2.1.

1 Intelligent building management systems

The concept of intelligent buildings in the United States began in 1980s. According to Harrison,
Joe, and Read (1998), It was inspired by the development of technology and the increasingly demand for
living in a comfortable environment and increase in occupant control in environments. Early definitions
of intelligent building focused on technological aspect without user interaction (Wong, Li, & Wang,
2005). Most recently, some authors added ‘learning ability’ and ‘performance adjustment from its
occupancy and the environment’ in the definition. They considered that intelligent building should be
capable of learning and adjusting performance based from its occupancy and environment, not only able
to react according to environmental requirement. (94,98).

The UK-based European Intelligent Building Group defines an intelligent building as ‘one that
creates environment which maximizes the effectiveness of the building’s occupants, while at the same
time enabling efficient management of resources with minimum life-time costs of hardware and
facilities’(Wong et al., 2005). In the contrary, the intelligent building institute of the United States
defines and intelligent building as ‘one which provides a productive and cost-effective environment
through optimization of its four basic elements including structures, systems, services and management
and the interrelationships between them’ (94). The US definition focused on building technology, while
the UK definition focused on the user.

Assistive technologies

As stated before, smart building should also focus on all of its user. The advancement in

technology is inevitable and it is thriving rapidly. Along with its advancement are the positive and

negative aspects that are being considered by the people (Parker, 2015). After the rapid growth of Smart

cities, the function of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in helping on the accessibility

of persons with disability (PWD) is now being considered. In consideration of every user, recognizing the

diversity, and eliminating physical and digital barriers is an utmost consideration to be considered

“smart” and be called an Inclusive Smart City. Accessibility continues to be an obstacle for PwD: visually

impaired have to deal with the lack of appropriate signs; people with limited walking abilities have to

deal with sidewalks that changes in level, impaired-hearing people must depend mostly on their vision

to compensate for the lack of sound (Neto & Kofuji, 2016).

 The link between identification and sensors technologies could work together in assisting PWD

in daily activities. For the visually impaired, body sensors and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags

and readers in helping them move in indoor spaces and unknown areas. The assistive device can be

implemented with RFID tags circulating possible paths with a reader mounted in cane or any other

equipment used by the visually impaired person. For hearing impaired people, flex sensors and RFID

tagged objects can notify them through visual or vibratory signal (Lopes, Pinto, Furtado, & Silva, 2014).

With regards to the building, Adaptive architecture is designed to be adaptive to its inhabitants

and environment that can assist in making the experience more convenient, efficient, and safer. These

are becoming common in residential buildings. These include sensors with smart thermostats, burglar

alarms, adjustable lights and artificial ventilation systems, and security cameras with facial recognition

software (Urquhart, Schnädelbach, & Jäger, 2019).

Sports innovation

Hawk-eye technology is an improvement in sport officiating. It is a ball-tracking system that is

accurate, reliable, and practical. In the last 20 to 30 years, sports only depends on the natural judgement

of human being, but present time challenges the human judgement. Strategically placed cameras which

covers the movements of the players and minute to minute reaction are being calculated with this

technology to come up with the right decisions on a game, thus making it a better in decision making as

compared to human being judgement (Bal & Dureja, 2012). There has been a long debate about the

officiating with the technology because further work is needed to ensure that the system is 100%

accurate (Fowler, 2010). This technology will outstandingly improve the accuracy of the calls on a game

and just officiating. It can be a step in integrating technology in sports, but the need for a human official

should always be a consideration because the technology is not 100% accurate.

It is also an additional coaching and training tool. It can be used to analyse previous games by

the team to review their plays and come up with new strategies in achieving better results.

Renewable energy

Renewable energies are energy sources that are naturally replenished by nature, such as solar, wind,

hydropower, or natural movements of the environment (geothermal and tidal energy). Technologies

transform these natural energy sources into usable forms, such as electricity (Ellabban, Abu-Rub, &

Blaabjerg, 2014). Solar energy is the most recognized renewable source. One of the technology that

could harness renewable energy and reduce greenhouse emission is photovoltaic, a process of

transforming light into electricity (Powell, Hischier, Jayathissa, Svetozarevic, & Schlüter, 2018). The
average solar insolation in the Philippines varies from 1643 to 2008 kWh/m2 per year, thus proving that

the country has potential for solar energy applications (Ismail, Ramirez-Iniguez, Asif, Munir, &

Muhammad-Sukki, 2015).

Solar or photovoltaic panels could be placed on the façade or the roof of a building after

construction. In tropical regions where mostly surrounding the equator, the main characteristics are

high in humidity and temperature with significant amount of rainfall. These can affect in harvesting

sunlight because direct sunlight is scattered by clouds. Photovoltaic panels are more efficient in direct

sunlight and their efficiency declines in cloudy weather (Saber, Lee, Manthapuri, Yi, & Deb, 2014).

Sports facilities

As stated in the scope of limitations, the considered sports are basketball, volleyball, football,

weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, taekwondo, boxing, wind surfing, archery, athletics, and swimming.

