raleigh, V. K. Jones, and Michael Pollack founded Clarity Wireless in 1996,
and built and field-tested a prototype MIMO system [9]. Cisco Systems acquired
Clarity Wireless in 1998 [10]. Bell Labs built a laboratory prototype demonstrating
its V-BLAST (Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) technology in
1998 [11]. Arogyaswami Paulraj founded Iospan Wireless in late 1998 to develop
MIMO-OFDM products. Iospan was acquired by Intel in 2003[12]. V-BLAST was
never commercialized, and neither Clarity Wireless nor Iospan Wireless shipped
MIMO-OFDM products before being acquired [13].

Paulraj was awarded the Marconi prize in 2014 for his contributions towards
development of the MIMO technology.

COMMUNICATION MODEL
 There are four types of Communication models or multiple antenna systems
– SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO.

SISO:

Fig.1- Single Input Single Output (SISO)

The existing technology is Single Input Single Output (SISO). This has one
antenna at both the transmitter and the receiver employs no diversity technique.
Both the transmitter and the receiver have one RF chain (that's coder and
modulator). SISO is moderately simple and cheap to implement and it has been
used age long since the birth of radio technology. It is used in radio and TV
broadcast and our personal wireless technologies (e.g. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth).

SIMO:

Fig.2- Single Input Multi Output (SIMO)

This is a special case where there is one antenna at the transmitter, two
antennas at the receiver employs a receive diversity technique. To improve
performance, a multiple antenna technique has been developed. A system which
uses a single antenna at the transmitter and multiple antennas at the receiver is
named as Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO). The receiver can either choose the
best antenna to receive a stronger signal or combine signals from all antennas in
such a way that maximizes SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). The first technique is
known as switched diversity or selection diversity. The latter is known as maximal
ratio combining (MRC).

MISO:

Fig.3- Multi Input Single Output (MISO)

Two antennas at the transmitter, one antenna at the receiver employs a transmit
diversity technique. A system which uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and a
single antenna at the receiver is named Multiple Input Single Output (MISO). A
technique known as Alamouti STC (Space Time Coding) is employed at the
transmitter with two antennas. STC allows the transmitter to transmit signals
(information) both in time and space, meaning the information is transmitted by
two antennas at two different times consecutively. Multiple antennas (each with an
RF chain) of either SIMO or MISO are usually placed at a base station (BS). This
way, the cost of providing either a receive diversity (in SIMO) or transmit diversity
(in MISO) can be shared by all subscriber stations (SSs) served by the BS.

MIMO:

Fig.4- Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) - size2x2

 To multiply throughput of a radio link, multiple antennas (and multiple RF
chains accordingly) are put at both the transmitter and the receiver. This system is
referred to as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). A MIMO system with
similar count of antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver in a point-to-point
(PTP) link is able to multiply the system throughput linearly with every additional
antenna. For example, a 2x2 MIMO will double the throughput. Two antennas at
both the transmitter and the receiver side uses transmit and receive diversity.

Functions of MIMO

MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories, pre-coding, spatial

multiplexing or SM, and diversity coding.

Pre-coding is multi-stream beam forming, in the narrowest definition. In

broad terms, it is considered to be all spatial processing that occurs at the
transmitter. In (single-stream) beam forming, the same signal is emitted from each
of the transmit antennas with appropriate phase and gain weighting such that the
signal power is maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of beam forming are
to increase the received signal gain - by making signals emitted from different
antennas add up constructively - and to reduce the multipath fading effect. In line-
of-sight propagation, beam forming results in a well-defined directional pattern.
However, conventional beams are not a good analogy in cellular networks, which
are mainly characterized by multipath propagation. When the receiver has multiple
antennas, the transmit beam forming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal
level at all of the receive antennas, and pre-coding with multiple streams is often
beneficial. Note that pre-coding requires knowledge of channel state information
(CSI) at the transmitter and the receiver.

Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial

multiplexing, a high-rate signal is split into multiple lower-rate streams and each
stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency
channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently
different spatial signatures and the receiver has accurate CSI, it can separate these
streams into (almost) parallel channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful
technique for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR).
The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the lesser of the number of
antennas at the transmitter or receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used without
CSI at the transmitter, but can be combined with pre-coding if CSI is available.
Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous transmission to multiple
receivers, known as space-division multiple access or multi-user MIMO, in which
case CSI is required at the transmitter [14]. The scheduling of receivers with
different spatial signatures allows good separability.

Diversity coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the
transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial
multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-
time coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or
near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the
multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel
knowledge, there is no beam forming or array gain from diversity coding.
Diversity coding can be combined with spatial multiplexing when some channel
knowledge is available at the transmitter.

