Impresum

Tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije Recenzenti

Toni Nikolić, Martin Schneider †, Borut Stumberger
Nakladnik
Program Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj Veliku zahvalnost dugujemo  iznimnom prirodoslovcu
Martinu Schneideru (1956.–2012.) koji je svojim struč-
Za nakladnika nim komentarima i savjetima sudjelovao u recenziji ove
Sandra Vlašić knjige. Martin Schneider bio je jedan od rijetkih biolo-
Louisa Vinton ga koji je još prije trideset godina upozoravao na ulogu i
važnost tradicijskih sorti i pasmina u zaštiti prirode.
Sunakladnici
Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode Lektura
Javna ustanova ‘’Nacionalni park Krka’’ Juliette Janušić
Zadarska županija
Javna ustanova ReraSD za koordinaciju i Prijevod i lektura engleskog teksta
razvoj Splitsko - dalmatinske županije Graham McMaster
Dubrovačko - neretvanska županija
Autori fotografija
Glavni i odgovorni urednici Sandro Bogdanović, Ljiljana Borovečki Voska, Ivan
Roman Ozimec, Snježana Mihinica Bura, Ivo Kara Pešić, Gordana Kožarić Silov, Ivica
Lolić, Edi Maletić, Semir Maslo, Zdravko Matotan,
Autori Bojan Mazanek, Thomas Mravičić, Toni Nikolić,
Roman Ozimec Roman Ozimec, Ana Peraica, Ivo Pervan, Darko
Jasminka Karoglan Kontić Petanjek, Gordana Petrovčić, Mira Radunić, Ivan
Edi Maletić Raič, Frane Strikić, Borut Stumberger, Marija Ševar,
Zdravko Matotan Stanislav Štambuk
Frane Strikić
Oblikovanje i priprema za tisak
Kudos studio

Idejno rješenje naslovnice

Krešimir Kraljević

2 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Publication details
Traditional varieties and breeds of Dalmatia Reviewers
Toni Nikolić, Martin Schneider †, Borut Stumberger
Publisher
United Nations Development Programme We are greatly indebted to the outstanding naturalist
Martin Schneider (1956-2012), who made a significant
For the publisher contributing to the reviewing of this book with his well-
Sandra Vlašić informed comments and suggestions. Martin Schneider
Louisa Vinton was one of the few biologists to draw attention, as long
as thirty years ago, to the role and importance of traditi-
Co-publishers onal varieties and breeds in nature protection.
State Institute for Nature Protection
Public Institution Krka National Park Copy editing
Zadar County Juliette Janušić
Public Institution ReraSD for coordination and
development of Split-Dalmatia County English translation and editing
Dubrovnik-Neretva County Graham McMaster

Editors in-chief Photographs by

Roman Ozimec, Snježana Mihinica Sandro Bogdanović, Ljiljana Borovečki Voska, Ivan
Bura, Ivo Kara Pešić, Gordana Kožarić Silov, Ivica
Authors Lolić, Edi Maletić, Semir Maslo, Zdravko Matotan,
Roman Ozimec Bojan Mazanek, Thomas Mravičić, Toni Nikolić,
Jasminka Karoglan Kontić Roman Ozimec, Ana Peraica, Ivo Pervan, Darko
Edi Maletić Petanjek, Gordana Petrovčić, Mira Radunić, Ivan
Zdravko Matotan Raič, Frane Strikić, Borut Stumberger, Marija Ševar,
Frane Strikić Stanislav Štambuk

Design and prepress

Kudos studio

Original idea for the cover

Krešimir Kraljević

T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 3
 Ilustracija naslovnice
Vedran Klemens
Tisak
Tiskara Zelina d.d.
Naklada
1 000 primjeraka
Priprema knjige u cijelosti je financirana od strane Pro-
grama Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP-a) u Hr-
vatskoj i Globalnog fonda za okoliš (GEF-a), a u okvi-
ru provedbe COAST projekta (Conservation and Su-
stainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast
through Greening Coastal Development – Project
ID  00050301 PIMS 2439). Tisak publikacije finan-
cijski su potpomogli Javna ustanova „Nacionalni park
Krka“, Zadarska županija, Javna ustanova ReraSD za
koordinaciju i razvoj Splitsko-dalmatinske županije te
Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija.
4 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Program Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP) svjet-
ska je mreža UN-a za razvoj, organizacija koja zago-
vara promjene i povezivanje država sa znanjem, isku-
stvom te potencijalima kako bi se građanima omogu-
ćilo izgraditi bolji život. Djeluje u 177 država poma-
žući im da nađu vlastita rješenja za izazove globalnog
i nacionalnog razvoja. Razvojem lokalnih kapaciteta
te se države oslanjaju na mrežu UNDP-ovih struč-
njaka i širok raspon partnera.
U ovoj publikaciji iznesena su mišljenja autora i nuž-
no ne predstavljaju službeno stajalište UNDP-a.
Umnožavanje ove publikacije ili njezinih dijelova u
bilo kojem obliku, kao i distribucija, nisu dozvoljeni
bez prethodnog pisanog odobrenja nakladnika.
ISBN 978-953-7429-51-5
CIP zapis je dostupan u računalnome katalogu Naci-
onalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem
000901673.
Cover illustration
Vedran Klemens
Printing
Tiskara Zelina d.d.
Print order
1 000 copies
The preparation of this book was fully financed by the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
in Croatia and Global Environment Fund (GEF), as
part of the COAST project  (Conservation and Su-
stainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast
through Greening Coastal Development – Project
ID 00050301 PIMS 2439). The printing of this publi-
cation was financially supported by: Public Institution
Krka National Park, Zadar County, Public Institution
ReraSD for coordination and development of Split-
Dalmatia County and Dubrovnik-Neretva County.
UNDP is a world-wide UN network for development,
an organisation that champions changes and the
connecting of states with the knowledge, experien-
ce and potentials to enable their citizens to build at
better life. It is at work in 177 states, helping them to
find their own solutions for the challenges of global
and national development. With the development of
local capacities, the states can draw on the network of
UNDP experts and a wide range of partners.
The opinions of the authors stated in this publication do
not necessarily reflect the official viewpoint of UNDP.
Reproduction of this publication or parts of it in any
form and distribution of the same are not permitted
without prior written approval from the publisher.
ISBN 978-953-7429-51-5
CIP file available in the digital catalogue of the Nati-
onal Library in Zagreb, file number 000901673.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 5
 Sadržaj/Contents
Sadržaj/Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 6 A.10. Sorte i pasmine Dalmacije, osnova tradicijskih proizvoda/
Predgovor (undp) / Foreword (undp)................................................................................ 12 Varieties and breeds of Dalmatia, the foundation of
traditional products ......................................................................................................... 72
Predgovor (dzzp) / Foreword (sinp)...................................................................................... 14
A.11. Osobna prirodoslovna karta Dalmacije i Hrvatske/ A
physicogeographical ID of Dalmatia and Croatia .......................... 78
A tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije/ traditional varieties
Literatura/References ....................................................................................................... 82
and breeds of dalmatia
opći dio/ general part (R. Ozimec) ................................................................................ 16
B tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije
A.1. Povijesne i geografske osnove Dalmacije/Historical and
geographical foundations of Dalmatia ......................................................... 18 Specijalni dio ............................................................................................................................................. 86

A.2. Geološka, hidrogeomorfološka i krajobrazna podloga

Dalmacije/Geological, hydrological, geomorphological and Maslina (F.Strikić) .................................................................................................................................. 88
landscape background of Dalmatia ................................................................. 24 Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije .................................................................... 96
A.3. Klima i vegetacija Dalmacije/Climate and vegetation in Bjelica ....................................................................................................................................................... 98
Dalmatia ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Buharica ................................................................................................................................................ 100
A.4. Stanišna i biološka raznolikost Dalmacije/ Habitat and Crnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 102
biological diversity in Dalmatia ........................................................................... 36
Drobnica ............................................................................................................................................... 104
A.5. Razvoj poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji/ Development of
Karbunčela ......................................................................................................................................... 106
agriculture in Dalmatia .................................................................................................. 42
Krvavica ................................................................................................................................................. 108
A.6. Genetička osnova i nastanak sorti i pasmina Dalmacije/
Lastovka ................................................................................................................................................ 110
Genetic foundation and origin of varieties and breeds in
Dalmatia ......................................................................................................................................... 48 Levantinka .......................................................................................................................................... 112

A.7. Zakonski okvir za sorte i pasmine Dalmacije/ Legislative Lumbardeška ................................................................................................................................... 114
background for varieties and breeds of Dalmatia ............................ 54 Oblica ....................................................................................................................................................... 116
A.8. Ukupna agrobioraznolikost Dalmacije i važnost njenog Dužica ...................................................................................................................................................... 120
očuvanja/ Overall agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia and the Grozdača ............................................................................................................................................... 121
importance of its preservation ............................................................................... 60
Jeruzalemka ....................................................................................................................................... 122
A.9. Povijesni pregled istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti
Kosmača ................................................................................................................................................ 123
Dalmacije/ Historical survey of research into the
Murgulja ................................................................................................................................................ 124
agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia ................................................................................... 66

6 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
 Paštrica .................................................................................................................................................... 125
Piculja ....................................................................................................................................................... 126
Sitnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 127
Uljarica .................................................................................................................................................... 128
Velika lastovka ................................................................................................................................. 129
Brindićanka ........................................................................................................................................ 130
Divljaka ................................................................................................................................................... 130
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 131
Vinova loza (J. Karoglan Kontić & E. Maletić) ........................................................ 132
Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije ..................................................................... 140
Babica ........................................................................................................................................................ 142
Babić ........................................................................................................................................................... 144
Bogdanuša ............................................................................................................................................ 146
Bratkovina bijela ........................................................................................................................... 148
Cetinka ..................................................................................................................................................... 150
Cipar ........................................................................................................................................................... 152
Crljenak kaštelanski .................................................................................................................. 154
Crljenak viški .................................................................................................................................... 156
Debit ........................................................................................................................................................... 158
Dobričić .................................................................................................................................................. 160
Drnekuša ............................................................................................................................................... 162
Gegić ........................................................................................................................................................... 164
Glavinuša ............................................................................................................................................... 166
Grk ................................................................................................................................................................ 168
Krstičevica ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Kujundžuša ......................................................................................................................................... 172
Lasina ........................................................................................................................................................ 174
Ljutun ....................................................................................................................................................... 176
Malvasija dubrovačka .............................................................................................................. 178
Maraština .............................................................................................................................................. 180
Mladenka ............................................................................................................................................. 182
Muškat ruža ...................................................................................................................................... 184
Ninčuša .................................................................................................................................................. 186
Palagružanka bijela .................................................................................................................. 188
Petovka ................................................................................................................................................... 190
Plavac mali ......................................................................................................................................... 192
Plavina .................................................................................................................................................... 194
Pošip bijeli .......................................................................................................................................... 196
Prč ................................................................................................................................................................ 198
Vlaška ...................................................................................................................................................... 200
Vugava bijela .................................................................................................................................... 202
Zlatarica blatska ........................................................................................................................... 204
Zlatarica vrgorska ....................................................................................................................... 206
Žilavka ..................................................................................................................................................... 208
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................ 210
Voćne kulture (F. Strikić, dijelom R.Ozimec) ........................................................ 212
Žižula (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................... 220
Domaća žižula............................................................................................................................ 222
Rogač........................................................................................................................................................... 224
Komiški ............................................................................................................................................ 226
Šipanski ........................................................................................................................................... 227
Puljiški .............................................................................................................................................. 228
Boglić .................................................................................................................................................. 229
Medunac ......................................................................................................................................... 229
Šipak ........................................................................................................................................................... 230
Barski slatki ................................................................................................................................. 232
Dubrovački kasni .................................................................................................................. 233
Glavaš ................................................................................................................................................. 234
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 7
 Konjski zub .................................................................................................................................. 235
Sladun ............................................................................................................................................... 236
Zamorski ........................................................................................................................................ 237
Slatki tankokorac .................................................................................................................. 238
Šerbetaš ........................................................................................................................................... 239
Karaderviš ..................................................................................................................................... 240
Mojdeški krupnozrni ........................................................................................................ 240
Šipak crnog zuba ................................................................................................................... 241
Murva (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................... 242
Domaća crna i bijela murva ...................................................................................... 244
Smokva .................................................................................................................................................... 246
Bjelica ................................................................................................................................................ 248
Petrovača bijela ....................................................................................................................... 249
Šaraguja ........................................................................................................................................... 250
Termenjača .................................................................................................................................. 251
Zamorčica ...................................................................................................................................... 252
Bružetka crna ............................................................................................................................ 253
Vodenjača ...................................................................................................................................... 253
Crnica ................................................................................................................................................ 254
Petrovača crna .......................................................................................................................... 255
Zimica ................................................................................................................................................ 256
Zlatna smokva .......................................................................................................................... 257
Četrun (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) .................................................................................... 258
Domaći četrun ......................................................................................................................... 260
Limun (R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................................................... 262
Mandarina ............................................................................................................................................ 264
Zorica rana ................................................................................................................................... 266
Naranča ................................................................................................................................................... 268
Kuparka ........................................................................................................................................... 270
Katarinka ....................................................................................................................................... 271
8 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Gorka naranča (R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................... 272
Bajam ......................................................................................................................................................... 274
Čarski kasni ................................................................................................................................ 276
Knez črnomir ............................................................................................................................. 277
Princeza smokvička ............................................................................................................ 278
Smokvički polumekiš ....................................................................................................... 279
Sutivanski ...................................................................................................................................... 279
Župski ................................................................................................................................................ 280
Nešpola (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ................................................................................. 282
Domaća krupna nešpola ............................................................................................... 284
Oskoruša .(F. Strikić & R. Ozimec).............................................................................. 286
Domaća oskoruša ................................................................................................................. 288
Trešnja ...................................................................................................................................................... 290
Tugarka ............................................................................................................................................ 292
Gomilička ...................................................................................................................................... 293
Stonska ............................................................................................................................................. 294
Stonska duge peteljke ...................................................................................................... 295
Višnja maraska ................................................................................................................................ 296
Brač-2 ................................................................................................................................................. 298
Brač-6 ................................................................................................................................................. 299
Poljička ............................................................................................................................................. 300
Recta ................................................................................................................................................... 301
Sokoluša .......................................................................................................................................... 302
Pendula ............................................................................................................................................ 303
Visulja ................................................................................................................................................ 303
Vodica ................................................................................................................................................ 304
Jabuka (R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................................................... 306
Žrnovska ......................................................................................................................................... 308
Tršlja (F. Strikić & R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................. 310
Domaća tršlja ............................................................................................................................ 312
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 314
Povrtnice (Z. Matotan, dijelom R.Ozimec) ................................................................ 316
Prikaz najvažnijih sorti Dalmacije ..................................................................... 322
Dinja (R. Ozimec) ........................................................................................................................ 324
Paška dinja ................................................................................................................................... 324
Artičoka .................................................................................................................................................. 326
Hvarska artičoka .................................................................................................................... 326
Endivija ................................................................................................................................................... 328
Dalmatinska kopica ........................................................................................................... 328
Salata .......................................................................................................................................................... 330
Dalmatinska ledenka ........................................................................................................ 330
Brokula .................................................................................................................................................... 332
Župski kavulin .......................................................................................................................... 332
Cvjetača ................................................................................................................................................... 334
Trogirska srednje rana cvjetača ............................................................................. 334
Kupus (R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................................................... 336
Sinjski kupus .............................................................................................................................. 336
Žegarski kupus ........................................................................................................................ 338
Raštika ...................................................................................................................................................... 340
Domaća raštika ....................................................................................................................... 340
Blitva (R. Ozimec) ....................................................................................................................... 342
Domaća blitva .......................................................................................................................... 342
Češnjak .................................................................................................................................................... 344
Ljubitovački češnjak .......................................................................................................... 344
Polački ozimi češnjak ....................................................................................................... 346
Kozjak ....................................................................................................................................................... 348
Domaća ljutika ........................................................................................................................ 348
Luk ................................................................................................................................................................ 350
Dolačka kapulica ................................................................................................................... 350
Konavljanska kapula (R. Ozimec) ....................................................................... 352
Bob ............................................................................................................................................................... 354
Domaći bob ................................................................................................................................. 354
Grah (R. Ozimec) .......................................................................................................................... 356
Grah rogač .................................................................................................................................... 356
Sjekirica .................................................................................................................................................. 358
Domaća sjekirica ................................................................................................................... 358
Slanutak .................................................................................................................................................. 360
Domaći krupnozrni slanutak .................................................................................. 360
Rajčica ...................................................................................................................................................... 362
Šibenski šljivar ......................................................................................................................... 362
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 364
Ratarske i krmne kulture (R.Ozimec) ........................................................................ 366
Prikaz najvažnijih kultura i sorti Dalmacije ...................................... 378
Agava .......................................................................................................................................................... 380
Pitomi broć........................................................................................................................................... 382
Domaći pitomi broć ........................................................................................................... 382
Buhač ......................................................................................................................................................... 384
Dalmatinski buhač .............................................................................................................. 384
Brnistra .................................................................................................................................................... 386
Djetelina rumena ......................................................................................................................... 388
Leća ............................................................................................................................................................. 390
Domaća leća ............................................................................................................................... 390
Lucerka .................................................................................................................................................... 392
Mediteranska lucerka ....................................................................................................... 392
Slanutak .................................................................................................................................................. 394
Domaći sitnozrni slanutak ......................................................................................... 394
Vučika bijela ...................................................................................................................................... 396
Dalmatinska bijela vučika ........................................................................................... 396
Duhan ....................................................................................................................................................... 398
Ravnjak ............................................................................................................................................. 398
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 9
 Duhan kržak ...................................................................................................................................... 400 Aromatično, začinsko, ljekovito, medonosno, ukrasno i
Ružić ................................................................................................................................................... 400 samoniklo jestivo bilje (R.Ozimec) ................................................................................ 428

Krumpir .................................................................................................................................................. 402 Prikaz najvažnijih kultura i sorti Dalmacije ...................................... 438

Počiteljka ........................................................................................................................................ 402 Smrič obični ....................................................................................................................................... 440

Škuljevac ......................................................................................................................................... 404 Smilje ......................................................................................................................................................... 442

Ječam obični ...................................................................................................................................... 406 Indijska smokva ............................................................................................................................. 444

Domaći višeredni ječam ................................................................................................ 406 Kapar .......................................................................................................................................................... 446

Kostrika perasta ............................................................................................................................. 408 Riga .............................................................................................................................................................. 448

Kršin primorski .............................................................................................................................. 410 Dubrovačka riga ..................................................................................................................... 448

Kukuruz .................................................................................................................................................. 412 Divlja riga .............................................................................................................................................. 450

Domaći tvrdunac .................................................................................................................. 412 Lovor .......................................................................................................................................................... 452

Oštrica primorska ....................................................................................................................... 414 Oštrolisna šparoga ...................................................................................................................... 454

Pir pravi ................................................................................................................................................... 416 Mirta ........................................................................................................................................................... 456

Domaći pir .................................................................................................................................... 416 Ilirska perunika .............................................................................................................................. 458

Pšenica tvrda brkulja ................................................................................................................ 418 Sunovrat žuti ..................................................................................................................................... 460

Dalmatinska tvrda brkulja .......................................................................................... 418 Župski žuti sunovrat ......................................................................................................... 460

Raž ................................................................................................................................................................ 420 Komorač ................................................................................................................................................. 462

Domaća raž .................................................................................................................................. 420 Matar .......................................................................................................................................................... 464

Sirak zrnaš ............................................................................................................................................ 422 Bosiljak .................................................................................................................................................... 466

Domaći sirak zrnaš ............................................................................................................. 422 Murtela ............................................................................................................................................. 466

Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 424 Kadulja ljekovita ............................................................................................................................ 468

Primorska kadulja ................................................................................................................ 468
Lavandin ................................................................................................................................................ 470
Budrovka ........................................................................................................................................ 470
Ružmarin ............................................................................................................................................... 474
Uspravni ružmarin .............................................................................................................. 474
Primorski vrisak ............................................................................................................................ 476
Planika ..................................................................................................................................................... 478
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 480

