SPENCER’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

AND ORGANIC ANALOGY

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

RAVI DR. PAMAL
PREET KELLEY
ASSISTANT
STUDENT PROFESSOR OF
SOCIOLOGY

ROLL NO.-18068
GROUP- 4

RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

OF LAW,
PUNJAB
22 APRIL 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On completion of this project it is my present privilege to

acknowledge my heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness towards
my teachers for their valuable suggestion and constructive
criticism. Their precious guidance and unrelenting support kept
me on the right path throughout the whole project and very
much thankful to my teacher in charge and project coordinators
for giving me this relevant and knowledgeable topic.

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher Dr. Pamal

Preet Kelley for their guidance and encouragement in carrying
out this project work.

I also wish to express my thanks to my group members and my

friends for their ideas because of which this project became more
captivating. I am also thankful to my institution library for
providing a broad range of books to learn more.
RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF
LAW, PUNJAB

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE

Dr. Pamal Preet Kelley Date:

(Assistant Professor of Sociology) 22 April
2019

Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law,

Punjab

This is to certify that the Dissertation titled: Spencer’s

theory of Evolution and Organic Analogy submitted to Rajiv
Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala in partial
fulfilment of the requirement of the B.A.LLB (Hons.).
Course is an original and bona fide research work carried
out by Mr. Ravi under my supervision and guidance. No
part of this project has been submitted to any University for
the award of any Degree or Diploma, whatsoever.

Dr. Pamal Preet Kelley

 CONTENTS

1.

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………..

2. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EMERGENCE OF

SOCIAL THEORY……………………………………………

3. CONTRIBUTION OF FOUNDING FATHERS……………

4. HERBERT SPENCER………………………………………..

5. "EVOLUTION" - THE MOST EXCITING CONCEPT OF

THE 19TH CENTURY……………………………………….

6. THEORY OF ORGANIC ANALOGY………………………

7. CONCLUSION………………………………………………..

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………….
 1. INTRODUCTION

The science of man is the study of relationships and human social institutions. The subject of
the humanities is varied, from evil to religion, from family to state, from race and social class
divisions to mutual beliefs about typical culture and from social dependency to radical
changes in social order. Combining the research of these various subjects of research is the
motivation of social sciences to see how human activity and consciousness are shaped and
shaped by embracing social and social structures.1

“Humanism is an energizing and instructive field of concentration that examines and explains
the basic problems in our lives, in our networks and in the world. In the individual dimension,
humanism explores the social causes and effects of such things as sentimental love, racial
personality and sexual orientation, family conflicts, strange behavior, maturation and
religious confidence. In the social dimension, human science analyzes and explains issues
such as crime and law, necessity and wealth, prejudice and segregation, schools and
education, enterprises, urban networks and social development. In the global dimension,
human science concentrates miracles such as the development and transfer of people, war and
harmony, and monetary progress.”

“Sociologists stress the cautious meetings and studies of public activity tests in order to create
and improve our understanding of key social procedures. The research strategies used by
sociologists are different. Sociologists observe the daily existence of meetings, carry out
direct reviews, decipher chronic reports, disagree about the assessment, consider video
collaboration, talk to meeting members and conduct direct research on research centers.
Research strategies and speculations in humanities shed unbelievable pieces of knowledge
about social procedures that create human life and social problems and perspectives in the
modern world. Thanks to a better understanding of these social procedures, we also see more
clearly the powers that create individual meetings and the results of our lives. The
opportunity to see and understand this relationship between broad social powers and
individual meetings, which C. Wright Factories calls "sociological creative energy", is a very
important school that plans to successfully live and compensate for individual and expert life
in a complex society and change.”

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sociology#cite_note-
%C3%89mile_Durkheim's_Division_of_Labor_and_the_Shadow_of_Herbert_Spencer-25
2. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EMERGENCE
OF SOCIAL THEORY
Various variables prepared for your promotion. Ian Robertson in his book "Human Science"
refers to three factors that have accelerated the process of establishing humanism as another
science. You can be informed here.