Mathematical description

MIMO channel model

In MIMO systems, a transmitter sends multiple streams by multiple transmit

antennas. The transmit streams go through a matrix channel which consists of all
paths between the transmit antennas at the transmitter and receive
antennas at the receiver. Then, the receiver gets the received signal vectors by the
multiple receive antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into the original
information. A narrowband flat fading MIMO system is modeled as [15][16]

where and are the receive and transmit vectors, respectively, and and are the
channel matrix and the noise vector, respectively.
Referring to information theory, the ergodic channel capacity of MIMO systems
where both the transmitter and the receiver have perfect instantaneous channel
state information is [17]

where denotes Hermitian transpose and is the ratio between transmit power
and noise power (i.e., transmit SNR). The optimal signal covariance is
achieved through singular value decomposition of the channel matrix
and an optimal diagonal power allocation matrix . The
optimal power allocation is achieved through water filling [18], that is

where are the diagonal elements of , is zero if its argument is

negative, and is selected such that .

If the transmitter has only statistical channel state information, then the ergodic
channel capacity will decrease as the signal covariance can only be optimized in
terms of the average mutual information as [17]

The spatial correlation of the channel has a strong impact on the channel capacity
with statistical information.

If the transmitter has no channel state information it can select the signal
covariance to maximize channel capacity under worst-case statistics, which
means and accordingly

Depending on the statistical properties of the channel, the capacity is no greater

than times larger than that of a SISO system.
WIRELESS GENERATIONS
1G - This was introduced in early 1980s which used for Analog
Communication techniques like analog Cell Phones operating on 150 MHZ
Frequency.
2G - This was introduced in late 1980s which used for Digital
Communication techniques with TDM, FDM or CDMA. This was used for the
transmission of Voice signal operating on GSM 900 MHZ with GPRS 56Kbps to
114 kbps. After this 2.5G is also introduced this is a stepping stone between 2G
and 3G cellular wireless technologies.

3G-This was introduced in 2001. The UMIT - Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System is one of the third-generation (3G) cell phone
technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G technology. This used
digital communication techniques like CDMA. Also used for the transmission of
Voice signal as well as multimedia services. It is Operating on 1.8 – 2.5 GHZ with
the Data Rate up to 2Mbps (384 kbps WAN).

4G- Traditional definition: Fourth-Generation Communications System (also

known as beyond 3G) is a term used to describe the next step in wireless
communications. The 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP
solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an
"Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations.
However, there is still a dramatic increase in the number of users who subscribe to
mobile broadband systems every year which makes the 4G technology partially
unable to solve problems caused by trillions of wireless devices. The theoretical
limit on the data rate of 4G motivate researchers to propose ground breaking
wireless technology to solve the problem and is known as beyond 4G (B4G) or 5G
wireless techniques.

5G- Traditional definition: Fifth-Generation Communications System (also

known as beyond 4G B4G) is a term used to describe the next step in wireless
communications. It is widely agreed that compared to the 4G network, the 5G
network should achieve 1000 times the system capacity, 10 times the spectral
efficiency, energy efficiency and data rate (i.e., peak data rate of 10 Gb/s for low
mobility and peak data rate of 1 Gb/s for high mobility), and 25 times the average
cell throughput.

One of the key ideas of designing the 5G communication system is to

separate outdoor and indoor scenarios so that penetration loss through building
walls can somehow be avoided. This will be assisted by distributed antenna system
(DAS) and massive MIMO technology, where geographically distributed antenna
arrays with tens or hundreds of antenna elements are deployed [19]. While most
current MIMO systems utilize two to four antennas, the goal of massive MIMO
systems is to exploit the potentially large capacity gains that would arise in larger
arrays of antennas. Outdoor BSs will be equipped with large antenna arrays with
some antenna elements (also large antenna arrays) distributed around the cell and
connected to the BS via optical fibers, benefiting from both DAS and massive
MIMO technologies.
Outdoor mobile users are normally equipped with limited numbers of
antenna elements, but they can collaborate with each other to form a virtual large
antenna array, which together with BS antenna arrays will construct virtual
massive MIMO links. Large antenna arrays will also be installed outside of every
building to communicate with outdoor BSs or distributed antenna elements of BSs,
possibly with line of sight (LOS) components. Large antenna arrays have cables
connected to the wireless access points inside the building communicating with
indoor users [19]. This will certainly increase the infrastructure cost in the short
term while significantly improving the cell average throughput, spectral efficiency,
energy efficiency, and data rate of the cellular system in the long run.
Using such a mobile architecture, as indoor users only need to communicate
with indoor wireless access points (not outdoor BSs) with large antenna arrays
installed outside buildings, many technologies can be utilized that are suitable for
short-range communications with high data rates. Some examples include Wi-Fi,
femtocell, ultra wideband (UWB), mm-wave femtocell, ultra wideband (UWB),
mm-wave communications (3–300 GHz), and visible light communications (VLC)
(400–490 THz) [20].
5G mobile architecture should also be a heterogeneous one, with macro
cells, microcells, small cells, and relays. To accommodate high mobility users such
as users in vehicles and high speed trains, we have proposed the mobile femtocell
(MFemtocell) concept, which combines the concepts of mobile relay and femtocell
[21]. MFemtocells are located inside vehicles to communicate with users within
the vehicle, while large antenna arrays are located outside the vehicle to
communicate with outdoor BSs. An M Femtocell and its associated users are all
viewed as a single unit to the BS. From the user point of view, an MFemtocell is
seen as a regular BS. This is very similar to the above idea of separating indoor
(inside the vehicle) and outdoor scenarios. It has been shown that users using M
Femtocells can enjoy high-data rate data rate services with reduced signaling
overhead. The above proposed 5G heterogeneous mobile architecture is illustrated
in Fig. 5.
 Some promising key wireless technologies that will enable 5G wireless
networks to execute performance requirements are discuss further in the sections
below. The rationale of developing these technologies is to enable a vivid capacity
increase in the 5G network with efficient utilization of all possible resources.