10 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Domaće životinje (R.Ozimec) .................................................................................................. 484 C tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije
Prikaz najvažnijih pasmina Dalmacije ............................................................. 492 sažetak / summary (R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................. 538
Konj ............................................................................................................................................................. 494
Dalmatinski bušak .............................................................................................................. 494 D tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije
Magarac .................................................................................................................................................. 496 Prilozi/ Annexes ................................................................................................................................. 550
Primorsko-dinarski magarac ................................................................................... 496 Popis vrsta, podvrsta, hibrida, tradicijskih sorti i pasmina
Govedo ..................................................................................................................................................... 500 Dalmacije / The list of species,subspecies, hybrids, traditional
Buša ...................................................................................................................................................... 500 varieties and breeds of Dalmatia ...................................................................................... 552

Sivo dalmatinsko govedo .............................................................................................. 504 Kazalo vrsta, podvrsta, hibrida, sorti i pasmina / The index of
species, subspecies, hybrids, varieties and breeds .................................... 573
Ovca ............................................................................................................................................................ 506
Dalmatinska pramenka .................................................................................................. 506
Dubrovačka ruda ................................................................................................................... 508
Paška ovca ..................................................................................................................................... 510
Koza ............................................................................................................................................................. 512
Hrvatska šarena koza ....................................................................................................... 512
Hrvatska bijela koza .......................................................................................................... 516
Svinja .......................................................................................................................................................... 518
Šiška ..................................................................................................................................................... 518
Pas ................................................................................................................................................................. 520
Dalmatinski pas ...................................................................................................................... 520
Tornjak ............................................................................................................................................. 522
Kokoš ......................................................................................................................................................... 524
Dalmatinska kokoš ............................................................................................................. 524
Puran .......................................................................................................................................................... 526
Dalmatinski puran .............................................................................................................. 526
Golub ......................................................................................................................................................... 528
Dalmatinska zimovka ...................................................................................................... 528
Medna pčela ....................................................................................................................................... 530
Mediteranska siva pčela ................................................................................................. 530
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 534

T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 11
 Predgovor (undp)
Drago čitateljstvo,
Ujedinjeni narodi čuveni su po svojoj nepristrano-
sti te se nadam da moj status bivše šefice Programa
Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj u Hrvatskoj neće biti
ugrožen kada kažem da je Dalmacija najljepše mje-
sto u ovoj zemlji nebrojenih čuda. Od prvog pogleda
na more koje blista među stijenama i grmolikim ra-
slinjem kada se spuštate od tunela Sveti Rok, krajolik
je jedinstven te brzo primijetite da su takve i biljke i
životinje, kultura i tradicija, hrana i glazba, čak i jezik
i smisao za humor koji su tijekom stotina godina na-
stajali u ovom surovom okruženju.
Ponosna sam što će UNDP podijeliti s vama iscr-
pan pregled poljoprivredne bioraznolikosti Dalmaci-
je, ilustriran fotografijama koje pokazuju impresivnu
raskoš ove regije.
Knjiga je osmišljena kako bi se čitatelji upoznali s bo-
gatstvom i raznolikošću prirode u Dalmaciji. Međutim,
ona nije samo za gledanje unatoč izvanrednim fotogra-
fijama. Također, nije izričito ni znanstvena studija, ia-
ko se temelji na ozbiljnim istraživanjima. Ona je više
od toga, to je poziv na zaštitu, revitalizaciju i promo-
ciju tradicijskih sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina doma-
ćih životinja zbog kojih je Dalmacija tako raznolika i
jedinstvena regija – i nad koju se sada nadvila prijetnja
industrijalizirane poljoprivrede i klimatskih promjena.
12 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Ova opsežna publikacija pripremljena je uz potporu
UNDP-a kao dio šireg, sedam milijuna dolara vrijed-
nog projekta, koji je u razdoblju od 2006. do 2013. go-
dine iznjedrio više od 100 zelenih poslova u Dalmaciji.
Vodili smo se idejom stvaranja modela za obiteljska gos-
podarstva koji će uključivati tri cilja: očuvanje prirodnog
okoliša i zaštitu bioraznolikosti, stvaranje održivih život-
nih uvjeta za lokalne poljoprivrednike kako bi se uspori-
lo iseljavanje, te njegovanje specifičnih dalmatinskih tra-
dicija, krajolika, hrane i kulture. Za regiju blagoslovlje-
nu stotinama kilometara obale i kristalno čistim Jadran-
skim morem, zeleno poduzetništvo je trajnija alternativa
“suncu i moru” kao glavnom turističkom adutu.
Na tim je temeljima i nastala knjiga Tradicijske sorte i
pasmine Dalmacije. Uz potporu UNDP-a, lokalni su
poljoprivrednici među ostalim vratili u život autohto-
ne vinske sorte grk i palagružanka, maslinu sorte krva-
vica i govedo bušu. Ovi napori nisu bili vođeni isklju-
čivo nostalgijom ili jednostavnom željom da se zaštite
ugrožene sorte i pasmine osuđene na polagano izumi-
ranje. Također su bili prisutni jaki gospodarski razlo-
zi. Kao prvo, autohtone sorte i pasmine su otpornije i
manje zahtjevne za uzgoj od komercijalnih i uvoznih
kultivara i vrsta te su bolje prilagođene ekstremnim
vremenskim uvjetima kao nesretnoj posljedici klimat-
skih promjena. Drugo, autohtone sorte i pasmine mo-
gu dati vrhunske proizvode namijenjene kupcima koji
cijene izvorne dalmatinske brendove. Naše je iskustvo
pokazalo kako su kupci spremni platiti više za lokalno
uzgojene masline, grožđe, smokve, višnje, ljekovito i za-
činsko bilje, posebno ako su ekološkog porijekla.
Bez sumnje, jedna je Dalmacija, no modeli zelenog po-
duzetništva uspostavljeni s lokalnim partnerima kroz
projekt UNDP-a daju nadu svim regijama jedinstve-
nih ekosustava i prepoznatljivog lokalnog kolorita. Ka-
talogizacija autohtonih sorti i pasmina koje određuju
regiju samo je jedan od koraka prema njezinom zele-
nom razvoju, a ako će pomoći žiteljima i donositeljima
odluka u razumijevanju važnosti nezamjenjivih prirod-
nih bogatstava koja ih okružuju, takav popis može biti
i ključan poticaj za njihovo očuvanje i zaštitu.
Mi u UNDP-u se nadamo kako će ova publikacija po-
duprijeti zelenu viziju razvoja Dalmacije: onu koja će
omogućiti napredak istovremeno čuvajući njezine pre-
krasne panoramske vidike– stada ovaca na ispaši koja su
i zaslužna za ime Dalmacija još od vremena Ilira, masli-
nike i vinograde te jasan pogled na kamen i more – koje
ostavlja neizbrisiv trag u umu i srcu svakog posjetitelja.
Louisa Vinton
Stalna predstavnica UNDP-a u Hrvatskoj
od 2010. do 2014.
Sadašnja Stalna predstavnica UNDP-a u
Bivšoj Jugoslavenskoj Republici Makedoniji
Foreword (undp)
Dear readers,
The United Nations is renowned for its impartiality
in world affairs, so I hope that it will not compromise
my status as the former head of the UN Development
Programme in Croatia to assert that Dalmatia is the
most wondrous location in this country of uncount-
able wonders. From the first glimpse of the sea glis-
tening among the rocks and scrub when you descend
from the Sveti Rok tunnel, the landscape is unique
and so, you soon realize, are the plants and animals,
the culture and tradition, the cuisine and the mu-
sic, even the language and sense of humor that have
emerged over centuries in these rugged surroundings.
It is with great pride that we at UNDP share with you
this comprehensive inventory of the agricultural bi-
odiversity of Dalmatia, illustrated with photographs
that convey the breathtaking grandeur of the region.
This book is designed to convey the richness and di-
versity of the Dalmatian natural environment to
readers. But this is not just a coffee table book, how-
ever stunning the photos. And it is not just an aca-
demic study, however rigorous the science behind it.
More than that, it is a call to action to protect, re-
vitalize and promote the traditional varieties of crop
plants and the breeds of domestic animals, that have
made Dalmatia such a diverse and unique region –
and that now face the threat of competition from in-
dustrialized agriculture and the ominous shadow of
climate change.
This comprehensive publication was prepared with
UNDP’s support as part of a broader USD 7-million
project, which in the period from 2006-2013 helped
create more than 100 “green businesses” in Dalma-
tia. The thinking here was to create a model for fam-
ily businesses that would combine three goals: preserv-
ing the natural environment and protecting biodiversi-
ty; generating sustainable livelihoods for local farmers,
and thus slowing outward migration; and cultivating
specifically Dalmatian traditions, landscapes, cuisine
and culture. For a region blessed with hundreds of kil-
ometres of coastline and crystal-clear Adriatic waters,
“green business” was also viewed as a more durable al-
ternative to generic “sun and fun” tourism.
Traditional varieties and breeds featured large-
ly in this effort. With UNDP’s support, local farm-
ers worked to reintroduce the Grk and Palagružanka
grape varieties, the Krvavica olive variety and the
Buša breed of cattle, just to name a few. These efforts
were not driven by nostalgia, or by a simple desire
to protect endangered varieties and breeds from the
slow march to extinction. There were strong econom-
ic reasons, too. First, indigenous varieties and breeds
tend to be more resilient and less resource-intensive
than commercial and imported cultivars and species,
and they are better suited to withstand the weather
extremes that are an unhappy consequence of climate
change. Second, native sorts and breeds can yield pre-
mium products that appeal to consumers seeking
distinctively Dalmatian brands. Our experience has
shown that people are willing to pay more for genu-
inely local olives, grapes, figs, cherries and herbs, es-
pecially when they have an organic pedigree.
There is only one Dalmatia, of course. But the green
models established with local partners through the
UNDP project hold great promise for any region
with its own distinct ecosystem and its own distinct
local character. Cataloguing the native varieties and
breeds that define a region is just one step in building
a rationale for a greener approach to development.
But it if helps residents and policy makers alike to
understand the irreplaceable natural treasures around
them, such an inventory can serve as a crucial impulse
to protection and preservation.
Our hope at UNDP is that this publication will sup-
port a green vision of development for Dalmatia: one
that brings prosperity while preserving the vistas –
the grazing sheep that gave Dalmatia its name in Il-
lyrian times, the olive groves and vineyards, the stark
views of stone and sea – that leave such an indelible
trace in the mind and heart of any visitor.
Louisa Vinton,
UNDP Resident Representative
in Croatia 2010-2014
Current UNDP Resident Representative
in FYR Macedonia
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 13
 Predgovor (dzzp)

Veći dio bioraznolikosti kakvu danas nalazimo u Eu-
ropi nastala je međudjelovanjem prirode i čovjeka.
Danas je ruralni prostor Hrvatske suočen s depopula-
cijom, a time i gubitkom tradicijskih poljoprivrednih
djelatnosti, što rezultira gubitkom tradicijskih, izvor-
nih i udomaćenih, sorti i pasmina diljem cijele Hrvat-
ske pa tako i na području Dalmacije. Te su pasmine i
sorte najčešće nastale u lokalnim uvjetima, mijenjaju-
ći se tijekom stoljeća kako ih je čovjek birao i prila-
gođavao svojim potrebama, te su kao takve vrijedan
izvor genetičke raznolikosti. S druge strane, već se de-
setljećima borimo protiv promjena u tradicionalnom,
ruralnom krajobrazu, prije svega planinskih i otočnih
pašnjačkih površina, gdje su izvorne pasmine savršeno
oruđe za očuvanje prirodnih staništa i karakteristič-
nih kulturnih krajobraza budući da su bolje prilagođe-
ne staništu od suvremenih, visokoprinosnih pasmina.
Nažalost, upravo je ekonomski manja isplativost tradi-
cijskih pasmina i sorti jedan od glavnih razloga njiho-
vog nestanka, kao rezultat promjena u poljoprivrednoj
praksi i zahtjeva suvremenog tržišta. Svjestan potrebe
očuvanja izvornih i udomaćenih pasmina i sorti te nji-
hove važnosti u ukupnoj bioraznolikosti, Državni za-
vod za zaštitu prirode izdao je 2011. godine Zelenu
knjigu izvornih pasmina Hrvatske, publikaciju koja na
opsežan način obrađuje važnost tradicijskih pasmina u
modernom društvu. Na jednom mjestu sažet je prikaz
domestikacije, rasprostranjenosti, tradicijske uporabe i
izvornosti domaćih životinja, njihov utjecaj na okoliš,
krajobraze, staništa i bioraznolikost, kao i analiza te
procjena ugroženosti svake pojedine pasmine. Tako-
đer, donosi i pregled izumrlih i nedovoljno poznatih
pasmina, što predstavlja i biokulturološko bogatstvo
naše zemlje. Na tragu te edicije, Državni zavod za za-
štitu prirode priprema i publikaciju o izvornim sorta-
ma vinove loze u Hrvatskoj.
Ova knjiga, koja obrađuje tradicijske sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije, predstavlja važan dio u inventarizaciji po-
stojećeg stanja u Dalmaciji kao regiji s iznimno boga-
tom bioraznolikosti te približavanju važnosti tradicij-
skih pasmina i sorti široj javnosti. Na sveobuhvatan
način donosi informacije o svim pasminama domaćih
životinja te vrstama i sortama kultiviranih biljaka koje
su se pokazale važnima za život čovjeka kroz stoljeća
na ovom prostoru. Stoga sam siguran da će se poka-
zati kao neprocjenjiv dodatak svakoj biblioteci koja
cijeni Dalmaciju, izvornost, tradiciju i bioraznolikost.
Matija Franković,
ravnatelj Državnog zavoda za zaštitu prirode

14 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Foreword (sinp)
Most of the biodiversity to be found in Europe today
was created by way of interaction between man and na-
ture. Today the rural space of Croatia is faced with de-
population, and accordingly with the loss of traditional
farming, which has in turn resulted in the loss of tra-
ditional landraces, plant and animal, throughout Croa-
tia, and no less so in Dalmatia. These breeds and varie-
ties were created in local conditions, changing over the
centuries as people selected them and adjusted them to
their needs. They are thus a valuable source of genetic
diversity. On the other hand, we have for decades been
combating changes in the traditional rural landscape,
above all in the pasturelands of the mountains and is-
lands, in which the landraces are a perfect tool for the
preservation of the natural habitats and the character-
istic cultural landscapes, for they are better adjusted to
such pastures than contemporary high-yielding breeds.
Unfortunately, it is the lower profitability of the tradi-
tional breeds and varieties that is one of the main rea-
sons for their disappearance, consequent upon chang-
es in farming practice and the demands of the contem-
porary market. Very conscious of the need to preserve
indigenous and domesticated breeds and varieties, and
of their importance in overall biodiversity, the State In-
stitute for the Protection of Nature issued in 2011 its
Green Book of Landraces of Croatia, a publication that
gave extensive coverage to the importance of the tradi-
tional breeds in modern society. In a single place there
is a succinct review of the domestication, distribution,
traditional use and indigenousness of domestic animals,
their effect on the environment, on landscapes, habi-
tats and biodiversity. Also contained was an analysis and
evaluation of the threat to each individual breed. In ad-
dition it gives a survey of extinct and insufficiently well-
known breeds, indicating something of the biocultural
richness of the country. Following up this edition, the
State Institute for the Protection of Nature is preparing
a publication of indigenous grape vines in Croatia.
This book, which deals with the traditional varieties and
breeds of Dalmatia is an important part in the effort to
inventory the existing state of affairs in Dalmatia, a re-
gion that is extremely rich in terms of biodiversity and in
giving the general public the opportunity to be more fa-
miliar with the importance of the traditional breeds and
varieties. It provides comprehensive information about
all the breeds of domestic animals and species and varie-
ties of cultivated plants that have been proved to be very
important for the life of the people in this area over the
centuries. Accordingly, I am sure that it will turn out to
be an invaluable supplement to every library that values
Dalmatia, originality, tradition and biodiversity.
Matija Franković,
Director, State Institute for Nature Protection.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 15
Foto: Ivo Pervan 1 6 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
tradicijske
sorte i pasmine
dalmacije
opći dio

traditional
varieties and
breeds of dalmatia
general part

Stado dalmatinskih pramenki s tornjacima na

poplavljenom Vrgoračkom polju

A flock of Dalmatian Pramenka sheep with

Tornjak dogs on the flooded Vrgoračko polje

T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 17
 a.1
Povijesne i
geografske
osnove Dalmacije