2.1 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

“Contemporary disturbances, which first occurred in Great Britain in the eighteenth century,
have made great changes throughout Europe. At no other time in history did social changes
occur on such a gigantic scale. Human science has developed in relation to powerful events.
The generation planning system and the resultant automation and industrialization have
become commonplace among disruptions. New companies and innovations change the
essence of social and physical condition. Simple provincial life and small-scale small
businesses have been replaced by complex urban life and large-scale production.
Industrialization has changed the course of civilization. Destroy or drastically modify
medieval traditions, beliefs and goals. Industrialization has led to urbanization. The workers
left the provincial areas and went to the cities, where they became modern workers in
dangerous conditions. Urban areas developed at a phenomenal pace, giving individuals an
unfamiliar situation. Social problems turned out to be uncontrolled in urban areas with rapid
creation. Aristocrats and governments crumbled and fell. Religion began to lose its power as
a source of good expert.”

"The rapid social change unprecedented in history has become a typical situation rather than
a strange one, and individuals could never expect their children to live a life indistinguishable
from what they did." The association of social change was a misleading and security social
request be threatened. Understanding what was happening was urgently needed.
"[Robertson's sociology]. It is obvious that human learning resulted from an effort to
understand transformations that seemed to undermine the security of European culture. Social
intellectuals such as Comte, Spencer and others have argued that there is a critical need to
build a different study of society, trusting that such a science would be very helpful in
understanding the nature and problems of society and discovering the response to society.
equivalent.
2.2 INSPIRATION FROM THE GROWTH OF NATURAL SCIENCES

The 19th century was a period in which common sciences gained a lot of space. The success
achieved by permanent researchers has motivated and even encouraged many intellectual
authors to copy their precedent. Considering the possibility that their strategies can be
effective in the physical world to understand physical or normal miracles, can not they be
effectively connected to the social world to understand social wonders? In response to this
question, Comte, Spencer, Durkheim, Weber and others have successfully demonstrated that
these techniques can be used to consider the social world.

2.3 INSPIRATION PROVIDED BY THE RADICALLY DIVERSE SOCIETIES AND

CULTURES OF THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

The European provincial forces presented themselves in various social orders and societies in
the borderland domains. Its presentation to such diverse varieties in social orders and
societies gave a scientific test to a social researcher in those days. Data on broadly diversified
social practices of these inaccessible groups of people gave rise to new problems in society:

Why several social orders were more advanced than others? What exercises could the
European nations gain thanks to the correlations of various social orders? Why was the social
exchange rate not equivalent in all? The new art of society called "humanism" has become an
autonomous science that has tried to find convincing answers to these questions.
 3. CONTRIBUTION OF FOUNDING FATHERS

The term ("sociology") was first written by the French writer Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
(1748-1836),2 from Latin: socius, "friend"; and postfix - ology, "the research of", from Greek
λόγος, logos, "learning". In 1838, the French author Auguste Comte (1798-1857) finally gave
the human sciences the definition he has today. Comte previously conveyed his work as a
"science about social materials"; however, the term was appropriated by others, for example
Belgian analyst Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874).

3.1 AUGUST COMTE- Composed after the first building and under the influence of Saint
Simon, a political rationalist of the implied contract, Auguste Comte planned to unite all
studies of humanity through a logical understanding of the social domain. His own
sociological plan was common to nineteenth-century humanists; he trusted that all human
lives went through individual recorded stages and that, in a possible situation, that he could
deal with it, he could support solutions to social problems. Social sciences were to be the
"ruling science" in Comte mapping; all basic physical sciences had to come first, which
caused the most problematic study of human culture in a general sense. In this way, Comte
became the "father of humanism.3

3.2 KARL MARX- “Karl Marx is the obvious pillar of humanism and is a recognized
scholar in the humanities. Their involvement lies in many central regions of the humanities,
for example in political humanism, monetary humanism, procedure, sociological hypotheses,
as it is sociologically suspected. In addition, Marxism / Marxism as an alternative point of
view has an alternative advantage / measure to look at the social question in humanism. From
ordering classes to class struggle from the point of view of struggles, phases of improving
society, chronic research, generation methods, surplus creation, free enterprise, are one and
one of the types, colloquial realism and philosophical methodology do not have many
precedents. In fact, even in Germany there is a school of neo-Marxists as the basic human
science, the Frankfurt School. Marx and his thoughts are a great disappointment in the 21st
century, but Marx is still alive, even in the not too distant future.”
2
Des Manuscrits de Sieyès. 1773-1799, Volumes I and II, published by Christine Fauré, Jacques
Guilhaumou
3
"Comte, Auguste" A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed), John Scott & Gordon Marshall (eds), Oxford
University Press, 2005,
3.3 HARBERT SPENCER- Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), an English scholar, distinguished
himself among the most important and most convincing sociologists of the 19th century.
Spencer's first humanism appeared broadly in response to Comte and Marx; Composing,
when Darwin's disorder in science, Spencer tried to reformulate control over what we can
now describe as socially Darwinian terms. In fact, his initial compositions prove the
conscious hypothesis of general development long before Darwin spread anything about it. 4
Supported by his partner and attorney Edward L. Youmans, Spencer disseminated The
Investigation of Human Science in 1874, which was the main book with the title "social
science" in the title.