Fig 5- A proposed 5G heterogeneous wireless cellular architecture.

MASSIVE MIMO
MIMO systems consist of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver.
By adding multiple antennas, a greater degree of freedom (in addition to time and
frequency dimensions) in wireless channels can be offered to accommodate more
information data. Hence, a significant performance improvement can be obtained
in terms of reliability, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency. In massive MIMO
systems, the transmitter and/or receiver are equipped with a large number of
antenna elements (typically tens or even hundreds). Note that the transmit antennas
can be co-located or distributed (i.e., a DAS system) in different applications. Also,
the enormous number of receive antennas can be possessed by one device or
distributed to many devices. Besides inheriting the benefits of conventional MIMO
systems, a massive MIMO system can also significantly enhance both spectral
efficiency and energy efficiency [19]. Furthermore, in massive MIMO systems, the
effects of noise and fast fading vanish, and intra-cell interference can be mitigated
using simple linear pre-coding and detection methods. By properly using multiuser
MIMO (MU-MIMO) in massive MIMO systems, the medium access control
(MAC) layer design can be simplified by avoiding complicated scheduling
algorithms [22]. With MU- MIMO, the BS can send separate signals to individual
users using the same time-frequency resource, as first pro. Consequently, these
main advantages enable the massive MIMO system to be a promising candidate for
5G wireless communication networks.

SPATIAL MODULATION
Spatial modulation, as first proposed by Haas et al., is a novel MIMO technique
that has been proposed for low-complexity implementation of MIMO systems
without degrading system performance [23]. Instead of simultaneously transmitting
multiple data streams from the available antennas, SM encodes part of the data to
be transmitted onto the spatial position of each transmit antenna in the antenna
array. Thus, the antenna array plays the role of a second (in addition to the usual
signal constellation diagram) constellation diagram (the so-called spatial
constellation diagram), which can be used to increase the data rate (spatial
multiplexing) with respect to single-antenna wireless systems. Only one transmit
antenna is active at any time, while other antennas are idle. A block of information
bits is split into two sub-blocks of log2(NB) and log2(M) bits, where NB and M are
the number of transmit antennas and the size of the complex signal constellation
diagram, respectively [23]. The first sub-block identifies the active antenna from a
set of transmit antennas, while the second sub-block selects the symbol from the
signal constellation diagram that will be sent from that active antenna. Therefore,
SM is a combination of space shift keying (SSK) and amplitude/phase modulation.
Spatial modulation can mitigate three major problems in conventional MIMO
systems: inter-channel interference, inter-antenna synchronization, and multiple RF
chains. Moreover, low-complexity receivers in SM systems can be designed and
configured for any number of transmits and receives antennas, even for unbalanced
MIMO systems. We have to point out that the multiplexing gain in SM increases
logarithmically with the increase in the number of transmit antennas, while it
increases linearly in conventional MIMO systems [23]. Therefore, the low
implementation complexity comes at the expense of sacrificing some degrees of
freedom. Most research on SM focuses on the case of a single receiver (i.e., single-
user SM). Multi-user SM can be considered as a new research direction to be
considered in 5G wireless communication systems.
 COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
The CR network is an innovative software defined radio technique considered to
be one of the promising technologies to improve the utilization of the congested
RF spectrum. Adopting CR is motivated by the fact that a large portion of the radio
spectrum is underutilized most of the time. In CR networks, a secondary system
can share spectrum bands with the licensed primary system, either on an
interference- free basis or on an interference-tolerant basis [19]. The CR network
should be aware of the surrounding radio environment and regulate its transmission
accordingly. In interference-free CR networks, CR users are allowed to borrow
spectrum resources only when licensed users do not use them. Free CR networks is
figuring out how to detect the spectrum holes (white space) that spread out in
wideband frequency spectrums. CR receivers should first monitor and allocate the
unused spectrums via spectrum sensing (or combining with geolocation databases)
and feed this information back to the CR transmitter. A coordinating mechanism is
required in multiple CR networks that try to access the same spectrum to prevent
users colliding when accessing the matching spectrum holes. In interference
tolerant CR networks, CR users can share the spectrum resource with a licensed
system while keeping the interference below a threshold. In comparison with
interference-free CR networks, interference-tolerant CR networks can achieve
enhanced spectrum utilization by opportunistically sharing the radio spectrum
resources with licensed users, as well as better spectral and energy efficiency.
However, it has been shown that the performance of CR systems can be very
sensitive to any slight change in user densities, interference threshold, and
transmission behaviors of the licensed system. However, the spectral efficiency can
be improved by either relaxing the interference threshold of the primary system or
considering only the CR users who have short distances to the secondary BS. In
hybrid, CR networks have been proposed for adoption in cellular networks to
explore additional bands and expand the capacity [24].

