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Magnitude
Phase Angle
• Three-phase generator connected to three identical loads.
Y-Connection ∆-connection
Generator
Load
• The point at which all the terminals are connected is called
the neutral point.
• If a conductor is not attached from this point to the load, the
system is called a Y-connected, three-phase, three-wire
generator.
• If the neutral is connected, the system is a Y-connected three-
phase, four-wire generator.
• The three conductors connected from A, B and C to the load
are called lines.
• Three-phase,4 wire Three-phase, 3 wire
• Balanced load = The power loading is split equally among all
three phases.
• Load on phase A=Load on phase B= Load on phase C
• The current is equal in all three phases
• When the load impedance in the three phases are not equal
in magnitude or phase or both, the load is said to
be unbalanced.
• If three unequal loads are connected to form a delta and
connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three
loads will not be equal in magnitude and/or phase. The three-
phase currents and the line currents will also be unbalanced.
Y-Connection
Relationship between line and phase value in the Y-
Connection
• The current in any line is the same as the current in the corresponding
phase which is :
a) Phasor diagram of the line and phase voltages of a three-phase generator; (b)
demonstrating that the vector sum of the line voltages of a three-phase system is zero.
I Bb I Aa 120
6.81 141.8A
I Cc I Aa 240
6.81 261.8 6.8198.2A
EXAMPLE 2
(a) The line current flowing in the per-phase equivalent circuit is given by:
V
I line
Z line Z load
1200
(0.06 j 0.12) (12 j 9)
1200 1200
12.06 j 9.12 15.1237.1
7.94 37.1 A
V L I L Z L
(7.94 37.1 A)(12 j 9)
(7.94 37.1 A)(1536.9)
119.1 0.2V
• Therefore, the magnitude of the load’s phase voltage is
V L 119.1V
• And the magnitude of the load’s line voltage is
Line currents:
I Aa 3 I ab 30
3 (19.36) 13.43 30
I Aa 33.53 16.57 A
V L I ' L Z ' L
23.4 37.5 A)(4 j 3)
(23.4 37.5 A)(536.9)
117 0.6V
V L 3(117) 203V
VLL V L 203V
∆ -Connection
Relationship between line and phase value in the ∆ -
Connection
• The line-to-line voltage between any two lines will be the same as
the voltage in the corresponding phase. So :
Unlike the line current for the Y-connected generator, the line
current for the ∆-connected system is not equal to the phase current.
The relationship between the two can be found by applying
Kirchhoff’s current law at one of the nodes and solving for the line
current in terms of the phase current; that is, at node A,
IBA = IAa + IAC
or
IAa = IBA - IAC = IBA + ICA
In 3-phase system, for ∆-connected, the current that flow from one
phase to another is called a phase current.
Line current:
IAa ; IBb ; ICc
Phase current:
for generator:
IBA ; IAC ; ICB
Line current:
IAa ; IBb ; ICc
Phase current:
for load:
Iab ; Ibc ; Ica
I BA I BA0
ICB ICB 120
I AC I AC120
EET208-Electrical Power Technology Syafruddin Hasan 40
Current in ∆ -Connected system (Generator Side)
I Aa I BA I AC
I BA0 I BA120
I BA (10 1120)
I BA (1 j0 (0.5 j0.866))
I BA (1.5 j0.866)
I BA (1.732 30)
I Aa 3I BA 30 A
EET208-Electrical Power Technology Syafruddin Hasan 41
Current in ∆ -Connected system (Generator Side)
I Bb I CB I BA
3I CB 150
and
I Cc I AC I CB
3I AC90
42
EET208-Electrical Power Technology Syafruddin Hasan
Current in ∆ -Connected system (Load Side)
I bc I bc 120
I Aa 3Iab 30 A
44
EET208-Electrical Power Technology Syafruddin Hasan
Current in ∆ -Connected system (Load Side)
I Bb I bc I ab
3I bc 150
and
I Cc I ca I bc
3I ca 90
EET208-Electrical Power Technology Syafruddin Hasan 45
∆ -Connected system
The relationship between the line current and the phase current
can be represented as
I L 3Iφ 30
Where; IL : line current
Iφ = Ip : phase current
IL lags Iφ by 30°
EET208-Electrical Power Technology Syafruddin Hasan 46
The phasor diagram is shown below for a balanced load.
In general, line current is:
Phase current
I Bb 3I CB 150
ICc 3I AC90
In phasor notation,
EAB = EAB 0o = Ep 0o
EBC = EBC 120o = Ep 120o
ECA = ECA 120o = Ep 120o
48
EET208-Electrical Power Technology Syafruddin Hasan
Phase sequence (Δ -connected generator)
In phasor notation,
ACB (negative) Phase EAB = EAB 0o
EBC = EBC 120o
sequence ECA = ECA -120o
I Aa I ab 3 30
13.236.87 3 30
22.866.87 A
I Bb I Aa 120 6.87 22.86 - 113.13 A
I Cc I Aa 120 6.87 22.86126.87 A
EXAMPLE 6 (∆ -Connected Generator with a Y-
Connected Load)
A balanced Y-connected load with a phase impedance 40 +
j25 is supplied by a balanced, positive-sequence Δ-
connected source with a line voltage of 210 V. Calculate the
line currents. Use VAB as reference
SOLUTION
The load impedance, ZY and the source voltage, VAB are
ZY 40 j25 47.1732
VAB 2100 V
When the ∆-connected source is transformed to a Y-connected
source
VAB
Van 30
3
2100
1 30
3
121.2-30 V
• Line current: P 3V I cos
P 3I2 Z cos
Q 3V I sin
Q 3I2 Z sin
S 3V I
S 3I2 Z
Summary of relationships in Y and ∆ -Connections
Y-Connections ∆ -Connections
Voltage Magnitude
Current Magnitude
abc phase sequence
• Y-Connected load:
1) Real, P
The power consumed by a load is given by
P 3V I cos
I L I
VLL 3V
VLL
P 3( ) I L cos
3
P 3VLL I L cos
2) Reactive, Q
Q 3VLL I L sin
3) Apparent, S
S 3VLL I L
• ∆-Connected load:
1) Real, P
P 3V I cos
I L 3 I
VLL V
IL
P 3VLL ( ) cos
3
P 3VLL I L cos
2) Reactive, Q
Q 3VLL I L sin
3) Apparent, S
S 3VLL I L
EXAMPLE 7