Designers with the development of technologies are taking advantage in working to achieve energy

efficient sports facilities and the needs to adapt to the needs of modern societies (Culley, 2014). The

common design problems in sports facilities include poorly planned pedestrian traffic flow, inadequate

safety zones around courts, lack of storage, and improper building materials. They are built in a wide

variety of materials. These include reinforced concrete, timber and membranes and cables for

lightweight structure solutions. According to Culley (2014), a rectangular or square plan is a more

efficient solution in designing a flexible facility. In choosing proper building materials, the considerations

are cost, function, durability, aesthetics, maintenance, and safety. (Seidler, 2013)
 On designing multipurpose facilities, the designer must consider all foreseeable activities that

may take place and the safety of the participants and spectators. Many sport and recreation activities,

like basketball and football, need a space between the activity area and any obstruction in enhancing

the safety of the participants. This space is referred to as buffer zone. There are law-suits that have been

based on claims that the injury was caused by an inadequate safety zone (Seidler, 2013).(Culley, 2014)

Lgu on sports

Philippines rely on government funding to sustain sports program. The development of sports in

the country rely on the coordination between the PSC and the POC. POC is responsible for recruiting

athletes, organizing different clubs and competitions, and providing technical assistance for recreational

sports, while the PSC was created through Republic Act No. 6847 to serve as the “sole policy-making and

coordinating body of all amateur sports development programs and institutions in the Philippines.”

(Geraldine, 2010).

Sport is a tool to promote human development. The Philippine sports stakeholders recognize

the need for developing Filipino athletes to be at par with word class athletes. The main goal is to

promote growth within the community through sports. Executive Order 64, series of 1993 focuses on

the national policy of “Sports for All” which shall make accessible to all Filipinos. An initiative of physical

fitness, and preserve and promote traditional values. The strategies in attaining its targets comprise by

major pillars of “Malasakit (Enhancing the social fabric), Pagbabago (Reducing inequity), and Patuloy na

Pag-Unlad (Increasing potential growth).” (Philippine Sports Commision, 2017)

ESPORTS FACILITIES

Video games and the desire to spectate online and in-person gaming is becoming a global

phenomenon. While eSports-specific venues are being built, many venues that host eSports

competitions were primarily used for other professional sports. The crowd attendance for eSports is

growing over the last years. 173,000 people attended in Poland in 2016, from 113,000 in 2015. These

figures encouraged venue managers to have interest in hosting eSports events (Jenny et al., 2018).

However, one of the biggest debates regarding esports is whether it can be defined as a sport. There are

countries that recognize professional gamers as athletes, like the United States and South Korea (Kane &

Spradley, 2017).

eSports fans focus on community. They seek an environment where they can interact with

others and a facility to go to and watch competition, just like traditional sports. The factors that can

affect in the success of an eSports arena are the sense of community, flexibility, and comfort. Fans need

to feel a sense of community in the facility because most fans seek out these community experiences,

and are willing to pay for them. Like major sports arena, the ability to rapidly change from ice to

hardwood is also needed. The venue may host a Street Figher Event after a League of Legends event –

two events that require different set-ups. eSports events can last 12 hours a day, thus the need for a

comfortable spaces that would ensure that the people would stay (Bull, 2018).

As esports is steadily grow, hosting events continues to provide promise for generating revenue.

As evidenced throughout the analysis of(Jenny et al., 2018,)eSports is navigating a social and economic

change within the sports industry, impacting facilities and event managements. As a new and emerging

industry, it will always involve in the fast changing of technology as new games, software, and hardware
are released. This presents as an issue for the facility as it must be ready to adapt to technological

advancements (Jenny et al., 2018).

The edge is considered to be the one of the greenest and smartest building in the world. Situated in

Amsterdam’s which is rapidly emerging as one Europe’s important business district. It is connected to

public transport, bicycle-route networks and train station. It has the world’s highest Building Research

Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) rating award, it is integrated with smart

technologies to create an adaptable and intelligent work spaces. According to BREEAM, It uses 70% less

electricity than other buildings. The roof and façade incorporate photovoltaic panels, and an aquifer

thermal energy storage system provides all of the energy required for heating and cooling. The building

responds to occupancy, movement, lighting levels, humidity and temperature are continuously

measured, and using smart technology to maximise efficiency.

The building has louvers that are designed according to sun angles and provide shading and reduce solar

heat gain to the office spaces. It has solar panels on the south façade that can provide sustainable

electricity to power smartphones, laptops, and electric cars. The building has Ethernet-powered LED

lighting system is integrated with 30,000 sensors to measure occupancy, movement, lighting, humidity

and temperature to allow the system to adjust in different settings.

As a user, the employees doesn’t have a desk because the building finds the employee a desk based on

different schedules and work assigned. The design is called hot desking, which encourages new

interactions and relations to different workers. The parking is automated that snaps a photo of the

license plate and match it with the employment record that is required to enter. There’s also a separate

parking for bicycles and electric vehicles.