Historical and
geographical
foundations of
Dalmatia

Suhozidna baština otočića Baljenac,

šibenski arhipelag

The dry stone wall heritage of the islet of

Baljenac in the Šibenik archipelago
Foto: Ivo Pervan
 “Etimološki,
D
almacija (lat. Dalmatia; tal. Dalmazia; njem.
Dalmatien; engl. Dalmatia) je tradicijski na-
Dalmacija znači ziv za povijesnu regiju smještenu na sjever-
postojbina Delmata, nom dijelu Sredozemlja, odnosno na jugu Europe. Dio
je istočne obale i otoka Jadranskog mora, na potezu od
koji su ime dobili masiva Velebita do Bokokotorskog zaljeva. Dalmaciju
čini izdužen primorski pojas koji se sastoji od kontinen-
prema ilirskoj talnog i od otočnog dijela. Kontinentalni dio, duljine oko
imenici delma što 400 km te do 70 km širine, pruža se u smjeru sjeveroza-
pad – jugoistok. Otočni dio s mnogobrojnim otocima,
znači ovca.” otočićima, hridima i grebenima, većinom je istog smjera
pružanja, uz širinu oko 150 km. Na sjeverozapadnom je
dijelu Dalmacije kontinentalna granica najdublja te pro-
lazi najvišim vrhovima planinskih lanaca Velebita (1 757
m), Dinare (1 831 m) i Kamešnice (1 810 m), točno po
nekadašnjim granicama ljetnih pašnjaka dalmatinskih i
bosanskih stočara. Prema jugoistoku, prirodna se konti-
nentalna granica Dalmacije približava neposrednom za-
leđu priobalnog pojasa, dok kod Dubrovnika obuhvaća
samo najuži primorski pojas do rta Oštra na sjeveroza-
padnom rubu zaljeva Boke kotorske.
Geopolitički, Dalmacija se nastavlja na Kvarner i sje-
verno Hrvatsko primorje te završava na granici s Cr-
nom Gorom. Jadransko more se nakon teritorijalnih
voda nastavlja međunarodnim vodama u pravcu Ape-
“Etymologically, ninskog poluotoka odnosno Italije, dok na kontinen-
Dalmatia is the tu Dalmacija graniči s Bosnom i Hercegovinom te
Crnom Gorom, točnije u sjevernom dijelu s Bosnom,
homeland of the u srednjem dijelu s Hercegovinom te u južnom s Her-
cegovinom i Crnom Gorom.
Delmati, who took
their name from the Naziv Dalmacija prvi se put spominje u 1. stoljeću na-
kon Krista za vrijeme Rimskog Carstva, a odnosi se
Illyrian noun delma, na područje između rijeka Krke i Cetine na kojem je
which means sheep.” obitavalo ilirsko pleme Delmati. Etimološki, Dalmacija
20 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
znači postojbina Delmata, koji su ime dobili prema ilir-
skoj imenici delma što znači ovca. Predstavljala je dio
rimskog Ilirika – kako su širi prostor istočne obale Ja-
drana, nastanjen ilirskim plemenima, nazivali Rimlja-
ni. S vremenom se pojam Dalmacije širi i na dio Ne-
retvanske kneževine, a danas i na područje nekadašnje
Dubrovačke Republike. U prošlosti se prostorni opseg
Dalmacije znatno mijenjao te je obuhvaćao primorske
dijelove danas susjednih država Bosne i Hercegovine,
Crne Gore i Albanije. Zanimljivo je da se i nekadašnji
centar ilirske Dalmacije, grad Delminium (Županjac,
Duvno, danas Tomislavgrad), nalazi na području da-
našnje Bosne i Hercegovine.
Suvremena Dalmacija dio je Republike Hrvatske i
obuhvaća područje četiriju županija: Zadarske, Šiben-
sko-kninske, Splitsko-dalmatinske i Dubrovačko-ne-
retvanske, te se proteže od otoka Paga, južnog Velebita
i rijeke Zrmanje na sjeverozapadu, do Konavala, odno-
sno rta Oštra na jugoistoku. Prostire se na površini od
12 673 km2 i obuhvaća oko 22,4% kopnene površine
Hrvatske. Površina obalnog mora Dalmacije iznosi 23
107 km2 i ima udjel od gotovo 75% obalnog mora Hr-
vatske. Uobičajeno Dalmaciju dijelimo na tri podregije:
Sjevernu Dalmaciju koja obuhvaća područje Zadarske
i Šibensko-kninske županije; Srednju Dalmaciju koja
obuhvaća područje Splitsko-dalmatinske županije te
Južnu Dalmaciju koja obuhvaća područje Dubrovač-
ko-neretvanske županije, zapravo najveći dio područja
nekadašnje gotovo tisućljetne Dubrovačke Republike.
Dalmacija ima iznimno razvedenu obalu uz koju se
nalazi čak 926 otoka, otočića, hridi i grebena – goto-
vo 74% od sveukupno 1 246 koliko ih se nalazi uz hr-
vatsku obalu Jadrana. Obalna linija Dalmacije sastoji
se od obale kontinentalnog dijela Dalmacije, te obale
D
almatia (Latin, Dalmatia; Italian, Dalma-
zia; German, Dalmatien; English, Dalma-
tia) is the traditional name for a historic re-
gion located in the northern part of the Mediterra-
nean and the south of Europe. It is part of the eastern
coastline and archipelago of the Adriatic Sea, along
the tract from the Velebit massif to the Bay of Boka
Kotorska. Dalmatia consists of an elongated coastal
zone composed of a mainland and an insular part. The
mainland part is about 400 km long and 70 km wide;
it extends in the north-west to south-east direction.
The insular part, with its many islands and islets, rocks
and reefs, on the whole extends in the same direction,
with a width of about 150 km. On the north-west part
of Dalmatia, the boundary with the inland is deepest,
and passes over the highest mountain peaks of Velebit
(1 757 m), Dinara (1 831 m) and Kamešnica (1 810
m), precisely over the former boundaries of the sum-
mer pastures of the Dalmatian and the Bosnian herds-
men. To the south-east, the natural inland boundary
of Dalmatia approaches the immediate hinterland of
the coastal zone, while at Dubrovnik, it covers only
the southernmost coastal zone to Oštro Point on the
north-west edge of the Gulf of Boka Kotorska.
In geopolitical terms, Dalmatia is a continuation of
the Bay of Kvarner and the northern Hrvatsko Pri-
morje region; it ends on the border with Montene-
gro. The Adriatic Sea, after the territorial waters, con-
tinues in international waters in the direction of the
Apennine peninsula, in other words, of Italy, while
on the mainland, Dalmatia borders with Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Montenegro, to be precise, in the
northern part with Bosnia, in the central part with
Herzegovina and in the southern part with Herzego-
vina and Montenegro.
The name Dalmatia was first mentioned in the first
century AD, during the Roman Empire, and referred
to the area between the Krka and Cetina rivers, in-
habited by the Illyrian tribe the Delmati. Etymologi-
cally, then, Dalmatia is the homeland of the Delmati,
who took their name from the Illyrian noun delma,
which means sheep. It was a part of Roman Illyricum,
as the Romans called the general area of the eastern
coast of the Adriatic settled by the Illyrian tribes. In
time, the concept of Dalmatia was extended to part of
the Princedom of Neretva, and to the area of the for-
mer Dubrovnik Republic. In the past, what was cov-
ered by the idea of Dalmatia varied considerably, and
covered the coastal area of the currently neighbour-
ing states of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro
and Albania. It is interesting that the former centre of
Illyrian Dalmatia, the city of Delminium (Županjac,
Duvno, today called Tomislavgrad) lies in the area of
today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Contemporary Dalmatia is part of the Republic of
Croatia and covers the area of four counties: Zadar-
ska, Šibensko-kninska, Splitsko-dalmatinska and
Dubrovačko-neretvanska. It extends from the island
of Pag, southern Velebit and the Zrmanja River in
the north-west, to Konavle, or Oštro point [Cape
Oštro] in the south-east. It covers of an area of 12 673
square kilometres and occupies about 22.4% of the
land area of Croatia. The coastal waters of Dalmatia
cover 23, 107 square kilometres, or 75% of the whole
of the coastal waters of the country. It is common
to divide Dalmatia into three sub-regions: North-
ern Dalmatia, which covers the area of the Zadars-
ka and Šibenkso-kninska counties; Central Dalma-
tia, which covers the area of the Splitsko-dalmatinska
county and Southern Dalmatia, which occupies the
area of the Dubrovačko-neretvanska county, in other
words, most of the territory of the one-time almost
one thousand years old Dubrovnik Republic.
Dalmatia has a very indented coastline, off which
there are as many as 926 islands, islets, rocks and reefs
– almost 74% of the all told 1246 islands lying off the
Adriatic coast of Croatia. The coastal line of Dalmatia
consists of the coast of the mainland part of Dalma-
tia and of the coasts of all the islands and islets, which
come all told to 4 324 kilometres. Indeed this type
of indented, island-dotted coastline is called in geo-
graphical studies the Dalmatian coastline type. The
biggest Dalmatian islands are Brač (394.6 km2), Hvar
(295.7 km2), Korčula (276 km2), Dugi otok (114.4
km2), Mljet (100.4 km2), Vis (88.3 km2), Pašman
(63.3 km2), Šolta (58.2 km2), Ugljan (50.2 km2) and
Lastovo (46.9 km2). Pag , with 284,6 km2, would be
the third largest Dalmatian island, but does not be-
long to Zadarska county in its entirety. The islands
cover about 1 770 square kilometres, or about 15% of
the area of Dalmatia. The biggest peninsula is Pelješac
(348 km2), the second largest peninsula in Croatia
(after Istria), and stretches more than 70 km.
Although the most frequent image of Dalmatia is that it
has a highly Mediterranean character, in fact, Dalmatia
has a considerable relief energy or vertical articulation, in
which the chain of the Dinaric mountains are dominant,
with their numerous mountain massifs, of the typically
Dinaric north-west to south-east lie, like the whole of
Dalmatia. From Velebit (1 757 m) at the extreme north
of Dalmatia, leads on to: Poštak (1 446 m), Bukovica
and Orljak (674 m); Dinara (1 831 m), whose high-
est peak is Veliki Troglav (1 913 m) located in Bosnia
and Herzegovina; and also Kamešnica (1 810 m), the
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 21
 svih otoka i otočića koja ukupno iznosi čak 4 324 ki-
lometara, tako da je ovakav tip otočne razvedene obale
u geografiji nazvan dalmatinskim tipom obale. Najveći
su dalmatinski otoci: Brač (394,6 km2), Hvar (295,7
km2), Korčula (276 km2), Dugi otok (114,4 km2), Mljet
(100,4 km2), Vis (88,3 km2), Pašman (63,3 km2), Šol-
ta (58,2 km2), Ugljan (50,2 km2), Lastovo (46,9 km2) i
drugi. (Pag je s 284,6 km2 također među najvećim oto-
cima iako ne pripada u cijelosti Zadarskoj županiji, tj.
Dalmaciji.) Otoci zapremaju oko 1 770 km2, odnosno
oko 15% površine Dalmacije. Najveći poluotok je Pe-
lješac (348 km2), po veličini drugi poluotok Hrvatske
nakon Istre, a pruža se u duljini od gotovo 70 km.
Iako je najčešća predodžba Dalmacije kao regije na-
glašeno mediteranskog karaktera, prisutna je znatna
energija reljefa ili vertikalna raščlanjenost, koju tvori
ulančano dinarsko gorje s brojnim planinskim masi-
vima, tipičnog dinarskog smjera pružanja sjeveroza-
pad – jugoistok, kao i cijela Dalmacija. Od Velebita (1
757 m) na krajnjem sjeveru Dalmacije nastavljaju se:
Poštak (1 446 m), Bukovica i Orljak (674 m); Dina-
ra (1 831 m) s najvišim vrhom Velikim Troglavom (1
913 m) smještenim u Bosni i Hercegovini; te Kameš-
nica (1 810 m), čiji je najviši vrh Konj (1 855 m) tako-
đer smješten na području Bosne i Hercegovine. Slije-
de: Promina (1 148 m), Veliki Kozjak (1 207 m), Svi-
laja (1 508 m), Moseć (838 m), Boraja (739 m), Mali
Kozjak (779 m), Mosor (1 339 m), Omiška Dinara
(863 m), Biokovo (1 762 m), Šibenik (1 314 m), Rilić
(920 m), Matokit (1 062 m), Mala Žaba (681 m), dok
južnu granicu s Hercegovinom zatvara Sniježnica (1
234 m), a s Crnom Gorom masiv Bjelotine (1 089 m),
pri čemu su oba ova masiva dio složene cjeline Orje-
na, čiji se najviši istoimeni vrh Orjen (1 894 m) nalazi
u Crnoj Gori.
22 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Na području Dalmacije teče dvanaest stalnih rijeka: Zr-
manja (69 km), Guduča (7 km), Krka (72,5 km), Čikola
(47,8 km), Cetina (101 km), Jadro (4,5 km), Žrnovni-
ca (4,8 km), Vrljika (70 km), Neretva (225 km), Om-
bla (0,03 km) i Ljuta (6 km). Iako uslijed krške podloge
često velikim dijelom teku podzemno i ponekad su vr-
lo kratkog nadzemnog toka, ističu se količinom i kvali-
tetom vode. Za Omblu ili Rijeku dubrovačku često se
navodi kako je sa svojih 30 m nadzemnog toka i prosje-
čnim protokom od 2 390 l/s, koji u maksimalnoj fazi do-
seže i do 11 300 l/s, najkraća rijeka na svijetu, s estuari-
jem od oko 5 km. Iznimno je zanimljiva i ponorna rijeka
Vrljika koja u svega 70 km toka, na razmeđi Hrvatske
i BiH, čak devet puta mijenja ime. Izvire kao Culuša, a
zatim nakon poniranja i ponovnog izviranja postaje: Ri-
čina – Brina – Suvaja (Posušje) – Matica – Vrlika (Imot-
ski) – Tihaljina – Mlada, te konačno kao Trebižat uvire
u Neretvu. Iako je po duljini nadzemnog toka najdulja
rijeka Neretva (225 km), u Dalmaciji se nalazi samo 22
km završne delte, dok je najdulja rijeka koja cijelom du-
ljinom teče Dalmacijom rijeka Cetina sa 101 km duljine.
Iako zbog krške podloge u Dalmaciji ne možemo očeki-
vati veća jezera, upravo je Vransko jezero kod Biograda
sa 30,7 km2 površine ujedno i najveće prirodno jezero na
području Hrvatske. Ističe se i Crveno jezero kod Imot-
skog, ogromna urušena jama duboka 528 m i otprilike
do polovice ispunjena vodom. Jezero je u stvari odušak
snažne podzemne rijeke, a njegova razina ovisi o količi-
ni protoka i varira više od 30 m. Unatoč površini od sve-
ga 150x180 m, ovo jezero sadrži čak oko 16 milijuna m3
vode, što ga čini jednim od većih spremnika podzemne
vode na svijetu.
Uslijed male količine riječnih sedimenata koji se uli-
jevaju u Jadransko more te podizanja razine mora od
posljednje oledbe, široka riječna delta u Dalmaciji je
rijetkost i prisutna je samo na ušću rijeke Neretve, dok
su kod ostalih rijeka nastali riječni kanjoni – estuariji,
primjerice Zrmanje, Krke i Cetine.
Zbog okršene vapnenačke podloge, na dalmatinskom
je području prisutno više tisuća speleoloških objekata
od kojih velik broj, posebno na planinskim masivima,
još nije istražen. Trenutačno je najdublja dalmatinska
jama Mokre noge na Biokovu s - 842 m dubine, a naj-
dulja je špilja Kotluša s 3 418 m duljine.
Na području je Dalmacije prema popisu iz 2011. go-
dine živjelo 857 743 stanovnika ili 19,99% populaci-
je Hrvatske. Prosječna gustoća naseljenosti niža je od
hrvatskog prosjeka i iznosi oko 68 stanovnika na kva-
dratni kilometar. Premda je kroz dugo vremensko raz-
doblje centar Dalmacije bio Zadar, danas grad Split sa
178 192 stanovnika predstavlja geografski makrocen-
tar s tri regionalna centra, gradovima Zadrom (75 082),
Šibenikom (46 372) i Dubrovnikom (42 641).
Dalmacija je krajobrazno i biološki, razmjerno svojoj ve-
ličini, jedno od najraznolikijih područja Europe s čak
devet parkova, i to četiri nacionalna parka (NP): Pakle-
nica, Kornati, Krka i Mljet te pet parkova prirode (PP):
jugoistočni dio Velebita, Telašćica, Vransko jezero, Bio-
kovo i Lastovsko otočje, a u pripremi je proglašenje dva-
ju dodatnih zaštićenih područja (vjerojatno regionalnih
parkova) Delte Neretve i planine Dinare. U Dalmaci-
ji nalazimo 19 posebnih rezervata – botaničkih, šum-
ske vegetacije, ornitoloških, ihtioloških i geomorfološ-
ko-hidroloških, 10 park šuma, 36 značajna krajobraza,
38 spomenika prirode i 19 spomenika parkovne arhitek-
ture. Zaštićena područja obuhvaćaju 2 060,4 km², od-
nosno više od 16% kopnene površine Dalmacije i nešto
manje od 6% ukupne površine, računajući i obalno more.
highest peak of which is Konj (1 855 m) also located
in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then come: Promina (1
148 m), Veliki Kozjak (1 207 m), Svilaja (1 508 m),
Moseć (838 m), Boraja (739 m), Mali Kozjak (779
m), Mosor (1 339 m), Omiška Dinara (863 m), Biok-
ovo (1 762 m), Šibenik (1 314 m), Rilić (920 m), Ma-
tokit (1 062 m), Mala Žaba (681 m), while the south-
ern border with Herzegovina is closed by Sniježnica
(1 234 m), and that with Montenegro by the Bjelo-
tine massif (1 089 m), with the proviso that both of
these massifs are part of the complex mass of Orjen,
the highest peak of which shares the same name, Or-
jen (1 894 m), and lies inside Montenegro.
Twelve permanent rivers flow in the Dalmatian ar-
ea: the Zrmanja (69 km), Guduča (7 km), Krka (72.5
km), Čikola (47.8 km), Cetina (101 km), Jadro (4.5
km), Žrnovnica (4.8 km), Vrljika (70 km), Neretva
(225 km), Ombla (0.03 km) and the Ljuta (6 km). The
Ombla River, sometimes called Rijeka Dubrovačka,
may be said, with its length above ground of a mere
30 m, and an average flow of 2 390 l/s, reaching as
much as 11 300 l/s maximum, to be the shortest riv-
er in the world, with an estuary of about 5 km. Also
exceptionally interesting is the disappearing river the
Vrljika, which in its 70 km long course along the bor-
der between Croatian and Bosnia and Herzegovina
changes its name nine times. It rises as the Culuša,
and then after repeated disappearances underground
and re-emergences becomes the: Ričina – Brina – Su-
vaja (Posušje) – Matica – Vrlika (Imotski) – Tihalji-
na – Mlada and finally the Trebižat, which runs in-
to the Neretva. Although in terms of length above
ground the Neretva is the longest watercourse (225
km), in Dalmatia there is only the 22 km-long con-
cluding delta; the longest river that flows the whole
of its length in Dalmatia is the Cetina, 101 km in
length. Although because of the karstic substrate in
Dalmatia large lakes are not to be expected, Vransko
Lake, by Biograd, which has an area of 30.7 km2 is al-
so the biggest natural lake in Croatia. Also important
is Crveno [Red] Lake by Imotski, a vast sinkhole 528
m deep and about half filled with water. The lake is in
fact the outlet of a powerful subterranean river, and
its level depends on the flow, varying more than 30 m
up and down. In spite of having an area of no more
than 150 x 180 m, this lake contains as much as 16
million m3 of water, making it one of the major reser-
voirs of subterranean water in the world.
Because of the small quantity of riverine sediments
delivered into the Adriatic and the rising of the sea
level from the last Ice Age, a broad river delta is a rar-
ity in Dalmatia, and is to be found only at the mouth
of the Neretva River, while in other rivers the outlets
have taken shape as canyons, as in the Zrmanja, Krka
and Cetina.
Because of the karstified limestone bedrock, there are
several thousand cave and pothole features in Dal-
matia, a large number of which, particularly in the
mountain massifs, are still unexplored. The currently
deepest known Dalmatian pothole is Mokre noge on
Mt Biokovo, which is 842 m deep; the longest cavern
is Kotluša, 3 418 metres in length.
According to the 2011 census, the population of Dal-
matia was 857 743, that is, 19.99% percent of the
population of the whole country. The average pop-
ulation density is lower than the Croatian average,
coming to 68 persons per square kilometre. Although
for a long period of time the centre of Dalmatia was
Zadar, it is the city of Split, with its population of 178
192, that is the geographical macrocentre of the re-
gion, with three sub-centres, Zadar (75 082), Šibenik
(46 372) and Dubrovnik (42 641).
In proportion to its size, Dalmatia is one of the most
diverse areas in Europe, in terms of landscape and
biology, holding nine parks, including four nation-
al parks (NP): Paklenica, Kornati, Krka and Mljet
and five Nature Parks (PP in Croatian): the south-
east part of Velebit, Telašćica, Vransko jezero, Biok-
ovo and the Lastovo islands. Preparations are under
way for making two more areas protected areas, prob-
ably to be classified as regional parks: the delta of the
Neretva and Mt Dinara. There are 19 special reserves
– botanical, forest, vegetation, ornithological, ich-
thyological and geomorphological and hydrological,
10 forest parks, 36 important landscapes, 38 monu-
ments of nature and 19 monuments of park architec-
ture. Protected areas occupy a total of 2 060.4 square
kilometres, which is to say more than 16% of the land
area of Dalmatia, and a little less than 6% of the total
area if the coastal waters are taken into consideration.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 23
 a.2
Geološka,
hidrogeomorfološka i
krajobrazna podloga
Dalmacije