3.4 DURKHEIM, PARSONS AND WEBER—“Durkheim, Marx and Weber are widely
known as the three main designers of current sociology. The "sociological standard of works
of art" with Durkheim and Weber at the summit is to a certain extent the merit of Talcott
Parsons, who is largely credited with the knowledge of both groups of American viewers. The
structure of Parsons' social activity (1937) united the American sociological convention and
established the motivation of American science about man in order to speed up its
disciplinary development. In Parsons' standard anyway, Vilfredo Pareto has more publicity
than Marx or Simmel. His group was driven by the desire to "combine various hypothetical
conventions in the humanities with a hypothetical lonely plan that could be promoted by
absolutely logical progress over the last 50 years".5 While the auxiliary work that Marx plays
in primitive American human science can be attributed to the Parsons, as well as to wider
political patterns, the power of Marxism in the European sociological idea has long verified
Marx's position near Durkheim and Weber One of the three "traditional" sociologists.”

4. HERBERT SPENCER
4
"Back Matter". The Philosophical Review. Duke University Press. 9 (6): [unnumbered]. 1900. ISSN 1558-
1470. JSTOR 2177017 – via JSTOR
5
Levine, Donald. 1991. "Simmel and Parsons Reconsidered". The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 96,
No. 5 (Mar., 1991), pp. 1097–1116
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820- 8 December 1903)-

He was an English scholar, researcher, anthropologist, humanist and prominent liberal

political scholar established in the Victorian era.

“Spencer built the beginning of extensive development as a dynamic improvement of the

physical world, natural forms of life, human personality and human culture, and social order.
As an acolyte he joined a wide range of subjects, including morality, religion, humanities,
financial aspects, political hypotheses, theory, writing, star observation, science, humanities
and brain research. During his life he managed a giant specialist, mainly in English, who
spoke in the academic community. "Another leading English thinker who achieved something
like that in general was Bertrand Russell, and that was in the 20th century." 6 Spencer was "the
most popular absolute scholar in Europe at the end of the many years of the nineteenth
century," but his influence fell sharply after 1900: "Who now turns to Spencer?" asked Talcott
Parsons in 1937.”7

Spencer is best known for the art of "survival of the best adapted", which he set up in the
Standards of Science (1864), after Charles Darwin investigated the birthplace of the species.
The term strongly proposes a common option, but when Spencer extended the progress
towards the domains of humanism and morality, he also used Lamarckism.

5. "EVOLUTION" - THE MOST EXCITING

CONCEPT OF THE 19TH CENTURY

6
Richards, Peter (4 November 2010) Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinist or Libertarian Prophet?, Mises
Institute
7
Talcott Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937; New York: Free Press, 1968), p. 3; quoting from C.
Crane Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (London: Benn, 1933).
“Evolution was unique among the most energetic thoughts of the nineteenth century. His
most persuasive support was naturalist Karol Darwin. Darwin built the idea of "development"
in his "principle of the genre - 1859". Spencer combined the standard of sophistication with
the social world and called it "social development." He perceived social progress as "many
stages through which every social order passed from easy to complex and from homogeneous
to heterogeneous.”

Meaning of Evolution
“The phrase "Evolution" derives from the Latin word "evolve", which means "to create" or
"to develop". It deliberately refers to the Sanskrit word "Vikas". Progress actually means
continuous "developing" or "developing". Shows changes from "inside" and not from
"without", it is not limited, but it is not programmed. 8 It must pass only in agreement. This
suggests a constant change that occurs especially in some structures. The idea is more
precisely applied to the internal development of the living entity.”