MOBILE FEMTOCELL
The MFemtocell is a new concept that has been proposed recently to be a potential
candidate technology in next generation intelligent transportation systems [21]. It
combines the mobile relay concept (moving network) with femtocell technology.
An MFemtocell is a small cell that can move around and dynamically change its
connection to an operator’s core network. It can be deployed on public transport
buses, trains, and even private cars to enhance service quality to users within
vehicles. Deployment of MF MFemtocells can potentially benefit cellular
networks. First, MFemtocells can improve the spectral efficiency of the entire
network.
 Also, the comparison is done between maximum signal-to-noise ratio
(MAX-SNR) and proportional fairness (PF) scheduling algorithms. We can see
that increasing the percentage of users that communicate with the BS through
MFemtocells leads to an increase in spectral efficiency, which is much better
compared to the case where users communicate directly with the BS (i.e., the direct
transmission scheme) [21]. Second, MFemtocells can contribute to signaling
overhead reduction of the network. For instance, an MFemtocell can perform a
handover on behalf of all its associated users, which can reduce the handover
activities for users within the MFemtocell. This makes the deployment of
MFemtocells suitable for high-mobility environments. In addition, the energy
consumption of users inside an MFemtocell can be reduced due to relatively
shorter communication range and low signaling overhead emtocells can potentially
benefit cellular.

VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

Visible light communication uses off-the-shelf white light emitting diodes
(LEDs) used for solid-state lighting (SSL) as signal transmitters and off-the-shelf p
intrinsic-n (PIN) photodiodes (PDs) or avalanche photo-diodes (APDs) as signal
receivers [20]. This means that VLC enables systems that illuminate and at the
same time provide broadband wireless data connectivity. If illumination is not
desired in the uplink, infrared (IR) LEDs or indeed RF would be viable solutions.
In VLC, the information is carried by the intensity (power) of the light. As a
result, the information-carrying signal has to be real valued and strictly positive.
Traditional digital modulation schemes for RF communication use complex valued
and bipolar signals. Modifications are therefore necessary, and there is a rich body
of knowledge on modified multi-carrier modulation techniques such as OFDM for
intensity modulation (IM) and direct detection (DD). Data rates of 3.5 Gb/s have
been reported from a single LED. It has to be noted that VLC is not subject to fast
fading effects as the wavelength is significantly smaller than the detector area [20].
While the link-level demonstrations are important steps to prove that VLC is a
viable technique to help mitigate spectrum bottlenecks in RF communications, it is
essential to show that full-fledged optical wireless networks can be developed by
using existing lighting infrastructures. This includes MU access techniques,
interference coordination, and others.

GREEN COMMUNICATIONS
The design of 5G wireless systems should take into account minimizing the
energy consumption in order to achieve greener wireless communication systems.
Wireless system operators around the world should aim to achieve such energy
consumption reductions, which consequently contribute to the reduction of CO2
emissions [25]. The indoor communication technologies are promising deployment
strategies to get better energy efficiency. This is because of the favorable channel
conditions they can offer between the transmitters and receivers. Moreover, by
separating indoor traffic from outdoor traffic, the marcocell BS will have less
pressure in allocating radio resources and can transmit with low power, resulting in
a significant reduction in energy consumption. VLC and mm-wave technologies
can also be considered as energy efficient wireless communication solutions to be
deployed in 5G wireless systems.

CONCLUSION

In this article, the performance requirements of MIMO with 5G wireless

communication systems have been defined in terms of capacity, spectral
efficiency, energy efficiency, data rate, and cell average throughput.

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