Geological,
hydrological,
geomorphological and
landscape background
of Dalmatia

Voda i kamen tvore osebujne krajobraze

Nacionalnog parka Krka

Water and stone create the distinctive landscapes

of the Krka National Park
Foto: Ivo Pervan
 “Osobitost Dalmacije
G
eološka građa Dalmacije relativno je jedno-
stavna. Uz dominantne kredne vapnence i
je izraziti krški reljef s dolomite, u manjoj su mjeri mozaičko pri-
istaknutim planinskim sutni vapnenci iz razdoblja trijasa i jure. Za poljopri-
vredu su najvažniji paleogeni flišni i vapnenački slo-
masivima, krškim jevi koje nalazimo na području Ravnih kotara, u pri-
obalju od Trogira do Baćinskih jezera te na području
poljima i brojnim drugim Dubrovačkog primorja i Konavala, kao i delte Neretve
krškim pojavama uz s debelim riječnim nanosima i močvarnim staništima.
otočni pojas od 926 Geomorfologiju Dalmacije obilježava geotekton-
otoka i otočića.” ska cjelina Dinarida, vrlo zanimljive geneze. Naime u
gornjem trijasu prije 220 milijuna godina, taloženjem
drevnih morskih organizama na dnu plitkog mora, na-
staje Jadranska karbonatna platforma, dio južne europ-
ske ploče. Putujući kroz prostor i vrijeme, od južnog
do sjevernog ruba drevnog sredozemnog mora Tethis,
platforma prolazi suše, poplave, oluje, uzdizanja i spu-
štanja biblijskih razmjera, danas vidljive u više od 2 km
debelom sloju karbonatnih stijena dinarskih planina.
Prije oko 49 milijuna godina, sjeverna se afrička tek-
“The distinctiveness tonska ploča počinje utiskivati u Jadransku mikroploču,
pri čemu se uzdižu Dinaridi, mlađe ulančano gorje ko-
of Dalmatia lies in its je se u duljini od oko 650 km prostire od Italije do Al-
marked karstic relief banije, odnosno od jugoistočnih Alpa na sjeverozapadu
sve do rijeke Drim, gdje se na jugoistok prema Grč-
with the prominent koj nastavljaju Tauridi. Širina Dinarida varira od 50 –
mountain massifs, 160 km te uz površinu od oko 72 000 km2 predstavlja
najveće kontinuirano krško područje Europe. Vrhunac
karstic poljes and Dinarida je Maja Jezerces (2 694 m) u masivu Prokleti-
many other karstic ja na granici Albanije i Crne Gore. Osobitost Dinarida
naročito vidljiva u Dalmaciji jest krš – bezvodni, kame-
phenomena, along with niti reljef bez ili sa vrlo plitkim slojem tla, koji prekri-
the island zone of 926 va topive vapnenačke stijene. Proces okršavanja započi-
nje kad voda obogaćena s ugljičnim dioksidom (CO2)
islands and islets.” počinje trošiti kamenu podlogu kemijskim (korozija)
26 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
ili mehaničkim putem (erozija). Okršavanju bitno po-
maže raspucanost stijena uslijed potresa i drugih tek-
tonskih pomaka u Zemljinoj kori. Zahvaljujući proto-
ku, ali i smrzavanju vode, pore i pukotine u stijenama
se šire, a stijene se drobe i pucaju, pri čemu se stvaraju
brojne krške pojave: krška polja, ponikve (vrtače), uva-
le, kamenice, škrape, ponornice i krške riječne doline,
prirodni kameni mostovi, krški izvori, ponori i estavele.
Na cijelom području Dalmacije prevladava krški reljef s
istaknutim planinskim masivima, krškim poljima i broj-
nim drugim krškim pojavama. Planinski masivi pruža-
ju se duž cijele obale, ponegdje strmo nad samu obalu,
smanjujući mediteranski utjecaj Jadrana ponegdje na
svega nekoliko stotina metara. U zaleđu priobalnoga
planinskog niza srednje Dalmacije, između rijeke Krke i
donjeg toka Neretve, pruža se oko 150 km dug krški po-
jas Dalmatinske zagore najvećim dijelom ogoljelog krša.
Primorski karakter Dalmacije ojačan je velikim udje-
lom otočnog pojasa s 926 otoka i otočića. Po postanku
i građi otoci su dio susjednog dinarskog kopna, nepo-
topljeni dijelovi reljefnih uzvišenja odnosno vrhovi pla-
nina koji su još prije oko 10 000 godina bili dio kopna.
Podizanjem mora za oko 100 m, kopnene gorske uzvi-
sine postale su otoci. Međutim, manji broj jadranskih
vanjskih otoka: Biševo, Sv. Andrija, Sušac, Jabuka, Pa-
lagruža i drugi, odijeljeni su od kopna još u razdoblju
tercijara, odnosno glacijacija nije imala utjecaj na nji-
hovo razdvajanje od obale.
Otoci se pružaju paralelno s obalom i planinskim nizom
u zaleđu, u tzv. dinarskom smjeru pružanja sjeverozapad
– jugoistok. Dijelimo ih, sukladno podjeli Dalmacije, na
sjevernodalmatinske: Pag, Dugi otok, Ugljan, Pašman,
Kornatsko otočje i drugi; na srednjodalmatinske: Brač,
T
he geological build of Dalmatia is relative-
ly simple. Along with the dominant Creta-
ceous limestones and dolomites, also present
to a smaller extent in a mosaic pattern are limestones
from the Triassic and Jurassic. Most important for
agriculture are the palaeogenic flysch and limestone
strata to be found in the area of Ravni Kotari and
along the very coast from Trogir to the Baćinsko lakes
and in the area of Dubrovačko Primorje and Konavle,
as well as the Neretva delta, with its rich riverine sedi-
ments and wetland habitats.
The geotectonic unit of the Dinarides has left its mark
on the geomorphology of Dalmatia. In the Upper Tri-
assic, 220 million years ago, the Adriatic carbonate plat-
form, part of the southern European plate, was formed
by the sedimentation of ancient marine organisms on
the bottom of the shallow sea. In its passage through
time and space, from the southern to the northern rim
of the ancient Mediterranean sea of Tethys, the plat-
form knew droughts and floods, storms, emergence
and submergence of Biblical proportions, visible today
in the more than 2 km thick stratum of the carbon-
ate rocks of the Dinaric mountains. About 49 million
years ago, the northern African tectonic plate began to
push into the Adriatic microplate; this elevated the Di-
narides, a young mountain that for a length of about
650 km extends from Italy to Albania, in other words
from the south-east Alps in the north-west, to the Riv-
er Drin, where the Taurides go on in a south-easterly
direction to Greece. The width of the Dinarides varies
from 50 to 160 km, and, with an area of about 72 000
square kilometres is the greatest continuous karst area
in Europe. The highest peak of the Dinarides is Maja
Jezerces (2 694 m) in the Prokletija massif on the bor-
der between Albania and Montenegro. The particular
feature of the Dinarides very visible in Dalmatia is the
karst – a waterless, stony relief without any or with a
very shallow layer of soil, covering a soluble limestone
rock. The process of karstification begins with water
holding carbon dioxide (CO2) in solution starting to
eat away the stone bedrock chemically (corrosion) or
wearing it away mechanically (erosion). Karstifica-
tion is particularly aided by the fissuring of the rocks
as a result of earthquakes and other tectonic shifts in
the Earth’s crust. Thanks to the flow of water, and the
freezing process, the pores and cracks in the rocks ex-
pand, the rocks crumble and break, numerous karstic
phenomena thus being formed: the karst plain, usu-
ally called polje after the Croatian, sink holes, valleys,
karren, dolines, sinking streams, solution hollows, dry
river valleys, natural stone bridges, karst springs, swal-
lowholes and estavelles.
In the whole area of Dalmatia it is karstic relief that
prevails, with prominent mountain massifs, karst
poljes and many other limestone landscape features.
The mountain massifs stretch down the whole of the
coastline, sometimes dropping sharply down to the
very coastline, reducing the Mediterranean influ-
ence of the Adriatic in some cases to just a few hun-
dred metres. In the hinterland of the coastal moun-
tain range of Central Dalmatia, between the Krka riv-
er and the lower course of the Neretva, extends the
cca 150 km long karst zone of Dalmatinska Zagora,
which is mostly of bare karst.
The maritime character of Dalmatia is enhanced by
the great share of the island belt with its 926 islands
and islets. In their origins and structure, the islands
are a part of the neighbouring Dinaric landmass, un-
submerged parts of relief elevations, i.e. the tips of the
mountains that were still part of the mainland until
about 10 000 years ago. When the sea rose by about
100 m, the mainland mountain tops became islands.
However, a smallish number of the outer islands of the
Adriatic - Biševo, Sv. Andrija, Sušac, Jabuka, Palagruža
and others - were separated from the land in the Ter-
tiary, and it was not glaciation that was instrumental in
dividing them from the coast. The islands extend in a
direction parallel to the coast and the mountain range
in the hinterland, in what is called the Dinaric direc-
tion, north-west to south-east. We can classify them,
according to the division of Dalmatia, into the north
Dalmatian islands: Pag, Dugi otok, Ugljan, Pašman,
the Kornati group and others; then the central Dalma-
tian group, including Brač, Hvar, Vis, Šolta, Biševo, Sv.
Andrija and the south Dalmatian islands of Korčula,
Mljet, Lastovo, the Elaphite islands, Sušac and oth-
ers. To the west of Vis island lie the open sea islands
of Jabuka and Brusnik, and to the south of them, the
Palagruža islands. All the outer islands are unlike the
other limestone, islands, of volcanic origin.
Hydrological relations in the Dinaric karst are ex-
tremely complex. The great depth of the limestone
rocks enables the water to penetrate very deeply all
the way down to the impermeable strata that stop
the water, which then flows underground towards the
Adriatic, coming to the surface again in the form of
karstic springs, or under the sea in the form of the
submarine springs known as the vrulja (the biggest of
which is Vruja by Brela).
In the area of Imotski town there are two karst phe-
nomena that are world famed. One is Modro jezero/
Blue Lake, right alongside the city of Imotski, which
took its name from the lovely blue of the water. It is
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 27
 Hvar, Vis, Šolta, Biševo, Sv. Andrija i drugi te na juž-
nodalmatinske: Korčula, Mljet, Lastovo, Elafitski otoci,
Sušac i drugi. Zapadno od otoka Visa nalaze se pučin-
ski otočići Jabuka i Brusnik, a južno od njih Palagruški
otoci. Svi ovi pučinski otoci su za razliku od ostalih, va-
pnenačkih otoka, vulkanskoga porijekla.
Hidrogeološki odnosi na području Dinarskog krša vr-
lo su složeni. Velika debljina vapnenačkih stijena omo-
gućuje vrlo duboko poniranje vode sve do nepropusnih
naslaga koje zaustavljaju vodu, koja tada teče podzemno
prema Jadranskom moru gdje ponovo istječe na površi-
nu u obliku krških izvora ili pod morem u obliku pod-
morskih izvora – vrulja (najveća je Vruja kod Brela).
Na području grada Imotskog nalaze se dva svjetski
važna krška fenomena. Jedan je Modro jezero – ne-
posredno uz grad Imotski – koje je ime dobilo po pre-
krasnoj modroj boji vode. Dužine je oko 800, a širine
oko 250 m. Duboko je do 90 m i omiljeno je kupa-
lište Imoćana iako u najsušim godinama zna i presu-
šiti. Još je impozantniji krški fenomen Crveno jezero
smješteno 1,5 km sjeverozapadno od grada Imotskog.
Već prvi pogled na okomite stijene koje se strmogla-
vo ruše prema tamnoj površini jezera odaje odakle je
jezero dobilo ime; naime, veći sadržaj željeznih oksida
daje stijenama karakterističnu crvenu boju. Uz jezero
je vezana legenda o Gavanovim dvorima, propalima u
bezdan zbog beskrajne oholosti gospodara.
U Dalmaciji su u vrlo velikom udjelu prisutna izrazito
skeletna tla, u najizraženijem obliku poznata kao goli
ili ljuti krš, to jest tla dinarskih kamenjara i pašnjaka.
U područjima gdje je došlo do razgradnje skeletne, ka-
mene podloge građene od vapnenaca i dolomita, dola-
ze tla koja su se razvila pod prevladavajućim utjecajem
28 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
litološkog sastava podloge. Najčešći predstavnik takvih
tala je crvenica (terra rossa), nastala kao rezultat otapa-
nja karbonatne osnove. U Ravnim kotarima i na pote-
zu od Kaštelanskog zaljeva do Bačine nalazimo smeđa
tla na vapnencima i nerazvijena tla na flišu. U delti Ne-
retve prevladavaju aluvijalna tla, mlađi riječni nanosi sa
slabo izraženim pedološkim svojstvima i karakteristi-
kama močvarnih tala riječnih nizina. Iako navedena tla,
s izuzetkom doline Neretve, nisu naročito bogata hra-
njivima i pogodna za poljoprivredu, predstavljaju naj-
važnija poljoprivredna tla Dalmacije i na njima je ra-
zvijena intenzivna poljoprivredna proizvodnja.
Najveća i najvažnija krška polja Dalmacije su Imotsko
polje (95 km2), od kojeg je oko 45 km2 u Hrvatskoj, za-
tim Konavosko polje (75 km2), Sinjsko polje (64 km2),
Petrovo polje (57 km2), Vrgoračko polje (37 km2), polje
Dicmo (35 km2), Kosovo polje (34 km2), Kninsko polje
(24 km2), te druga polja manja od 10 kvadratnih kilome-
tara. Kako krške rijeke unose vrlo malu količinu sedime-
nata u more, sedimenti ostaju na području krških polja
gdje čine nepropusne slojeve koji zadržavaju vodu. Zbog
toga su krška polja ne samo ključna za poljoprivrednu
proizvodnju na kršu, već su povremeno plavljena krška
polja svojevrsne oaze bioraznolikosti, gdje je njihov hi-
drološki režim osnova održanja bioraznolikosti.
Krajobrazi Dalmacije obuhvaćaju sljedećih pet osnov-
nih krajobraznih jedinica: sjevernodalmatinsku zara-
van, zadarsko-šibenski arhipelag, Dalmatinsku zagoru
te obalno područje srednje i južne Dalmacije sa zaseb-
no izdvojenim krajobrazom donje Neretve. Na kraj-
njem sjeverozapadnom dijelu Dalmacije, najsjeverni-
ja dalmatinska (Zadarska) županija obuhvaća još kraj-
nji jugoistočni dio sa sljedeća tri krajobraza: vršni po-
jas Velebita, kvarnersko-velebitski prostor i Liku. Osim
što su osnovni elementi vizualne atraktivnosti prostora
i nositelji raznovrsnih staništa s pratećom bioraznoli-
kosti, pojedini krajobrazi Dalmacije imaju iznimnu ar-
hitektonsku vrijednost, nastalu razvojem poljoprivrede
na kršu. Izgradnja višenamjenskih suhozida i drugih
strukturnih oblika antropogenog reljefa (kao što su dol-
ci, torovi, stanovi, lokve i bunari) stvorila je jedinstvenu
krajobraznu vizuru kulturnih krajobraza, nepokretnog
kulturnog dobra koje ukazuje na razvoj poljoprivrede,
zajednice i pripadajućeg teritorija kroz povijest te de-
finira kulturni i prostorni identitet Dalmacije. Neki su
takvi prostori posebno vrijedni. Krajobrazna jedinica
Donja Neretva izdvojena je kao zasebna upravo zato
što su nizinski močvarni i kultivirani dijelovi s obiljem
vode, okruženi brdovitim kršem i spojeni s morskom
obalom i morem, krajobrazna posebnost ne samo u na-
cionalnim okvirima. Iz naplavljene ravnice mjestimice
poput otoka izniču vapnenačke glavice ili se otvaraju
potopljene jame – oka, što ukupnu krajobraznu sliku
čini izuzetnom. Važan element krajobraza su poljo-
privredne površine nastale jendečenjem, tradicionalnim
stvaranjem plodnog tla u vodi kopanjem kanala i nasi-
panjem izvađenog mulja na novonastalu parcelu. Pri-
moštenski vinogradi jedinstven su i atraktivan primjer
zaštićenog poljoprivrednog kulturnog krajobraza te se
nalaze na tentativnoj listi UNESCO-a. Starigradsko
polje na otoku Hvaru, nastalo u 4. st. pr. Kr., najbolje
je očuvani grčki sustav podjele poljoprivrednog zemlji-
šta na Mediteranu. Čini ga sačuvana antička podjela na
75 parcela (hora) s tradicionalnim mediteranskim kul-
turama vinovom lozom, maslinama i smokvama, kon-
tinuirano u uzgoju od grčke kolonizacije. Polje je upi-
sano na UNESCO-ovu listu svjetske baštine 2008. go-
dine. Kulturni krajobrazi još nisu valorizirani u smislu
gospodarskog korištenja iako imaju velik potencijal za
ekološku poljoprivredu te ekološki i kulturni turizam.
about 800 metres long and 250 wide. It is 90 m deep
and is a favourite bathing place for Imotski people, al-
though in the driest years it will sometimes dry up.
A still more impressive karstic phenomenon is Crve-
no jezero / Red Lake, some 1.5 km to the north-west
of Imotski. At a first glance at the vertical rocks that
plunge headily towards the dark surface of the lake, the
source of the lake’s name is clear: the high quantity of
iron oxide gives the rocks a characteristic reddish hue.
Connected to the lake is the legend of Gavan and his
mansion, which was said to have been swallowed up
into the abyss because of the owner’s boundless pride.
Very markedly skeletal soils are present to a great ex-
tent, known in their most highly expressed form as
bare or ljuti [savage, harsh] karst. This is the soil of the
Dinaric stony areas and pastures. In areas where the
skeletal stone bedrock of limestone or dolomite has de-
graded, there are soils that have developed under the
prevailing influence of the composition of the sub-
strate. The most common representative of this kind
of soil is terra rossa, red soil, which has been created as
a result of the solution of the carbonate rock. In Ravni
Kotari and along the stretch from the bay of Kaštela to
Baćina, we find brown soil on limestone and undevel-
oped soil on flysch. In the delta of the Neretva there
are mainly alluvial soils, young riverine sediments the
pedological properties of which are weakly expressed,
with characteristics of wetland soils of the river low-
lands. Although these soils, with the exception of the
valley of the Neretva, are not particularly nutrient-rich
or suitable for agriculture, they do constitute the most
important farming land of Dalmatia, and intensive ag-
ricultural production has developed on them.
The largest and most important karst poljes in Dalma-
tia are Imotsko polje (95 km2), of which about 45 km2
is in Croatia, and then Konavosko polje (75 km2), Sin-
jsko polje (64 km2), Petrovo polje (57 km2), Vrgoračko
polje (37 km2), polje Dicmo (35 km2), Kosovo polje
(34 km2), Kninsko polje (24 km2) and other poljes less
than 10 square kilometres in area. Since the karst riv-
ers take very little sediment into the sea, the sediments
remain in the karstic poljes, where they form an im-
permeable layer that retains the water. For this reason
the karstic poljes are not only crucial for agricultur-
al production in the karst, but the occasionally inun-
dated karst poljes are in a sense oases of biodiversity,
their hydrological regime being the basis of the main-
tenance of biodiversity.
The landscapes of Dalmatia comprehend the follow-
ing five basic landscape units: the north Dalmatian
plateau; the Zadar and Šibenik archipelago; Dal-
matinska Zagora and the coastal area of central and
southern Dalmatia with the distinct landscape of the
Lower Neretva. At the extreme north-west part of
Dalmatia, the northernmost Dalmatian county (that
of Zadar) also includes the extreme south-east parts
of these landscapes: the peak zone of Velebit, the
Kvarrner and Velebit area, and Lika. Apart from be-
ing the basic elements of the visual attractiveness of
the space and support for various habitats with their
accompanying biodiversity, the individual landscapes
of Dalmatia have outstanding architectural value, cre-
ated by the development of agriculture on the karst.
The construction of the multipurpose dry stone walls
and other structural forms of anthropogenic relief
(such as the cultivated depressions, folds, shealings,
pools and wells) has created a unique landscape vi-
sion of cultural landscapes, an immoveable cultural
property that indicates the development of agricul-
ture, the community and the accompanying territory
through history, and defines the cultural and spatial
identity of Dalmatia. Some of these spaces are partic-
ularly valuable. The landscape unit of the Lower Ner-
etva is set apart precisely because the lowland wetland
and cultivated parts with their abundance of water are
surrounded by rocky karst and are joined with the sea
coast and the sea, a particular landscape feature in not
merely national terms. Limestone hillocks sometimes
rear out of the flood plain, or there will be submerged
pits, which makes the overall image of the landscape
exceptional. And important element of the landscape
consists of the farm land created by dredging, the tra-
ditional way of creating fertile soil in water by dig-
ging out channels and piling the mud extracted on
the newly created plot. The Primošten vineyards are
a unique and attractive example of a protected ag-
ricultural cultural landscape, which is on the tenta-
tive UNESCO World Heritage List. The Stari Grad
Plain, on the island of Hvar, created about the 4th
century BC, is the best preserved Greek cadastre in
the Mediterranean. It is formed by the still existing
ancient division into 75 plots (constituting the chora)
with traditional Mediterranean crops, the grape vine,
the olive and the fig, under continuous cultivation
since the Greek colonisation. This plain was inscribed
in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2008. The
cultural landscapes have not yet been evaluated in the
sense of economic use, but they do have a great po-
tential for ecological farming and ecological and cul-
tural tourism.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 29
 a.3
Klima i vegetacija
Dalmacije