Meaning of Social Evolution

“The expression "Evolution" is obtained from ecological sciences to the humanities. The
expression "natural progress" is replaced by "social development" in humanism. While the
expression "natural development" is used to indicate the progress of creation, the articulation
"social progress" is used to explain the development of human culture. Here the term
develops the development of human social relations. It was hoped that the hypothesis of
social progress would explain the starting point and the improvement of man.”

Spencer’s Theory of Evolution

Like L.A. Sewing mentioned the "principle of development" or "almost progress", it is the
premise of spencerism. Spencer's explanations, which are identified with 'development', can
be divided into two sections:
1. General hypothesis of the advance payment.
2. The theory of social progress.
1. The general hypothesis of progress:

8
https://oscareducation.blogspot.com/2013/03/spencers-theory-of-evolution.html
The Spencer's "social progress hypothesis" is based on his "general hypothesis of
development." However, from the point of view of transformation, considering everything,
Spencer acquired it from Charles Darwin's "Hypothesis of Natural Development".

Spencer's Idea "All-Inclusive Advance"

Spencer has made "progress" a comprehensive guideline in his "First Standards" treatise. The
main principle behind every miracle or every improvement, both physical and social, is the
incomparable law of work development. The law of development, as it shows, is the
unmatched law of every person who becomes.

Rights proposed by Spencer

Within the framework of the all-inclusive development structure, Spencer built "three basic
laws" and "four optional recommendations", each of which is based on development
regulation.
a) Three basic rights:
1. The law of vitality or the power of wit.
2. The right to the indestructibility of emissions.
3. The law of population coherence.

b) Four suggestions or auxiliary rights:

Regarding the transformation procedure, Spencer referred to four suggestions or optional
rights despite three basic rights. They are compatible with the following.
1. Uniformity of law
2. The law of changes and the identity of superpowers.
3. The right of the smallest opposition and incredible fascination
4. Guide to changes or musicality of the movement.

2. Hypothesis of social development:

Two of the basic books composed in particular by Spencer, (I) "Research on humanism" and
(ii) "Standards of the humanities", give us more information about their "hypothesis of social
progress". Similarly, as the "hypothesis of natural progress" examines the birth, improvement,
and ultimate progress of the disappearance of the way of life, similarly the "hypothesis of
social progress" examines the beginning, progress, development and finally rot of the whole.
Spencer came to the conclusion that the standard of development can be related to human
culture because it considers human culture to be creation. Both the creation and the general
public develop from easy to complex and from homogeneous to heterogeneous.
"Spencer's development hypothesis" includes two basic but related patterns or lines of
thought:
1. A change from simplicity to complexity or the development of a basic culture to different
dimensions of complex social orders; and
2. A change from a military society to a mechanical society.
When Spencer was constantly arguing, all miracles in all areas are still from simplicity to
complicity. Social cleanup also undergoes transformational phases of improvement. Spencer
recognized four types of social order with regard to the phase of their transformational
progress. They are;
• Simple society: it is the most primitive society, without complexity and involving some
families.
• Complex society: a significant number of simple social orders create a complex company.
This is a group society.
• A society of a dual relationship: they are part of several groups sharpened in clans and
innate social orders.
• A triple complex society: here clans are classified in the state of the country. This is the
current type of the world.
2. Advancement continues from military to mechanical society:
As indicated by Spencer, advancement continues from military society to modern culture.
The kind of social structure relies upon the connection of a general public to different social
orders in its huge qualities.

Military Society
Industrial Society

a) Characterized by compulsory corporation a) Characterized by voluntary corporation