Climate and
vegetation in
Dalmatia

Duga iznad Mosora – zlatne planine (Mons

aureus) ponad Splita

Rainbow over Mosor, or golden mountain, Mons

Aureus, over Split
Foto: Ivica Lolić
 “Raspon od
K
lima Dalmacije izrazito je raznovrsna, a nje-
zin utjecaj je mozaički i gradijentno raspo-
mediteranske do ređen. Na području otočne i obalne Dalma-
oštre visokoplaninske cije prisutna je sredozemna (mediteranska) klima ko-
ja zbog izraženo visokih obalnih planinskih masiva,
klime u Dalmaciji ponekad već s povećanjem nadmorske visine od ne-
koliko stotina metara, prelazi u submediteransku kli-
uvjetovao je jednu od mu pa ubrzo i u planinsku, i tako sve do oštre visoko-
vrstama najbogatijih planinske klime koju imaju neke dalmatinske planine
u svom orografski najvišem dijelu. Biokovo i Snijež-
europskih flora nica duguju svoje ime upravo snijegu koji na najvišim
te vruću točku vrhuncima, vidljivim i s obale i iz zaleđa, ostaje i više
od pola godine. Spuštanjem planina prema kontinen-
bioraznolikosti.” tu u krška polja, pa ponovnim usponima i spuštanjima
koja se višekratno ponavljaju, opada utjecaj Medite-
rana, a jača utjecaj kontinentalne i planinske klime pa
govorimo o submediteranskoj klimi s vrlo raznolikim
mikroklimatskim pojavama.
Prema Köppenovoj klimatskoj podjeli, na području Dal-
macije srećemo čak pet osnovnih tipova klime: semia-
“The climate in ridna (Csa), mediteranska (Csax), submediteranska (Cf-
sa), planinska (Cfsb) i snježna, visokoplaninska (Dfsb).
Dalmatia, which
ranges from • Semiaridna klima ili klima masline obuhvaća samo
naše pučinske otoke, odnosno viški, lastovski i pa-
Mediterranean lagruški arhipelag te najjužniji dio otoka Korčule.
to severe high Odlikuje je izrazita vrućina i suhoća, dok su obori-
ne prisutne samo u najhladnijem dijelu godine.
mountainous, has
resulted in one of the • Mediteranska klima proširena je južnije od Ravnih
kotara i kanjona Krke, gotovo samo uskim obalnim
most species-rich pojasom i na otocima, uključujući i riječne doline,
gdje utjecaj mediteranske klime nije spriječen pla-
European floras, and a ninskim masivima pa prodire daleko dublje u ko-
biodiversity hot-spot.” pno. Slična je semiaridnoj, ali s bitno više oborina.
32 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
• Submediteranska klima proširena je cijelim područ-
jem unutarnjih Ravnih kotara i Dalmatinske zago-
re, većim dijelom Imotske i Vrgoračke krajine, dije-
lom doline Neretve, zaleđem Dubrovačkog primorja
i Konavala. Odlikuje je daleko veći utjecaj kontinen-
talne klime, dakle vruća ljeta i prilično hladne zime.
• Planinska klima proširena je svim planinskim ma-
sivima Dalmacije iznad otprilike 1 000 m nadmor-
ske visine, ali je naročito izražena na području masiva
Velebita, Kremena, Poštaka, Dinare, Kamešnice, Svi-
laje, Biokova i Sniježnice. Disjunktno je prisutna na
masivu Vidove gore na otoku Braču te na masivu Sv.
Ilija na Pelješcu.
• Snježna, visokoplaninska klima, prisutna je samo
iznad otprilike 1 500 m visine, disjunktno raspoređe-
na na najvišim vrhuncima Velebita, Dinare i Bioko-
va. Odlikuju je svježa ljeta i vrlo hladne, snježne zime.
Raznovrsnost klime u Dalmaciji možda je najupečat-
ljivija na području Biokova. U listopadu se još može-
mo okupati u okolici Makarske i nakon toga uživa-
ti na snijegom prekrivenom Biokovu. Naime srednja
godišnja temperatura kreće se od 15,5°C u Makarskoj
do 3,9°C na najvišem vrhu Sv. Juri, uz izrazitu klimat-
sku razliku od čak 11,6°C na zračnoj udaljenosti od
samo 5 km. Na Sv. Juri padne oko 2 500 mm obori-
na godišnje, ali se prema podnožju oborine smanjuju,
tako da s kontinentalne strane Biokova padne oko 1
500 mm, a s primorske ne više od 1 300 mm oborina.
U Dalmaciji puše osam glavnih vjetrova: sa sjevera tra-
muntana i bura; s istoka levant; s juga jugo i oštro, s ju-
gozapada lebić, sa zapada pulenat, a sa sjeverozapada
maestral. Najjači vjetrovi karakteristični za Dalmaciju
T
he climate of Dalmatia is very diverse; its in-
fluence is however distributed in a mosaic
and is gradient-dependent. In the area of is-
land and coastal Dalmatia, there is the Mediterranean
climate, which, because of the very high coastal moun-
tain massifs, sometimes with an increase of height
above sea level of several hundred metres, transits into
the sub-Mediterranean climate, and then readily into
the mountain and the severe high mountain climate
that is characteristic of some of the Dalmatian moun-
tains in their highest parts. Biokovo and Sniježnica
owe their names precisely to the snow that is visible
on their highest peaks from the coast and from the
hinterland, and stays for more than half the year. As
the mountains drop inland to the karst poljes, and rise
again and fall again, which happens several times, the
influence of the Mediterranean fades again, and that
of the continental and mountain climate gains, and we
talk of a sub-Mediterranean climate with very diverse
micro-climatic phenomena.
According to the Köppen climatic classification, in the
area of Dalmatia we find five basic types of climate:
semi-arid (Csa), Mediterranean (Csax), sub-Mediter-
ranean (Cfsa), mountainous (Cfsb) and snowy, high
mountain (Dfsb).
• The semi-arid or “olive” climate covers only our
open sea islands, that is, the archipelagos of Vis,
Lastovo and Palagruža and the southernmost
part of Korčula island. It is characterised by pro-
nounced heat and dryness, while precipitation
comes only in the coldest part of the year.
• The true Mediterranean climate extends south-
wards of Ravni Kotari and the canyon of the
Krka River, almost only along the narrow coastal
belt and on the islands, including the river valleys,
where the influence of the Mediterranean climate
is not hindered by the mountain massifs and pen-
etrates deep into the mainland. It is similar to the
semi-arid, but has much more rainfall.
• The sub-Mediterranean extends over the whole
area of the interior Ravni Kotari and Dalmatin-
ska Zagora, most of the Imotski and Vrgorac areas
(krajine), partially along the valley of the Neret-
va, in the hinterland of Dubrovačko Primorje and
Konavle. It is characterised by a much greater in-
fluence of the continental climate, that is, by hot
summers and fairly cold winters.
• The mountain climate is found on all the mountain
massifs of Dalmatia over about 1000 m above sea lev-
el, but it is particularly marked in the area of the mas-
sifs of Velebit, Kremen, Postak, Dinara, Kamešnica,
Svilaja, Biokovo and Sniježnica. It is disjunctively
present on the massif of Vidova gora on the island of
Brač and on the massif of Sv. Ilija on Pelješac.
• The snowy, high mountain climate is present only
above about 1 500 m above sea level, is disjunc-
tively distributed on the highest peaks of Velebit,
Dinara and Biokovo. It has cool summers and very
cold, snowy winters.
The diversity of climate in Dalmatia is perhaps most
striking in the area of Biokovo. In October we can still
swim around Makarska, and after that revel in snow-
capped Biokovo. The mean annual temperature rang-
es from 15.5 °C in Makarska to 3.9 °C on the highest
peak of Sv. Jura, which is a very pronounced climatic
difference in only 5 km as the crow flies. About 2 500
mm of precipitation falls a year on Sv. Jura, but towards
the foothills the rainfall decreases, and on the inland
part of Biokovo 1 500 mm falls, and on the maritime
side, no more than 1 300 mm.
In Dalmatia, on the whole eight winds blow. From the
north comes the tramontane and the bora; from the east,
the levant; from the south the sirocco and the oštro; from
the south west the lebić; from the west the pulenat, and
from the north-west the maestral. The strongest winds
characteristic of Dalmatia are the sirocco and the bo-
ra. The bora is a katabatic wind that gains in power and
speed as it drops down a steep slope, and it is no sur-
prise that the strongest such winds are those of Biokovo
and Velebit. They blow from the north east, in gusts, and
come without warning and in a short time can achieve
huge velocity and power. The record speed for the bora
is 308 km an hour, measured at Maslenica bridge, below
Velebit. They say that it is impossible to make true Dal-
matian cured ham (pršut) without the bora, for only that
wind can cure it properly. The sirocco is a southern wind
that comes off the sea, raising waves and halting ship-
ping; it can reach hurricane speeds. Since the sirocco can
blow for several days, it has an effect on the way people
feel, and in Dalmatia they simply say južina, a southerly.
The vegetation of Dalmatia, as a result of the parsimo-
nious stone substrate is apparently very poor and quite
often does not show any rapid alteration of plant com-
munities, as in the area of the northern Dinaric region.
However, the range from the semi-arid plant commu-
nities to the high mountain beech and fir forest associa-
tions in conjunction with the many micro-communi-
ties, has in fact formed the basis for the origin of one of
the most species-rich European flora. Thus Dalmatia,
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 33
 su jugo i bura. Bura je gravitacijski vjetar koji dobiva na
snazi i brzini kada se spušta niz strminu, zato ne čudi
da je najjača velebitska i biokovska bura. Puše sa sjeve-
roistoka, na refule, odnosno mahove, a dolazi bez upo-
zorenja i u kratkom roku može postići enormnu brzinu
i snagu. Za sada je rekordna bura od 308 km/h izmje-
rena na Masleničkom mostu u podnožju Velebita. Ka-
že se da bez bure nema pravog dalmatinskog pršuta, jer
ga jedino bura može najbolje osušiti. Jugo je južni vjetar
koji dolazi s mora, diže valove i onemogućuje plovidbu,
a može doseći orkansku snagu. Kad jugo puše nekoliko
dana, loše utječe na psihičko stanje ljudi i u Dalmaciji
se jednostavno kaže – južina.
Vegetacija Dalmacije, uslijed škrte kamene podloge, na-
izgled je vrlo siromašna te često i ne pokazuje izrazito
brzu izmjenu biljnih zajednica kao na području sjever-
nodinarske regije. Međutim, raspon od semiaridnih bilj-
nih zajednica do visokoplaninskih zajednica bukovo-je-
lovih šuma uz brojne mikrozajednice, uvjetovao je na-
stankom jedne od vrstama najbogatijih europskih flora.
Tako je Dalmacija, kao refugijsko područje flore za vri-
jeme oledbi, danas globalna vruća točka bioraznolikosti.
Taksonomski status pojedinih biljnih vrsta, kao npr. bio-
kovske jele do danas nije razriješen.
Duž jadranske obale i na otocima dominira primor-
ski, odnosno mediteranski pojas vegetacije, sastavljen
od četiri glavna vegetacijska područja:
• Šuma hrasta crnike: proširena je razmjerno uskim
priobalnim područjem, a tipični predstavnici uz cr-
niku (Quercus ilex) su: zelenika (Phyllirea sp.), mir-
ta (Myrtus communis), planika (Arbutus unedo), lo-
vor (Laurus nobilis), velika crnjuša (Erica arborea),
tetivika (Smilax aspera), tršlja (Pistacia lentiscus) i
34 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
brojni drugi. Unutar ovog vegetacijskog područja
proširen je i alepski bor (Pinus halepensis), a na vi-
šim područjima i endemični dalmatinski crni bor
(Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica).
• Šuma hrasta medunca i drugih hrastova s bjelo-
grabom: proširena je cijelim brdskim područjem
Dalmacije kao nastavak šuma hrasta crnike. Tipični
predstavnici uz medunac (Quercus pubescens) i bjelo-
grab (Carpinus orientalis) su: hrast sladun (Quercus
frainetto), jasen (Fraxinus ornus), smrdljika (Pista-
cia terebinthus), pucalina (Colutea arborescens), smrič
(Juniperus oxycedrus), šparoga (Asparagus officinalis),
bodljikava veprina (Ruscus aculeatus) i brojni drugi.
• Šuma hrasta medunca i crnograba: nastavlja se na
viša brdska područja cijelom dužinom Dalmacije,
kao nastavak medunca s bjelograbom. Tipični pred-
stavnici uz medunac i crnograb (Ostrya carpinifolia)
su: medunac dub (Quercus virgiliana), makljen (Acer
monspessulanum), brekinja (Sorbus torminalis), drijen
(Cornus mas), perasta kostrika (Brachypodium pinna-
tum) i drugi.
• Primorska bukova šuma: proteže se na najviša pla-
ninska područja Dalmacije, kao granična zajednica
primorske i kontinentalne vegetacije te ne obuhva-
ća prave mediteranske biljke. Tipični predstavnici uz
bukvu (Fagus sylvatica) su: gorski javor (Acer pseudo-
platanus), jarebika (Sorbus aria), gorski brijest (Ulmus
glabra) te jesenja šašika (Sesleria autumnalis). U ovom
području prisutne su i reliktne šume jele (Abies sp.)
Unutar ovih glavnih vegetacijskih područja pojavlju-
je se mozaično veći broj biljnih zajednica i staništa:
zajednice stijena, mediteranski pašnjaci i travnjaci,
zajednice priobalnih stajačica i tekućica, obalni pijes-
ci, slanjače, antropogena staništa (maslinici, vinogra-
di) i drugo. Na velikim površinama prošireni su de-
gradacijski stadiji šuma: čuvena dalmatinska makija,
polumakija, bušici i drugo.
Na području Dalmacije utvrđeno je 15 prirodnih i
potencijalnih vegetacijskih pokrova koji se u idealnim
uvjetima mogu razviti, sukladno edafsko-klimatskim
čimbenicima:
• šume i makije hrasta crnike,
• šume i makije hrasta crnike s crnim grabom,
• šume i makije hrasta crnike s crnim jasenom,
• makija tršlje i divlje masline,
• jadranska šuma hrasta sladuna,
• šuma hrasta medunca i bjelograbića,
• šuma hrasta medunca i crnog graba,
• šuma hrasta lužnjaka i jasena,
• šuma hrasta lužnjaka i žutilovke,
• šuma poljskog jasena i kasnog drijemovca,
• klekovina,
• šuma bukve i jesenje šašike,
• šuma bukve i jele,
• subalpinska šuma bukve,
• trščaci.
as a refuge area for flora from the glacial period, is to-
day a global biodiversity hotspot. The taxonomic status
of some of the plant species, like the Biokovo fir, is still
not properly determined.
Along the Adriatic coast and on the islands, a maritime
or Mediterranean vegetation zone dominates, com-
posed of four main vegetation areas:
• Holm oak forest: it is distributed over a relatively
narrow coastal area, and typical representatives are,
along with holm oak (Quercus ilex), evergreens of
the genus Phyllirea, the myrtle (Myrtus communis),
the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), laurel (Lau-
rus nobilis), tree heath (Erica arborea), rough bind-
weed (Smilax aspera), mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) and
many others. Well distributed in this vegetation
area is the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), and in
higher areas the endemic Dalmatian black pine
(Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica).
• Pubescent oak and other oaks with oriental horn-
beam forest: this goes on to high mountain areas the
whole length of Dalmatia, a continuation of holm
oak forest. Typical components are, along with pu-
bescent oak and the oriental hornbeam (Carpinus
orientalis): Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto), man-
na ash (Fraxinus ornus), terebinth (Pistacia terebin-
thus), bladder senna (Colutea arborescens), prickly ju-
niper (Juniperus oxycredrus), asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis), butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and
many others.
• Pubescent oak and hop hornbeam: this contin-
ues on high mountain areas over the whole length
of Dalmatia, a continuation of pubescent oak with
oriental hornbeam.Typical representatives with pu- • Adriatic pubescent oak forest,
bescent oak and hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifo- • pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam forest,
lia) are Quercus virgiliana, Montpellier mapble (Acer • pubescent oak and hop hornbeam forest,
monspessulanum), wild service tree (Sorbus torminal- • common oak and ash forest,
is), European cornel (Cornus mas) tor grass (Brachy- • common oak and gorse forest
podium pinnatum) and others. • common ash and late snowflake forest,
• juniper scrub
• Maritime beech forests: these extend to the high- • beech and autumn moor grass forest,
est mountain areas of Dalmatia, bordering com- • beech and fir forest,
munity between maritime and continental vegeta- • subalpine beech forest,
tion, and does not cover real Mediterranean plants. • canebrakes / reed beds.
Typical examples along with the beech (Fagus syl-
vatica) are: the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplata-
nus), whitebeam (Sorbus aria), witch elm (Ulmus
glabra) and autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumna-
lis).Also to be found in this region are relict fir for-
ests (Abies sp.)
Within these main vegetation areas a quite large
number of plant communities and habitats appear
in a mosaic: rock communities, Mediterranean pas-
tures and swards, communities of the coastal stag-
nant and running waters, coastal sands, haline soils,
anthropogenic habitats (olive groves, vineyards) and
others. Extending over very large areas are forest deg-
radation stages: the famed Dalmatian maquis, semi-
maquis, garrigue and other kinds.
Fifteen natural and potential vegetation covers have
been determined in Dalmatia, all able to develop in ideal
conditions, in line with the edaphic and climatic factors:
• holm oak forest and maquis,
• holm oak and hop hornbeam forest and maquis
• holm oak and black ash forest and maquis,
• wild olive and mastic maquis,
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 35
 a.4
Stanišna i biološka
raznolikost
Dalmacije

Habitat and
biological diversity
in Dalmatia

Biokovsko zvonce (Edraianthus pumilio),

endem Dalmacije

Biokovo bells (Edraianthus pumilio), a

Dalmatian endemic
Foto: Ivo Pervan
 “U Dalmaciji se sreću
O
d ekoloških sustava na području Dalmacije
prisutni su: šume, krš i podzemlje, močvare
brojne endemične i i vode, more, krški travnjaci, obala i otoci, s
reliktne vrste, a neke više stotina raznovrsnih staništa. Od kopnenih staništa
ističu se obalna i slana staništa, obalne pješčane sipine,
od njih obitavaju slatkovodna staništa, sklerofilne makije, prirodni i po-
luprirodni travnjaci, stjenovita staništa i špilje te šume,
isključivo na pojedinim od kojih su za Dalmaciju tipične primorske vazdazele-
planinskim masivima ne šume i makije te primorske termofilne šume i šika-
re medunca. Od kultiviranih nešumskih staništa ističu
ili otocima.” se mozaične kultivirane površine te tradicionalni voć-
njaci, vinogradi i maslinici. Velika je raznovrsnost pod-
zemnih staništa: krške špilje i jame, morske špilje, an-
hijaline špilje te intersticijska podzemna staništa. Od
morskih staništa prisutna su staništa morske obale ko-
ja se dijelom preklapaju s kopnenim staništima, zatim
brojna staništa u moru te kompleksi staništa: estuariji,
obalne lagune i velike plitke uvale i zaljevi.
Kao centri endemizma Dalmacije i Hrvatske, gdje na
relativno maloj površini srećemo brzu izmjenu razno-
vrsnih staništa, ističu se masivi Velebita i Biokova s vr-
lo velikim brojem endemičnih vrsta. Relativno dobra
očuvanost staništa i pravovremena zakonska zaštita
“In Dalmatia, pojedinih područja u okviru čak četiri nacionalna par-
ka i pet parkova prirode pridonijela je izraženoj bio-
numerous endemic loškoj, stanišnoj i krajobraznoj vrijednosti Dalmacije.
and relict species are U Hrvatskoj raste 4 528 vrsta te 1 169 podvrsta, od-
encountered. Some of nosno 5 018 biljnih svojti te je na 6. mjestu u Europi.
them are to be found Međutim, brojem vrsta po jedinici površine je na 3.
mjestu, iza Slovenije i Albanije, a na osnovi prostor-
only on the mountain ne rezidualne vrijednosti prva, s preko 542 vrste unu-
tar jedne prostorne jedinice od 35 km2. Sama Dal-
massifs or on the macija je s oko 3 500 svojti bilja, brojem vrsta po je-
islands of Dalmatia.” dinici površine među prvim regijama Europe. Među
38 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
njima nalazimo mediteranske, submediteranske, bal-
kanske, ilirske, srednjoeuropske, pontske, eurazijske,
a na vrhovima najviših dalmatinskih planina alpske,
čak i borealne biljne vrste. U Dalmaciji se sreću broj-
ne endemične i reliktne vrste, a neke od njih nala-
zimo isključivo na planinskim masivima ili otocima
Dalmacije. Osobito se ističu endemične vrste iz rodo-
va: kozlinaca (Astragalus), zečina (Centaurea), zvonči-
ća (Campanula; Edraianthus), oštrika (Onosma), lazar-
kinja (Asperula), mrižica (Limonium), kaćuna (Ophrys;
Orchys) i druge. Također, posebno su prepoznatljivi
dalmatinski endemi: dalmatinski crni bor (Pinus ni-
gra ssp. dalmatica), dalmatinsko i biokovsko zvonce
(Edraianthus dalmaticus; E. pumilio), dubrovačka zeči-
na (Centaurea ragusina), dalmatinska iglica (Geranium
dalmaticum) i brojni drugi.
Dalmacija je vrlo bogata životinjskim vrstama: ko-
pnenim, slatkovodnim i morskim. Od 90 vrsta sisa-
vaca Hrvatske, najugroženiji su šišmiši s 34 vrste, od
kojih neke vrste dolaze samo na području Dalmacije.
To su meheljev potkovnjak (Rhinolphus mehely) i veli-
ki večernjak (Nyctalus lasiopterus), dok su blazijev pot-
kovnjak (Rhinolophus blasii) i kolombatovićev dugou-
šan (Plecotus kolombatovici) nađeni na svega par loka-
cija izvan Dalmacije. U Dalmaciji obitavaju tri najve-
ća kopnena predatora Europe: medvjed (Ursus arctos),
vuk (Canis lupus) i ris (Lynx lynx). Selekcija pasa za
potrebe uzgoja stoke na području Dalmacije (tornjak)
provodi se prije svega za zaštitu stoke od velikih pre-
datora. Vuk, ali u manjoj mjeri i medvjed i ris, direk-
tno ovise o domaćim životinjama, koje su zamijeni-
le nekadašnje divlje preživače Dalmacije, tako da bez
opstanka tradicionalnog stočarstva nema ni opstanka
velikih zvijeri. Također, prisutni su neki rijetki, ende-
mični i ugroženi sisavci. Endemi dinarske Hrvatske
E
cological systems in the area of Dalmatia in-
clude: forests, karst and the subterranean re-
gion, wetlands and waters, sea, karst grass-
lands, coastland and islands, with several hundred
heterogeneous habitats. Particularly interesting of the
land habitats are the coastal and salty habitats, coastal
sand dunes, fresh water habitats, sclerophyll maquis,
natural and semi-natural grasslands, rocky habitats
and caverns and forests, typical of which for Dalmatia
are the coastal evergreen forests and maquis, and the
coastal thermophile forests and pubescent oak scrub.
As for cultivated non-forest habitats, the mosaic ally
cultivated surfaces and the traditional orchards, vine-
yards and olive groves stand out There is a great deal
of diversity in the subterranean habitats: the karst
caves and pits, the sea caverns, anchialine caves and
interstitial underground habitats. Marine habitats in-
clude seashore habitats that are partially imbricated
with terrestrial habitats, then numerous habitats in
the sea as well as complex habitats – estuaries, coastal
lagoons and large shallow bays and coves.
Very distinct centres of endemism in Dalmatia and
Croatia, where in a relatively small area we encounter a
rapid alteration of diverse habitats, are the Velebit and
Biokovo massifs, with a very large number of endem-
ic species. The relatively good preservation of habitats
and prompt statutory preservation of individual areas
within the framework of as many as four national parks
and five nature parks has contributed to the great bio-
logical, habitat and landscape values of Dalmatia.
There are 4 528 plant taxa and 1 169 subspecies in
Croatia, or 5 018 taxa in all, which is the sixth high-
est in Europe. In terms of species per unit of area, it is
in 3rd place, after Slovenia and Albania, and in terms
of spatial residual value, first, with over 542 species
inside a single spatial unit of 35 square kilometres.
Dalmatia itself, with its approximately 3 500 taxa of
plants is in terms of number of species per unit of area
among the leading regions of Europe. Among them
we find Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Balkan-
ic, Illyrian, Central European, Pontic, Eurasian and, at
the tips of the highest Dalmatian mountains Alpine
and even Boreal plant species. In Dalmatia, numerous
endemic and relict species are encountered. Some of
them are to be found only on the mountain massifs
or on the islands of Dalmatia. Particularly to the fore
are the endemic species from the genera: vetches (As-
tragalus), cornflowers (Centaurea), bellflowers (Cam-
panula; Edraianthus), (Onosma), woodruffs (Asperula),
sea lavender and marsh rosemary (Limonium), orchid
(Ophrys; Orchys) and others. Especially distinctive are
the Dalmatian endemics: the Dalmatian black pine
(Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica), Biokovo and Dalmatian
bellflowers (Edraianthus dalmaticus; E. pumilio), Du-
brovnik cornflower (Centaurea ragusina), Dalmatian
cranesbill (Geranium dalmaticum) and many others.
Dalmatia is very rich in animal species: terrestrial,
fresh water and marine. of the 90 species of mam-
mals in Croatia, the most endangered are the bats, 34
species of them, some of which only come to the area
of Dalmatia; Mehely’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolphus me-
hely) and the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus),
while Blasius’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii) and
Kolombatović’s long eared bat (Plecotus kolombatovici)
are found in only a handful of places outside Dalma-
tia. Dalmatia is home to three of the biggest Euro-
pean terrestrial predators: the brown bear (Ursus arc-
tos), wolf (Canis lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx). The se-
lection of dogs for the purpose of livestock breeding
in Dalmatia (the tornjak) was carried out primarily
to protect the animals from the large predators. The
wolf, and to a lesser extent the bear and the lynx, are
directly dependent on domestic animals, which re-
placed the former wild cattle of Dalmatia, and the
large beasts of prey cannot survive without the tra-
ditional livestock rearing. Also present are some ra-
re endemic and endangered mammals. Endemic to
Dinaric Croatia are the Dalmatian garden dormouse
(Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus), the Balkan snow
vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi), the Balkan chamois
(Rupicapra rupicapra ssp. balcanica). As for marine
mammals, the following are endangered: the bottle-
nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the Mediterra-
nean monk seal (Monachus monachus), which was de-
scribed in 1779 on the basis of a specimen captured
alongside Cres island. Numerous Dalmatian marine
caves, in which the Mediterranean monk seal once
lived, are named after this sea she-bear.
Some 390 species of bird inhabit Croatia, and 244
species nest here, most of them in Dalmatia too. Un-
til recently there were four species of carrion bird fly-
ing here: the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnop-
terus), the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), the bearded
vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and the cinereous vulture
(Aegypius monachus). For all these vultures, until the
beginning of the 20th century, Dalmatia was one of
the population centres in Europe, where they direct-
ly depended on the developed traditional livestock
keeping. Their populations presented a kind of proof
of the thousand-years of human management of the
landscapes of Croatia, as well as a peak of biodiversi-
ty. After the decline of herding, particularly of sheep,
and after a hundred years of poisoning and hunting,
these vultures became extinct. Reintroduction of the
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 39
 su: krški puh (Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus), di-
narski voluhar (Dinaromys bogdanovi), balkanska di-
vokoza (Rupicapra rupicapra ssp. balcanica). Od mor-
skih sisavaca ugrožen je dobri dupin (Tursiops trunca-
tus) te sredozemna medvjedica (Monachus monachus),
endem Mediterana, koja je opisana 1779. godine na
osnovi primjerka ulovljenog uz otok Cres. Brojne dal-
matinske morske špilje u kojima je sredozemna med-
vjedica obitavala dobile su ime po morskom medvidu.
U Hrvatskoj obitava 390 vrsta ptica, a 244 vrsta i gni-
jezdi od čega većina i u Dalmaciji. Ovdje su done-
davno letjele četiri vrste lešinara: crkavica (Neophron
percnopterus), bjeloglavi sup (Gyps fulvus), kostoberi-
na (Gypaetus barbatus) i sup starješina (Aegypius mo-
nachus). Za ove lešinare Dalmacija je sve do početka
20. stoljeća bila jedan od populacijskih centara u Eu-
ropi, gdje su izravno ovisili o razvijenom tradicijskom
stočarstvu. Njihove populacije predstavljale su svoje-
vrsni dokaz tisućgodišnjeg ljudskog upravljanja krajo-
brazima Dalmacije, ali i krunu bioraznolikosti. Nakon
smanjenja stočarstva, posebno ovčarstva te stogodiš-
njeg trovanja i lova, ovi su lešinari izumrli. Reintro-
dukcija lešinara, možda ponajprije na prostoru Naci-
onalnog parka Paklenica i Parka prirode Biokovo nije
moguća bez upravljanja krajobrazima, pri čemu su je-
dini optimalni resurs autohtone pasmine domaćih ži-
votinja. Obnova tradicionalnog korištenja postojećih
krajobraza ispašom domaće stoke ujedno će održati i
svu ostalu prateću bioraznolikost, posebno travnjač-
kog bilja i pratećih beskralješnjaka. Drugim riječima,
lešinari na nebu dokaz su iznimne bioraznolikosti na
tlu! Kudravi nesit (Pelecanus crispus) opisan je 1842.
godine prema ulovljenim primjercima s područja del-
te Neretve, a u svijetu je i danas poznat kao dalma-
tinski pelikan (Dalmatian Pelican). Jedna od većih
40 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
europskih populacija obitavala je na širem području
Neretve, uglavnom vezana za plitke močvare i perio-
dički potopljena krška polja bogata ribom. Nažalost,
danas je regionalno izumrla vrsta, zbog regulacije to-
ka Neretve i isušivanja okolnih prostranih močvara te
hidrotehničkih regulacija krških polja. Ipak, nad Dal-
macijom još uvijek lete najveće europske grabljivice:
suri orao (Aquila chrysaetos), zmijar (Circaetus gallicus)
i sova ušara (Bubo bubo).
U Hrvatskoj živi 15 vrsta zmija, 17 vrsta guštera, 7 vrsta
kornjača i 20 vrsta vodozemaca, od kojih neke srećemo
i u moru, primjerice morsku kornjaču, najčešće glavatu
želvu (Caretta caretta), ali i ogromnu dvometarsku sed-
moprugu usminjaču (Dermochelys coriacea). Dalmacija je
domovina najotrovnije europske zmije – poskoka (Vi-
pera ammodytes), ali i krajnja granica nekih južno pro-
širenih gmazova kao što su zmija sljeparica (Typhlops
vermicularis), turski dvoplaz (Blanus strauchi) i riječna
kornjača (Mauremys rivulata). Velik je broj endemičnih
gušterica na području Dalmacije: mosorska gušterice
(Archaeolacerta mosorensis), brusnička gušterica (Podar-
cis melisellensis ssp. melisellensis), lastovska gušterica (Po-
darcis melisellensis ssp. n.), jadranska primorska gušteri-
ca (Podarcis sicula ssp. adriatica) i dubrovačka gušterica
(Podarcis sicula ssp. ragusae). U Dalmaciji obitavaju čak
četiri odvojene populacije čovječje ribice (Proteus angu-
inus), simbola dinarskog krškog podzemlja.
Biološko bogatstvo slatkih voda Dalmacije ogleda se u
velikom broju endemičnih slatkovodnih riba jadran-
skog sliva, koje čine znatan udjel od 154 vrsta slat-
kovodnih riba Hrvatske. Po broju slatkovodnih vrsta
riba, Hrvatska je nakon Turske najbogatija europska
država. Od endemičnih vrsta ističu se mekousne pa-
strve (Salmothymus), gobice (Knipowitschia), gaovice
(Delminychthys), koje su ujedno i najstarije europske
ribe te brojne druge endemske vrste. U Jadranu živi
oko 450 vrsta morskih riba, odnosno preko 65% sre-
dozemnih vrsta, po čemu je Jadran treće područje po
bioraznolikosti morskih riba u Mediteranu.
Daleko su najbrojniji i najčešći beskralješnjaci, među
kojima se brojem vrsta ističu: kukci (Insecta), paučnja-
ci (Arachnida), rakovi (Crustacea), puževi (Gastropo-
da) s bezbrojnim vrstama endemičnim za Dalmaciju,
a od morske faune: morske spužve (Porifera), koralji
(Anthozoa), školjke (Bivalvia), ježinci (Echinoidea),
zvjezdače (Asteroiedea), glavonošci (Cephalopoda) i
brojne druge skupine. U okviru ogromne skupine be-
skralješnjaka, velik je udjel vrsta koje pripadaju pra-
tećoj agrobioraznolikosti, kako fauna direktno veza-
na za dalmatinske sorte i pasmine (predatori, fitofagi,
paraziti, napasnici, koprofagi, nekrofagi), tako i prate-
ća fauna staništa travnjaka i krških lokvi.
Pri spominjanju beskralješnjaka i faune uopće, valja
posebno istaknuti vrlo bogatu dinarsku špiljsku faunu
s velikim brojem endemičan i reliktnih vrsta. Ukupno
je s dalmatinskog područja – iz preko 130 tipskih špilj-
skih lokaliteta – opisano više od 230 svojti, od kojih
je najveći broj endemičan za Dalmaciju. Tek predstoji
sustavno istraživanje faune tla (edafske faune) i faune
krških pukotina (Mesovoid Shallow Substratum). Po-
sebno bogatstvo i sigurno velik broj endemskih svojti
očekuje nas i u carstvu gljiva (Fungi), koje su na po-
dručju Dalmacije vrlo slabo istražene, dok su daleko
bolje istraženi lišaji (Lichenes).
vultures, perhaps first of all in the area of the Paklen-
ica National Park and of Biokovo Nature Park is im-
possible without management of the landscapes, in
the context of which the only optimal resource con-
sists of the indigenous breeds of domestic animals,
the landraces. The revival of traditional use of existing
landscapes with the pasturing of domestic livestock
will also maintain all the other accompanying biodi-
versity, particularly of grassland vegetation and the
pertaining invertebrates. In other words, vultures in
the sky are a proof of great biodiversity down below
on the soil. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus)
was described in 1842 from specimens caught in the
Neretva delta. One of the larger European popula-
tions lived in the general area of the Neretva, primar-
ily bound to the shallow wetlands and periodically
flooded karst poljes rich in fish. Today alas it is a re-
gionally extinct species, as a result of the regulation
of the course of the Neretva and the draining of the
surrounding spacious wetlands and the hydraulic en-
gineering operations in the karst poljes. Still, the big-
gest European birds of prey still fly above Dalmatia:
the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), the short-toed
snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus) and the Eurasian eagle
owl (Bubo bubo).
Fifteen species of snakes, 17 species of lizards, 7 species
of turtles and 20 species of amphibians live in Croa-
tia; some of them are to be found in the sea, for exam-
ple, the sea turtles, particularly the loggerhead (Caret-
ta caretta), as well as the vast two-metre long leather-
back (Dermochelys coriacea). Dalmatia is home to the
most venomous European snake, the horned viper (Vi-
pera ammodytes) and also the ultimate border of some
reptiles widespread in the south such as the Europe-
an blind snake (Typhlops vermicularis), the Anatolian
worm lizard (Blanus strauchi) and the Balkan pond are connected with agrobiodiversity, fauna directly
turtle (Mauremys rivulata). There are a large number connected to Dalmatian varieties and breeds (preda-
of endemic lizards in Dalmatia, such as the Archaeol- tors, herbivores, parasites, napasnici, coprophages and
acerta mosorensis, the Dalmatian wall lizard (Podarcis necrophages), as well as the accompanying fauna of the
melisellensis ssp. melisellensis), the Lastovo version of the karst pool and grassland habitats.
same species (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. n.), the Italian
wall lizard, in its Dalmatian (Podarcis sicula ssp. adri- While discussing the invertebrates and fauna in gen-
atica) and Dubrovnik subspecies (Podarcis sicula ssp. eral, it is particularly worth pointing out the very rich
ragusae). In Dalmatia there are four separate popula- Dinaric cavernicolous fauna, with the large number
tions of olm (Proteus anguinus), symbolic of the Dinar- of endemic and relict species. Totally from the Dal-
ic karstic underground. matian area – from over 130 cavern type localities,
more than 230 taxa have been described, most of
The biological richness of freshwater in Dalmatia can which are endemic to Dalmatia. Still to come is sys-
be seen in the large number of endemic freshwater tematic research into soil or edaphic fauna and the
fish of the Adriatic drainage basin, comprising a con- fauna of the karstic fissures (MSS or the mesovoid
siderable part of the 154 species of freshwater fish in shallow substratum). Particular richness and certainly
Croatia. In terms of numbers of freshwater fish spe- a large number of endemic taxa await us in the king-
cies, Croatia is the second richest (after Turkey) Eu- dom of Fungi, which are very poorly investigated in
ropean country. Particularly prominent among en- the area of Dalmatia, while the lichens are much bet-
demic species are the Adriatic trout (Salmothymus), ter researched.
the gobies (Knipowitsschia) and fish of Delminych-
thus, the oldest European fish, and many other en-
demic species. About 450 species of marine fish live
in the Adriatic, or over 65% of all Mediterranean spe-
cies, making the Adriatic the third most biodiverse
region for marine fish in the Mediterranean.
Far the most numerous and common are the inverte-
brates, among which Insecta, Arachnida and Crusta-
cea and Gastropoda are important in terms of numbers
of species with numerous species endemic to Dalma-
tia. Sea fauna includes sponges (Porifera), corals (An-
thozoa), shellfish (Bivalvia), urchins (Echinoidea), star-
fish (Asteroiedea), cephalopods (Cephalopoda) and many
other groups. In the framework of this vast group of
invertebrates, there is a large proportion of species that
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 41
 a.5
Razvoj
poljoprivrede u
Dalmaciji