b) Centralized government b) Decentralized government

c) Sate control all social organizations c) State has very limited functions

d) There will be economic autonomy d) No economic autonomy

6. THEORY OF ORGANIC ANALOGY
“It is said that Spencer has tried to do what Comte had predicted. This means that he has
made human learning a broad science. Spencer was a man who thought about himself and
that was why his teaching was very special. As Herbert Spencer points out, society is not just
a meeting of people; That's more than that; just as the essence is in excess of less cell
accumulation. He made speculations that the society looked like a natural creature, and then
continued to protect it from all protests with incredible rightful power. Spencer reformulated
the natural similarity, which is the basic element of old-fashioned and medieval ideas. He
respected the recognition of comparability between society and the living entity as the initial
move towards a general hypothesis of development. A similar sense of life applies to both the
natural and social way of life.”
"When someone sees that change has occurred in the midst of development, development and
decay of the general public, it fulfills indistinguishable standards for making changes through
all the considered aspects, natural and natural, the idea of humanism is achieved as a
science."
“Spencer maintains that we can better understand society in the event that we contrast with
the living being. He believes that society resembles a natural framework, a more unusual way
of life, both in terms of structure and possibilities. Like the living entity, society is subject to
a similar procedure of gradual development or improvement from an easy to complex state.
Like every creature, society also shows "the separation of the ability and structure of
incorporation". In this association, it should be noted that Spencer does not accept the opinion
that society is a way of life. Spencer represents both natural and social sums, as indicated by
the dynamic increase in size. Social orders, like living bodies, start with germs, began with
the masses, which are extremely small in correlation with the majority, some of them are
long-term. "The development of society can take place through two procedures" performed
partly independently and time and again ". It results from population expansion, "through
basic multifunctional units" or from the merger of random units by "merging meetings and
again by the meeting association". The character of the relationship that Spencer attracted,
and the request to be as clear as one would expect depending on the circumstances, first
explains the similarities and then the contrasts between the social orders and the living
entities to which he took account.”9

7. CONCLUSION
9
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/note-on-spencers-organic-analogy/43734
“Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), an English rationalist, was distinguished among the most
famous and powerful sociologists of the 19th century. Spencer’s primitive human science
appeared broadly in response to Count and Marx; Composing, when the Darwinian was upset
by science, Spencer tried to reformulate control over what we can now describe as socially
Darwinian terms. In fact, his early work shows a fairly long hypothesis about overall progress
before Darwin spread something about it.10 Supported by his partner and attorney Edward L.
Youmans, Spencer distributed The Investigation of Humanism in 1874, which was the main
book with the title “social science” in the title. At the launch of the magazine Global Month
to Month in 1900, Franklin H. Giddings (1855-1931), a leading humanities teacher at
Columbia College, described it as a book that “first moved to Great Britain, Great Britain,
France, Italy and Russia is a great intrigue of popular enthusiasm “in the then-under-age
control over humanism. In the US In the United States, Charles Horton Cooley said in a paper
in 1920 that Human Science Research “reportedly achieved more to arouse enthusiasm for
the topic than any previous or next production.” It is estimated that he sold a million books in
his life, no doubt more than any other social scientist of his time. His influence was so strong
that many other nineteenth-century scholars, including Émile Durkheim, characterized his
thoughts with reference to his own. The division of labor in Durkheim in the public arena is
to some extent an overwhelming discussion with Spencer, whose humanism Durkheim has
acquired extensively. In addition, a well-known researcher, Spencer was the author of the
phrase “survival of the fittest” as an indispensable instrument, thanks to which socio-social
structures have progressed. While many educated people in those days were advocates of
communism as an experimentally educated way of governing society, Spencer was a
commentator on communism and a proponent of the governmental style of free enterprise.
His thoughts were widely perceived by traditionalist political circles, especially in the United
States and Great Britain. Despite the fact that Spencer’s work is rarely studied in the
contemporary sociological hypothesis, his work has been adapted and changed and reappears
in various contemporary structures.”

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
10
"Back Matter". The Philosophical Review. 9 (6): [unnumbered]. 1900. ISSN 1558-
1470. JSTOR 2177017. (Registration required (help)). Cite uses deprecated parameter |
registration= (help)
BOOKS
1. C.N. Shankara Rao,Sociology: Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social
Thoughts. New Delhi:S.Chand,2008

2. Anthony Giddens ,Sociology: Wiley; Seventh edition,24 April 2013

WEBSITES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sociology
2. http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/the-emergence-and-development-of-
sociology-2874-words/8484
3. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herbert-Spencer

ARTICLES
1. MUCHA, JANUSZ. “Institutionalization of Sociology.” Polish Sociological Review, no. 123,
1998, pp. 235–246. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41274681.

2. “Herbert Spencer.” The British Medical Journal, vol. 2, no. 2241, 1903, pp. 1542–
1542. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20278728.

3. Barber, Bernard. “The Emergence and Maturation of the Sociology of Science.” Science &
Technology Studies, vol. 5, no. 3/4, 1987, pp. 129–133. JSTOR, JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/690434.

4. JAMES, WILLIAM, and GUIDO VILLA. “HERBERT SPENCER.” Giornale Degli Economisti, 28
(Anno 15), 1904, pp. 31–47. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23221419.