Development of
agriculture in
Dalmatia

Ograđeni dolac sa stanovima i torovima iznad

Basta u Parku prirode Biokovo

An enclosed small karstic valley with shielings

and folds over Bast in Biokovo Nature Park
Foto: Roman Ozimec
 “Razvoj poljoprivrede
P
oljoprivreda je u Dalmaciji bila presudna za
opstanak ljudi, a vinova loza, maslina, voće,
u Dalmaciji započeo je povrće, žitarice te ovce, koze i goveda njen
oko 6 000 godine pr. su temelj. Tradicijski stari maslinici, vinogradi, liva-
de, pašnjaci, oranice, vrtovi, obrađene vrtače te izvor-
Kr., čime nastaje krški ne sorte i pasmine od iznimne su važnosti za nastanak
poljoprivredni krajobraz dalmatinskih krajobraza i staništa te očuvanje cjelo-
kupne biološke raznolikosti Dalmacije. Poljoprivre-
s brojnim tradicijskim da se počela razvijati krajem neolitika, prije oko 14
000 godina u okviru neolitske poljoprivredne evolu-
arhitektonskim cije. Pretpostavlja se da je poljoprivredna proizvodnja
elementima.” na području Dalmacije započela prije oko 10 000 go-
dina, a prije otprilike 8 000 godina razvila se inten-
zivnija poljoprivredna proizvodnja. Tada se masovnije
započinju krčiti šume, što se pojačava u brončano do-
ba, prije oko 5 000 godina kada se preusmjeravaju vo-
dotokovi, grade lokve, suhozidi, pastirske nastambe i
drugi elementi poljoprivredne arhitekture.
Razvojem poljoprivrede mijenjao se i razvijao poljo-
privredni krajobraz. Naime za poljoprivrednu pro-
izvodnju poljoprivrednik mora osigurati zemljište i
objekte, te dodatnu hranu i vodu. Kako bi stvorio po-
ljoprivredno zemljište, krševita površina je čišćena od
kamenja od kojeg su građeni suhozidi i dolci, torovi,
stanovi, bunje, lokve i bunari – osebujni elementi dal-
“The development of matinskih krajobraza. Suhozidi su služili kao granica
agriculture in Dalmatia između porodica, dobra zaštita od bure, ali i staništa
za pojedine biljke i životinje, dok su posebno visoki i
started about 6,000 BC, nagnuti zidovi građeni kao zapreka za koze i ovce ka-
ko ne bi ulazile u dolce. Dolci su suhozidom ograđene
creating the karstic farm pogodne vrtače koje na dnu imaju ravnu površinu ko-
landscape with its many ja se obrađuje. Ukoliko se dolac nikako ne može obra-
đivati, u njemu se kosi trava za stoku. Torovi su grube
traditional architectural kamene građevine građene za smještaj stoke, a stano-
elements.” vi nešto bolje građeni za smještaj ljudi. Povremeno su
44 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
gradnjom skupina stanova nastajala prava sela u koji-
ma su periodički živjele cijele obitelji. Slične su i bu-
nje, suhozidnom tehnikom građene poljske kućice za
smještaj i sklonište alata i ljudi. Lokve i bunari građe-
ni su za održanje oborinske vode, kišnice i snijega. Za
razliku od lokvi do kojih stoka može sama prići i na-
pajati se, do vode u bunarima može samo čovjek te su
zbog toga uz bunare redovita kamena ili drvena pojila.
Na području Dalmacije prirodne lokve koriste se još
od neolitika, dok se u željezno doba počinju graditi na
pogodnim lokacijama te se tako kontinuirano koriste
i više tisuća godina.
Od početka poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Dalmaciji,
poljoprivrednik je osuđen na korištenje pretežno nepo-
ljoprivrednog zemljišta. Naime udjel poljoprivrednog
zemljišta četiri dalmatinske županije iznosi svega oko
13%. Zato ne treba čuditi da Dalmacija duguje svoje
ime upravo ovcama (delma = ovca), kojih je na područ-
ju Dalmacije svojevremeno bilo više od milijun i koje
su za pašu koristile škrte kamenite dinarske travnjake.
Jedan od najvažnijih elemenata razvoja poljoprivrede
je udomaćivanje ili domestikacija divljih vrsta biljaka i
životinja i njihova introdukcija u poljoprivrednu proi-
zvodnju. Prve kulture koje su se počele uzgajati na po-
dručju Dalmacije od srednjeg neolitika, prije oko 6 000
godina su: pirevi i pšenice (Triticum sp.), ječam (Hor-
deum vulgare), zob (Avena sp.), bob (Vicia faba), sjeki-
rica (Lathyrus sativus), kupus ili raštika (Brassica sp.),
vinova loza (Vitis vinifera), maslina (Olea europea), a od
domaćih životinja uzgajaju se najprije pas (Canis fami-
liaris), ovca (Ovis sp.), koza (Capra sp.) i govedo (Bos
sp.). Pojavljuju se prva poljoprivredna oruđa: kameni
žrvnjevi za mljevenje žita, primitivni kremeni srpovi,
kamene motike i drugo.
A
griculture was a crucial factor for the surviv-
al of human beings in Dalmatia. It is found-
ed on the grape vine, the olive tree, fruit and
vegetables, grains, sheep, goats and cattle. Traditional
old olive trees, vineyards, meadows, pastures, ploughed
fields, gardens, cultivated sinkholes and original varieties
and breeds are exceptionally important in the origins of
the Dalmatian landscapes and habitats as well as for the
preservation of biological diversity as a whole in Dalma-
tia. Agriculture started to develop at the end of the Neo-
lithic, about 14 000 years ago, within the context of Neo-
lithic agricultural evolution. It is hypothesised that farm
production in Dalmatia started about 10 000 years ago,
and that more intensive agricultural production started
about 8 000 years ago. At that time the forests started
to be cleared on a large scale, which was stepped up in
the Bronze Age, about 5 000 years ago, when the water-
courses were redirected, precipitation pools or wells were
built, dry stone walls, herdsmen’s dwellings and other el-
ements of the farming architecture.
As agriculture developed, the agricultural landscape al-
so changed and developed. For farm production, land
and structures have to be provided, as well as addition-
al food and water. In order to create agricultural land,
the karstic, i.e. rocky, area is cleared of stone, which
is used for the building of dry stone walls, depression
gardens, folds, shealings, beehive huts, pools and wells
– all particular elements of the Dalmatian landscapes.
Dry stone walls were used as boundaries between fam-
ilies, for shelter from the north wind, as well as habitats
for individual plants and animals. Especially high and
sloped walls were built as obstacles against sheep and
goats, to prevent them from entering the small patches
of cultivation in the karstic funnel-shaped depressions.
Dolci as they are called are suitable depressions with a
flat cultivable bottom, surrounded by dry stone wall.
If no one could cultivate a dolac, then grass would be
cut in it for the livestock. A tor or fold is a rough stone
building meant for keeping the livestock in, while a
stan is a little bit better building meant for people – a
shieling. Occasionally the building of a group of sheal-
ings would lead to the rise of a real village in which,
periodically, whole families would be living. The same
thing holds for the bunja or beehive’shaped stone hut
built in dry stone wall technique meant for keeping
tools in and sheltering in the fields. Pools and wells
were made to retain the surface water, rainfall and
snow. A pool, or lokva, could be accessed by the live-
stock directly for drinking; only the farmer could draw
water from the wells, and the wells are thus usually ac-
companied by stone or wooden drinking troughs. In
Dalmatia natural pools have been used since the Neo-
lithic, while in the Iron Age they started to be built at
handy locations, and have been thus used continuously
for several thousand years.
From the beginning of farm production in Dalma-
tia, man the farmer was condemned to use a non-
agricultural land. The proportion of real agricultural
land in the four Dalmatian counties is no more than
13%. For this reason it is no matter for wonder that
Dalmatia actually owes is name to the sheep (delma –
sheep), a million of which once grazed on the scanty
stony Dinaric grasslands.
One of the most important elements behind the de-
velopment of agriculture is the domestication of wild
species of plants and animals and their introduction
into farming practice. The first crops began to be
raised in Dalmatia from the Middle Neolithic, about
6 000 years ago. They were: spelt and wheat (Triticum
sp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sp.), broad
bean (Vicia faba), vetchling (Lathyrus sativus), cab-
bage and borecole (Brassica sp.), grape vine (Vitis vin-
ifera), olive tree (Olea europea), while of domestic ani-
mals first to be domesticated were the dog (Canis fa-
miliaris), sheep (Ovis sp.), goat (Capra sp.) and cow
(Bos sp.). The first farm tools appeared: stone querns
for grinding grain, rudimentary stone sickles, stone
mattocks and so on.
In the Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages, in the period
from about 3,000 years BC to AD 100, farm pro-
duction developed essentially, and alongside the al-
ready familiar crops came: millet (Panicum milliace-
um) and rye (Secale cereale) as well as lentils (Lens culi-
naris), peas (Pisum sativum), the fig (Ficus carica) and
many other fruit trees. The Delmats, Illyrians, who
were dominant in this period, are known for their
worship of cereals, which was their main branch of
production and even had a special patron, Messer, de-
ity of reapers. They were also known for their fond-
ness of drinking wine. As for tools, they were famil-
iar with the wooden plough, metal sickles and other
things. They primarily raised sheep, goats and pigs,
and horses and donkeys would also appear. The Del-
mat god of animal husbandry Silvanus regularly ap-
pears with a goat, while the northern Dalmatian Il-
lyrian tribe of the Iapodi is known for raising swine.
In the middle of the Iron Age, in the 8th century BC,
the Greeks moved in, founding several colonies: Issa
(Vis), Pharos (Hvar), Korkyra (Korčula), Tragurion
(Trogir), Epetion (Stobreč) and Salona (Solin). They
brought new crops with them: olives, vines, figs, prob-
ably the myrtle too (Myrtus communis). During his-
tory the mistaken opinion took root that the ancient
Greeks had brought both the olive and the grape vine
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 45
 U bakreno, brončano i željezno doba, u razdoblju od
prije oko 3 000 godina prije Krista do 1. stoljeća, po-
ljoprivredna proizvodnja se bitno razvija, a uz već po-
znate kulture pojavljuju se: (Panicum milliaceum) i raž
(Secale cereale) te leća (Lens culinaris), grašak (Pisum sa-
tivum), smokva (Ficus carica) i brojne druge voćke. Iliri
Delmati, koji dominiraju u tom razdoblju, poznati su
po štovanju žitarica koje su im glavna proizvodna gra-
na te čak imaju posebnog zaštitnika Messera, boga že-
telaca, ali su također poznati i po sklonosti pijenja vina.
Od alata poznaju drveno ralo, metalne srpove i drugo.
Uzgajaju najviše ovce, koze i svinje, a pojavljuju se i ko-
nji i magarci. Delmatski bog stočarstva Silvan redovito
se prikazuje s kozom, dok je sjevernodalmatinsko ilir-
sko pleme Japoda poznato po svinjogojstvu. Polovicom
željeznog doba, u 8. stoljeću prije Krista, na područje
Dalmacije doseljavaju Grci koji osnivaju više koloni-
ja: Issu (Vis), Pharos (Hvar), Korkyru (Korčula), Tra-
gurium (Trogir), Epetion (Stobreč) i Salonu (Solin).
Sa sobom donose i pojedine nove sorte svojih kultu-
ra: masline, vinove loze, smokve, a vjerojatno i mirtu
(Myrtus communis). Kroz povijest se uvriježilo pogreš-
no mišljenje kako su stari Grci na područje Dalmacije
donijeli kulture maslinu i vinovu lozu. No svakako su
pokrenuli njihovu snažniju proizvodnju i uvelike obo-
gatili poljoprivrednu raznolikost ovih kultura. Grci su
uzgajali i stoku, posebice koze i goveda koje nalazimo
na metalnom novcu grčkih kolonija Pharosa i Isse. Je-
dan od najznačajnijih grčkih poljoprivrednih spome-
nika je starogradski Agris na otoku Hvaru, ponajbolje
očuvano grčko polje na području Mediterana, danas
dio svjetske kulturne baštine.
Za antike, od 1. stoljeća do 476. godine, u razdoblju
dominacije Rimskog Carstva, u Dalmaciji se poči-
nju uzgajati: bajami (Ammygdalus communis), breskve
46 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
(Prunus persica), agrumi (Citrus sp.), brojne povrtnice,
među kojima artičoka (Cynara scolymus), riga (Eruca
vesicaria), ali i mak (Papaver somniferum) i pinija (Pi-
nus pinea) te neke danas zaboravljene kulture, lećasta
grahorica (Vicia ervilia) i sjetveni podlanak (Cameli-
na sativa). Od domaćih životinja povećava se uzgoj
konja (Equus caballus), magaraca (Equus asinus), svi-
nja (Sus scrofa), pčela (Apis mellifera) i golubova (Co-
lumba livia). Otok Brač čuven je po uzgoju koza, rim-
ski veterani uzgajaju konje, a na tržnicama Rimskog
Carstva prodaje se dalmatinski sir (caseus dalmati-
cus) i šoltanski med. U poljoprivredu se uvodi želje-
zni plug, unaprjeđuju sustav proizvodnje i drugo. Dok
je u kontinentalnoj, ilirskoj Dalmaciji bilo jače razvi-
jeno stočarstvo i uzgoj žitarica, primorska je Dalma-
cija pod utjecajem Grka i Rimljana postala jedan od
važnih proizvođača maslinova ulja i vina.
Doseljavanjem Slavena u 7. stoljeću, Dalmacija je
obogaćena novim kulturama, posebno novim sorti-
mentom ratarskih kultura te voćkama kao što su ja-
buka (Malus domestica), kruška (Pyrus communis), du-
nja (Cydonia oblonga), šljiva (Prunus domestica), trešnja
(Cerasus avium) i drugo, ali i novim pasminama konja,
goveda, ovaca i pasa, vjerojatno i pčela, jer su Slaveni
bili poznati kao vrsni pčelari.
U srednjem vijeku u uzgoju se javljaju kulture kineskog
odnosno dalekoistočnog porijekla kao što su: mandari-
na (Citrus reticulata), žižula (Zyzyphus jujuba), nešpola
(Eriobotrya japonica) i druge, a uz razvoj svilarstva po-
činje se uzgajati dudov svilac (Bombyx mori).
Otkrićem Novoga svijeta u 15. stoljeću, postu-
pno se do kraja 18. stoljeća pojavljuju nove kulture
u Dalmaciji: krumpir (Solanum tuberosum), rajčica
(Lycopersicum lycopersicum), paprika (Capsicum anu-
um), kukuruz (Zea mays), grah (Phaseolus sp.), duhan
(Nicotiana sp.), agava (Agave americana), od kojih su
neke postale vrlo važne u poljoprivredi Dalmacije,
posebno krumpir, kukuruz i duhan. Pojavljuju se i no-
ve domaće životinje kao što je puran (Meleagris gallo-
pavo), u Dalmaciji zvan „tuka“.
Konačno, krajem 19. i tijekom 20. stoljeća u Dalmaciji se
počinju uzgajati i neke autohtone vrste kao što su buhač
(Tanacetum cinerarifolium), ružmarin (Rosmarinus offici-
nalis), šafran (Crocus sp.), ali i neke introducirane kao što
je lavanda (Lavandula sp.), te brojne ukrasne vrste.
Razvojem poljoprivrede pojedine kulture evoluiraju,
razvijaju se ili izumiru. Od trenutka kada su se poja-
vile, određene se kulture u Dalmaciji uzgajaju konti-
nuirano već više tisućljeća, neke tek stotinjak godina,
a neke su možda i zauvijek nestale. Tako su primjerice
sve žitarice koje su se u Dalmaciji uzgajale neprekid-
no više od 5 000 godina, danas gotovo potpuno nesta-
le, kao i zajednica strnišnih korova. Broj konja, maga-
raca, goveda i svinja pao je na samu granicu opstanka,
dok su neke kulture prisutne tek posljednjih nekoliko
stotina godina, na primjer rajčica ili krumpir, postale
karakteristične za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju na po-
dručju Dalmacije. S druge strane maslinarstvo i vino-
gradarstvo se neprestano razvijaju od samih začetaka
sve do 21. stoljeća, pa se danas Dalmacija diči upravo
ovim dvjema perjanicama svoje poljoprivrede.
to Dalmatia. Certainly they did set off much more
vigorous production and greatly enriched the agri-
cultural diversity of these products. The Greeks also
raised livestock, particularly goats and cattle, which
we can find on the metal coins of the Greek colo-
nies of Pharos and Issa. One of the most important
Greek agricultural monuments is the Stari Grad Ag-
er on the island of Hvar, the best preserved Greek ca-
dastre in the Mediterranean, today inscribed on the
World Heritage List.
During the Roman period, from the 1st century AD to
AD 476, during the period of the Empire, the following
began to be grown in Dalmatia: almonds (Ammygdalus
communis), peaches (Prunus persica), citrus fruits (Citrus
sp.), numerous vegetables including the artichoke (Cy-
nara scolymus), rocket (Eruca vesicaria), and poppy too
(Papaver somniferum) and the pine (Pinus pinea) and
some crops forgotten today such as bitter vetch (Vicia
ervilia) and false flax (Camelina sativa). As for domestic
animals, there was an increase in the raising of horses
(Equus caballus), asses (Equus asinus), pigs (Sus scrofa),
bees (Apis melifera) and pigeons (Columba livia). The is-
land of Brač was famed for its goats, Roman veterans
raised horses, and on the markets of the Roman Em-
pire, they sold Dalmatian cheese (caseus dalmaticus)
and honey from Šolta. The iron ploughshare was in-
troduced, production systems were improved. While in
inland, Illyrian Dalmatia, cereal production and animal
husbandry were better developed, maritime Dalmatia,
under the influence of the Greeks and Romans, became
an important producer of olive oil and wine.
When the Slavs arrived in the 7th century, Dalma-
tia was enriched with some new crops: particularly
with a new range of arable crops and with fruit trees,
such as, for instance, the apple (Malus domestica), pear for thousands of years, some for just a hundred or so,
(Pyrus communis), quince (Cydonia oblonga),plum some have perhaps vanished forever. Thus for example
(Prunus domestica) and cherry (Cerasus avium). Al- all the cereals that were grown in Dalmatia incessant-
so coming with the Slavs were new breeds of horses, ly for over 5 000 years have almost vanished, as well
cattle, sheep and dogs, and probably of bees, for they as the community of stubble field weeds. The number
were known as excellent apiarists. of horses, asses, cattle and pigs has fallen to the very
boundary of survival, while some crops have been pre-
In the Middle Ages produce of Chinese or other Far sent just for the last several hundred years and yet, like
Eastern origin appeared, such as the mandarin orange the tomato and potato, have become completely char-
(Citrus reticulate), the jujube (Zizyphus jujuba), the lo- acteristics of agricultural production in the area of Dal-
quat (Eriobotrya japonica) and others and the rearing matia. On the other hand, olive growing and viticul-
of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) started in conjunction ture have been developing from their very origins, all
with the development of the silk industry. the way down to the 21st century, and today Dalmatia
prides itself particularly on these two feathers in the
When the New World was discovered in the 15th cen- cap of its agriculture.
tury, gradually, until the end of the 18th century, new
crops appeared in Dalmatia: the potato (Solanum tu-
beraceum), tomato (Lycopersicum lycopersicum), bell
pepper (Capsicum anuum), maize (Zea mays), bean
(Phaseolus sp.), tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), and agave
(Agave americana), some of which became extremely
important for Dalmatian agriculture, particularly the
potato, corn and tobacco. Some new domestic ani-
mals also appeared, such as the turkey (Meleagris gal-
lopavo), called “tuka” in Dalmatia.
Finally, at the end of the 19th and during the 20th cen-
tury some indigenous species started to be cultivated:
pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerarifolium), rosemary (Ros-
marinus officinalis), and crocus (Crocus sp.), as well as
some introduced species such as lavender (Lavandula
sp.) and numerous ornamental species.
As agriculture develops, some crops evolve, develop or
die out. From the moment when they appeared, some
crops in Dalmatia have been reared uninterruptedly
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 47
 a.6
Genetička osnova
i nastanak sorti i
pasmina Dalmacije

Genetic foundation
and origin of
varieties and breeds
in Dalmatia

Plodne oranice u kršu Dalmacije, pokraj

Vranskog jezera

Fertile ploughland in the karst of Dalmatia, by

Vransko Lake
Foto: Ivo Pervan
 “Dalmacija je sastavni
D
almacija je domovina vrlo velikog broja sor-
ti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaćih životi-
dio mediteranskog nja, čiji se ukupan broj penje na više stotina.
centra poljoprivredne Ovu izrazitu agrobioraznolikost Dalmacija zahvaljuje
kako krajobraznoj raznovrsnosti tako i burnom povije-
raznolikosti unutar snom razvoju, te položaju na prijelazu srednje i južne te
kojeg su udomaćene zapadne i istočne Europe. Posebno je značajan položaj u
istočnom Mediteranu te utjecaj Dinarida, odnosno krška
ili domesticirane 84 osnova. Čuveni ruski genetičar Nikolaj Vavilov (1887. –
1943.) desetljećima je istraživao raznolikost kulturnog
kulture te unesene bilja i skupio najveću svjetsku kolekciju sjemena sorti.
brojne alohtone vrste.” Utvrdio je kako cjelokupna svjetska agrobioraznolikost
biljnih kultivara potječe iz osam centara, a razvila se zbog
osiguranja neophodnih proizvoda i sirovina te sigurnosti
njihove proizvodnje. Ovi centri od istoka prema zapadu
su: kineski, indijski s podcentrima hindustanskim i indo-
malajskim, centralnoazijski, bliskoistočni, mediteranski,
abesinijski, meksičko-centralnoamerički te južnoamerič-
ki s podcentrima peruansko-ekvadorsko-bolivijskim, či-
leanskim i brazilsko-paragvajskim.
Dakle Dalmacija je sastavni dio mediteranskog centra
poljoprivredne raznolikosti unutar kojeg su udomaćene
“Dalmatia is a ili domesticirane 84 kulture, među kojima su najvažnije
component part of žitarice: brojne vrste pšenica i pireva (Triticum sp.), zo-
bi (Avena sp.) te kanarska trava (Phalaris canariensis);
the Mediterranean mahunarke: grahorica (Lathyrus sativus), krupnozrni
agricultural diversity grašak (Pisum sativum), lupine (Lupinus albus); krmne
kulture: egipatska djetelina (Trifolium alexandrinum),
centre, within which bijela djetelina (Trifolium repens), inkarnatka (Trifoli-
84 crops have been um incarnatum) i seradela (Ornithopus sativus); uljano i
predivo bilje: lan (Linum usitatissimum), repice (Brassica
domesticated and napus), gorčice (Brassica nigra), maslina (Olea europaea);
povrtnice: cikla (Beta vulgaris) repe (Brassica campestris,
numerous alien species B. napus), kupusnjače (Brassica oleracea), salata (Lactu-
have been introduced.” ca sativa), šparoga (Asparagus oficinalis), celer (Apium
50 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
graveolens), cikorija (Cichorium intybus), pastrnjak (Pa-
stinaca sativa), riga (Eruca vesicoria), rabarbara (Rheum
officinale); te brojne aromatične biljke: kim (Carum car-
vi), anis (Pimpinella anisum), timijan (Thymus vulgaris),
metvica (Mentha piperita), kadulja (Salvia officinalis),
hmelj (Humulus lupulus) i brojne druge.
Osim iz vlastitoga, mediteranskog, na područje Dalma-
cije unesene su brojne biljne kulture i pasmine domaćih
životinja iz svih ostalih centara, osobito centralnoazijskog
i bliskoistočnog. Kod nekih vrsta nije lako razlučiti jesu
li izvorne ili unesene, je li se vrsta ikada i u kojem razdo-
blju u povijesti kultivirala odnosno je li arheofit ili neofit.
Suradnjom znanstvenika, prije svega agronoma, biologa
ekologa i genetičara, ali i povjesničara i arheologa, doći
ćemo do daljnjih važnih spoznaja.
Valja naglasiti kako su za posebno zahtjevno podru-
čje Dalmacije, a interakcijom genetičke osnove doma-
ćih kultivara, želje i potrebe čovjeka te utjecajem okoliša
nastale neke jedinstvene, krškom području prilagođene
sorte i pasmine. Tako je naš plavac mali izvrsna sorta vi-
nove loze za proizvodnju crnog vina posebno prilagođe-
na krškim područjima. Dalmatinski magarac jedna je od
najmanjih pasmina magaraca na svijetu, razmjerno ve-
ličini najjači i najizdržljiviji za prijenos tereta te s vrlo
tvrdim kopitima, posebno prilagođenim krškom terenu.
Sorta masline oblica prilagođena je na udare bure i ek-
stremne klimatske uvjete. Sve naše ovce pramenke ima-
ju runo koje ne upija vodu, već se hladna kiša slijeva niz
grube pramenove. Upravo je nevjerojatno u kakvim lo-
šim edafskim i u sušnim uvjetima, mjesecima bez obori-
na, uspijeva rasti i dati odlične prinose dalmatinska rašti-
ka. Naša buša jedno je od najmanjih goveda na svijetu, ali
sposobna opstati i na najvišim velebitskim, dinarskim i
biokovskim vrhovima. Tvrde, durum pšenice centar svoje
D
almatia is the homeland of a very large
number of varieties of cropping plants and
breeds of domestic animals, the total num-
ber of them rising to several hundreds. This marked
agrobiodiversity is owing to Dalmatia’s landscape di-
versity, as well as to its agitated historical development,
to its position at the transition from central to south-
ern and from western to eastern Europe. Its position
in the eastern Mediterranean and the influence of the
Dinarides are particularly important, as is the karst
substrate. Famed Russian geneticist Nikolai Vavilov
(1887-1943) explored for decades the diversity of cul-
tivated plants and collected the world’s biggest collec-
tion of seeds of varieties. He claimed that the whole of
world agrobiodiversity of plant cultivars sprang from
eight centres, and developed in order to ensure essen-
tial products and raw materials, as well as production
centres. These centres, from east to west, are: the Chi-
nese; Indian, with Hindustani and Indo-Malayan sub-
centres; Central Asian; Near Eastern; Mediterranean;
Abyssinian; Mexican and Central American; South
American, with the Peruvian-Ecuadoran- Bolivian,
Chilean and Brazilian/Paraguayan sub-centres.
Dalmatia, then, is a component part of the Mediter-
ranean agricultural diversity centre, within which 84
crops have been domesticated, the most important of
which are the cereals: numerous species of wheat and
spelt (Triticum sp.), oats (Avena sp.) and Canary grass
(Phalaris canariensis);legumes: goat pea (Lathyrus sa-
tivus), the pea (Pisum sativum), lupin (Lupinus albus);
fodder crops: Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandri-
num), white clover (Trifolium repens), crimson clover
(Trifolium incarnatum)and serradella (Ornithopus sa-
tivus); oil and fibre plants: flax (Linum usitatissimum),
rape (Brassica napus), mustard (Brassica nigra), olive
(Olea europaea); vegetable plants: beet (Beta vulgar-
is), turnip (Brassica campestris, B. napus), the cabbag-
es (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), aspar-
agus (Asparagus oficinalis), celery (Apium graveolens),
chicory (Cichorium intybus), parsnip (Pastinaca sati-
va), rocket (Eruca vesicoria), rhubarb (Rheum officina-
le); and numerous aromatic plants: caraway (Carum
carvi), anise (Pimpinella anisum), thyme (Thymus vul-
garis), mint (Mentha piperita), sage (Salvia officinalis),
hops (Humulus lupulus) and many others.
Not only are there indigenous Mediterranean plants
and animals, but many other crops and breeds have
been introduced from all the other centres, particu-
larly the Central Asian and the Near Eastern. With
some breeds it is not easy to tell if they are indigenous
or introduced, whether a species was ever and in what
period in history cultivated, i.e. whether it is an ar-
chaeophyte or a neophyte. Through the collaboration
of scientists, particularly of agronomists, ecologists
and geneticists, as well as of historians and archaeolo-
gists, we will arrive at further important information.
It should be pointed out that for the particularly de-
manding area of Dalmatia, and via the interaction of
the genetic stock of domestic cultivars, the wishes and
needs of people and the impact of the environment,
some unique landraces, plant and animal, adapted to
the karst area, have been produced. Thus the Small
Plavac is an excellent variety of grape vine for the pro-
duction of red wine particularly adapted to karstic ar-
eas. The Dalmatian ass is one of the smallest breeds of
ass in the world, but has extremely tough hoofs, and in
proportion to its size, the strongest and most resilient
for the transport of burdens. The olive variety oblica is
adapted to the gusts of the north wind and extreme
climatic conditions. All our pramenka sheep have a
fleece that will not absorb water, rather the cold rain
slides down the coarse tufts of wool. It is quite remark-
able in what poor edaphic and droughty conditions,
with no rainfall for months, the Dalmatian borecole
manages to grow and give excellent yields. The buša,
one of the smallest cattle in world, is able to survive
on the highest peaks of Velebit, Dinara and Biokovo.
Hard durum wheat has the centre of its biodiversity
precisely in the eastern Mediterranean. It was to look
after and guard the flocks, to guard the boundaries and
to hunt that the Dalmatian dog and the tornjak were
developed. The marasca is probably the highest quality
black cherry in the world (perhaps indeed a separate
species, to be proved by further genetic research), and
the Dalmatian honey bee creates world-quality honey.
The great range of cultivars, of varieties of cultivat-
ed plants and breeds of domestic animals are an ir-
replaceable part of our historical tradition, cultural
and natural history. Traditional varieties and breeds
are at the same time one of the most important tools
for the preservation of existing landscapes, habitats
and biological diversity of Dalmatia, the importance
and role of which was recognised by the UN Biologi-
cal Diversity Convention, proclaimed in 1992 in Rio
de Janeiro. The fame of Dalmatia was carried a few
centuries ago by the spotted beauty the Dalmatian
dog, while one of the oldest breeds of pigeon in the
world is the golden Dalmatian zimovka. Zadar was
known in the world at large as a city in which mara-
schino was produced, famed liqueur with a marasca
black cherry fruit and leaf basis. The symbol of Dal-
matia, the hardy, intelligent and indefatigable tovar
or ass is today a threatened species on the edge of
extinction. Somewhat contemptuously, Dalmatians
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 51
 bioraznolikosti imaju upravo na području istočnog Me-
diterana. Za držanje i zaštitu stada, čuvanje granica ili
lov nastali su dalmatinski pas i tornjak. Maraska je vje-
rojatno najkvalitetnija višnja na svijetu (možda i zaseb-
na vrsta, što će pokazati daljnja genetička istraživanja), a
dalmatinska medna pčela stvara med svjetske kvalitete.
Bogatstvo kultivara, sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina do-
maćih životinja nezamjenjiv je dio naše povijesne tra-
dicije, kulturne i prirodne baštine. Tradicijske sorte i
pasmine ujedno su jedno od naših najvažnijih oruđa
za očuvanje postojećih krajobraza, staništa i biološke
raznolikosti Dalmacije čiji značaj i ulogu prepoznaje i
UN-ova Konvencija o biološkoj raznolikosti proglaše-
na 1992. godine u Rio de Janeiru. Stare sorte kulturnog
bilja i pasmine domaćih životinja sastavni su dio kraj-
obraza i staništa Dalmacije, čak tvore zasebna staništa,
ali su ujedno i njen simbol. Slavu Dalmacije još je pri-
je više stoljeća pronio pjegavi ljepotan dalmatinski pas,
te jedna od najstarijih pasmina goluba na svijetu zlat-
na dalmatinska zimovka. Zadar je u svijetu bio poznat
kao grad u kojem se proizvodi maraskino, čuveni liker
na bazi ploda i listova višnje maraske. Simbol Dalmaci-
je, ustrajan, inteligentan i neslomljiv dalmatinski tovar
danas je ugrožena vrsta kojoj prijeti nestanak. Pomalo
pogrdno, Dalmatinci se nazivaju „blitvarima“ po omi-
ljenoj povrtnici – blitvi. Dubrovnik je u Domovinskom
ratu (1991. – 1995.) gotovo izgubio svoju izvornu ovcu
dubrovačku rudu, koju hitno treba revitalizirati, popu-
larizirati i zaštititi, ali srećom nije izvornu župsku po-
stranjsku crvenu brokulu.
U okviru morfološki i genetički dosta raznovrsne po-
pulacije lokalnih kultura, uglavnom odabirom po-
ljoprivrednika, ali i pod velikim utjecajem okolišnih
uvjeta nastaju pojedine sorte, a kod domaćih životinja
52 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
pasmine. Sorte i pasmine nisu taksonomska kate-
gorija, već predstavljaju populacije osnovne vrste ili
podvrste koje se odlikuju jedinstvenim fenotipskim
i genotipskim osobinama, po kojima se razlikuju od
drugih sorti i pasmina iste vrste ili podvrste te svoje
osobine prenose na potomstvo. Kultivar je međuna-
rodnim kodeksom (Utrecht, 1958.) usvojena oznaka
prije svega za sortu ili odliku kulturnog, odnosno uz-
gojenog bilja i označava se kraticom cv.
Tradicijski kultivari su osnova agrobioraznolikosti ne-
kog područja. Oni su nastali na određenom području
pa su izvorni ili autohtoni te ih zovemo domaći kultiva-
ri, ili su u prošlosti doneseni ili introducirani te su po-
stali udomaćeni kultivari, primjerice: pšenica frassineto,
raž petkus, kukuruz quarantin, duhan virginia, krumpir
bintje, lubenica sugar baby, dinja ananas i medna rosa, raj-
čica volovsko srce, saint-pierre i rutgers, blitve srebrnolisna
i lukulus, kupus ditmar, likoriški i futoški; paprika kurtov-
ska kapia te brojni drugi. Za mnogo prisutnih kultivara
porijeklo nije jasno, pogotovo zato što udomaćeni kul-
tivari često vremenom dobiju domaća imena. Prisutna
je i sinonimija kultivara, razna imena za istu sortu (pri-
mjerice oblica ima preko 30 sinonima), ali i homonimi-
ja, odnosno isto ime za različite sorte (tako sorte vinove
loze zlatarica s Korčule i područja Vrgorca te crljenak s
Visa i područja Kaštela zapravo nisu iste sorte). Zbog
toga im dodajemo „geografske“ pridjeve: zlatarica blat-
ska i zlatarica vrgorska, odnosno crljenak kaštelanski i
crljenak viški. Buduća znanstvena istraživanja koja će
uključivati i molekularne genetičke analize razlučit će
porijeklo te nastanak pojedinih kultivara, ali i posložiti
točnu sinonimiju i homonimiju. Dakle lokalni kultiva-
ri obično su i tradicijski, međutim tehnikama poljopri-
vrednog oplemenjivanja iz postojećih tradicijskih kulti-
vara selekcionirale su se pojedine sorte novijeg datuma
koje su upisane na Sortnu listu kao novostvoreni kul-
tivari, iako u stvari nose stare, izvorne gene pojedinih
izvornih populacija. Tako su na području Hrvatske kla-
sičnim metodama selekcije stvorene brojne sorte i hi-
bridi naročito kod pšenice, kukuruza i drugih žitarica,
ali i krmnog bilja te krumpira i drugog povrtnog bi-
lja: brojne BC sorte pšenice i hibridi kukuruza, krum-
pir dalmatinka (1991.), goran (1984.), istra (1984.) i lika
(1980.), pastrnjak podravkin bijeli (1981.), paprika boti-
nečka žuta (1984.) i majkovačka žuta (1993.) te brojne
druge. Većina ovih sorti selekcionirana je na osnovi po-
pulacija iz kontinentalne Hrvatske, ali u prijavnom po-
stupku su i sorte rajčice s područja Dalmacije. Ipak, tre-
ba naglasiti kako je postupak oplemenjivanja izostao za
brojne populacije kultura s područja Dalmacije.
Za razliku od tradicijskih kultivara te klasičnog ople-
menjivanja i selekcije bilja, suvremene industrijske sor-
te i hibridi ne nastaju in situ, već in vitro, dakle u labora-
toriju primjenom suvremenih tehnika odabira (selekci-
je), od kojih je najkontroverznije genetičko preinačavanje
(modificiranje; GM hibridi). Kod hibrida se zbog izra-
žene heterozigotnosti poželjna svojstva roditelja pojav-
ljuju kod vrlo malog broja potomaka, za razliku od sorti
i pasmina koje su visoko homozigotne i daju potomstvo
vrlo sličnih karakteristika. Kao posljedica, proizvođač ne
može dalje sam umnažati kultivar, već mora svake godine
kupovati sjeme te tako ovisi o sjemenskim kućama. Du-
goročno, ovaj proces vodi do drastičnog smanjenja agro-
bioraznolikosti, ali i uvođenja monopola nad proizvod-
njom hrane. Pojedine tradicijske sorte, posebno voćnih
kultura, vinove loze, masline i drugih, ali i neke povrtnice
(krumpir, kozjak, češnjak) u stvari su klonovi, genetički
isti organizam koji se vegetativno razmnožava (kalemlje-
njem, odjeljivanjem ili kulturom tkiva) te se tako održa-
vaju povoljna svojstva, davno uočena i odabrana.
are called blitvari, which is to say, chard-eaters, from
their favourite green vegetable. In the Homeland War
of 1991 to 1995 the people of Dubrovnik practically
lost their landrace sheep the Dubrovnik ruda, which
needs urgently revitalising, popularising and protect-
ing, but luckily this was not the case with the landrace
red broccoli from Župa.
In the framework of the morphologically and geneti-
cally fairly heterogeneous population of local crops,
individual varieties or in the case of domestic animals
breeds come into being, primarily because of the se-
lection process in farming, but also much impacted by
environmental conditions. These landraces, plant and
animal, are not taxonomic categories, but represent
populations of the basic species or subspecies that are
characterised by unique features of phenotype or gen-
otype, which differentiate them from all other varie-
ties and breeds of the same species or subspecies and
are able to transmit them to the following genera-
tions. A cultivar is by the international code (Utre-
cht, 1958) the label adopted primarily for a variety or
the characteristic of a cultivated plant, and is marked
with the cv abbreviation.
Traditional cultivars are the basis of the agricultural
biodiversity of an area. They were created in a given
area, and are thus landraces, and we call them domes-
tic cultivars, and they were introduced n the past, and
became domesticated cultivars, for example: Frassi-
neto wheat, Petkus rye, the maize Quarantin, Virginia
tobacco, the Bintje potato, the Sugar Baby water mel-
on, the cantaloupe cultivars Ananas and Medna Rosa,
the tomatoes Volovsko Srce, Saint-Pierre and Rutgers,
the Srebrnolisna and Lukulus chard, the cabbage cul-
tivars Ditmar, Likoriški and Futoški; the bell pepper
Kurtovska Kapia and many others. The origin of many
cultivars is not clear, particularly because domesticat-
ed cultivars quite often take on other local names in
the course of time. There is also the phenomenon of
synonymy, with various names being used for the
same variety (Oblica for example has more than 30
synonyms), and homonyms, that is, the same name
for different varieties (for example, the Zlatarica
grape is a different thing in Korčula and in Vrgorac,
and Crljenak from Vis is not the same as the Crljenak
from Kastela). For this reason we add on geographi-
cal modifiers: Zlatarica Blatska (from Blato) or Zla-
tarica Vrgorska, then Crljenak Kaštelanski and Crljenak
Viški. Future scientific research including molecular
genetic analysis will determine the origin and crea-
tion of individual cultivars, and will also put in or-
der the synonymy and homonymy. The local cultivars
are usually traditional as well, but with the techniques
of agricultural enhancement, from existing tradition-
al cultivars, individual varieties of a newer date that
are entered into the variety list as newly created culti-
vars are selected, although they in fact bear the same
old original genes of the individual original popula-
tions. Thus in the area of Croatian through classical
selection methods various varieties and hybrids have
been created, particularly in the cases of wheat, maize
and other cereals, as well as with fodder plants, po-
tatoes and other vegetable plants: the many BC va-
rieties of wheat and maize hybrids, the Dalmatin-
ka potato (1991), the Goran (1984), Istra (1984) and
Lika (1980), the Podravkin Bijeli parsnip (1981), the
Botinečka Žuta (1984.) and Majkovačka Žuta (1993)
bell peppers. Most of these varieties were selected on
the basis of populations from inland Croatia, but va-
rieties of tomato from Dalmatia are in the registra-
tion process. Still, one has to admit that there has
been no improvement process for many populations
of crops from the area of Dalmatia.
Unlike traditional cultivars, and classical plant im-
provement and selection, modern industrial varieties
and hybrids do not come into being in situ but in vit-
ro, in the laboratory, with the use of modern selection
techniques, the most controversial of which is genetic
modification. In these hybrids, because of the marked
heterozygosity the desirable parent characteristics ap-
pear in very few progeny. In consequence, the produc-
ers cannot themselves multiply the cultivar, but every
year have to buy seed, thus becoming dependent on
the suppliers. Over the long term, this is a process
that leads to a drastic reduction of agricultural biodi-
versity, as well as to the introduction of a monopoly
on the production of food. Some traditional varieties,
particularly fruit crops, grapes, olives and others, as
well as some vegetables (potato, scallions, garlic) are
in fact clones, genetically the same organism, which
reproduced in a vegetative way (grafting, division and
tissue culture) and thus reflect the desirable qualities
long ago noticed and selected.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 53
 a.7
Zakonski okvir za
sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije

Legislative
background for
varieties and breeds
of Dalmatia

Starigradsko polje na otoku Hvaru, najbolje

očuvan grčki ager na Mediteranu

Stari Grad Plain on Hvar island, the best

preserved Greek ager in the Mediterranean
Foto: Ivo Pervan
 U
običajen postupak službenog priznavanja
sorte i pasmine uključuje objavljen opis, od-
nosno standard sorte ili pasmine te propisa-
nu službenu proceduru prijave, koja se često mijenja s
izmjenama zakonodavstva. Hrvatsko zakonodavstvo
u području biljnih sorti i sjemenarstva usklađeno je
sa zakonodavstvom Europske unije. Zakon o sjemenu,
sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog
bilja (NN 140/05; 35/08 i 55/11) predstavlja zakon-
ski okvir za uključivanje sorte u Sortnu listu Repu-
blike Hrvatske. Upisom sorte u Sortnu listu Republike
Hrvatske, poljoprivredni reprodukcijski materijal sor-
te (sjeme ili sadni materijal) može se proizvoditi, pri-
javiti za stručni nadzor, te uvoziti i/ili staviti na tržište.
Priznate sorte popisane su u službenoj Sortnoj listi
Republike Hrvatske koja je prvi put uspostavljena
1967. godine i sastojala se od dva dijela: Liste doma-
ćih i udomaćenih sorti sjemena poljoprivrednog bilja te
Spiska novostvorenih sorti sjemena poljoprivrednog bilja.
Od 2011. godine Sortna lista sastoji se od sljedećeg:
Nacionalne sortne liste Republike Hrvatske, koja obu-
hvaća popis svih domaćih i udomaćenih stranih sorti,
novostvorenih sorti te priznatih stranih sorti repa, kr-
mnog bilja, uljanog i predivog bilja, žitarica, krumpi-
ra i povrća; Sortne liste Republike Hrvatske, koja obu-
hvaća sorte navedenog bilja koje su priznate na teme-
lju ispitivanja različitosti, ujednačenosti i postojanosti
(DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) te is-
pitivanja gospodarske vrijednosti (VCU: Value Com-
pare Unit), kao i sorte povrća na temelju DUS ispiti-
vanja; te konačno Popisa sorti voćnih vrsta i Popisa sorti
vinove loze. Administrativni postupak upisa u Sortnu
listu te DUS i VCU ispitivanja provodi Hrvatski cen-
tar za poljoprivredu, hranu i selo, odnosno Zavod za
sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo u Osijeku.
56 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Za pasmine je tek 1998. godine objavljen prvi služ-
beni Popis izvornih i zaštićenih pasmina i sojeva doma-
ćih životinja (NN 127/98), koji je naknadno više puta
nadopunjavan, i to 2003., 2006., 2007. i 2009. godi-
ne (NN 73/03; 39/06, 126/07, 70/09). Popis se na-
dopunjava pasminama za koje se potvrdi izvornost,
a sukladno Pravilniku o postupku priznavanja novih
pasmina, sojeva i hibrida (NN164/04). Ovaj popis
ne obuhvaća pse koje definira Zakon o veterinarstvu
(NN 41/07, 155/08, 55/11) i Zakon o zaštiti životi-
nja (NN 135/06), a službeni Registar pasmina pasa vo-
di Hrvatski kinološki savez (HKS). Sukladno nave-
denom Popisu te Registru, danas u Hrvatskoj imamo
trenutačno prepoznate 33 pasmine životinja.
Sortna lista odraz je trenutačnog stanja poznavanja sor-
timenta, dakle nikada ne obuhvaća sve sorte – tako da
uvijek postoje one koje struka prepoznaje, ali formalno
nisu uvedene na listu, npr. sorte masline brindićanka,
divljaka i jeruzalemka; sorte vinove loze cipar, crljenak
viški i krstičevica te brojne druge sorte. Isto tako na po-
stojeću Sortnu listu Republike Hrvatske nisu upisane
ni postojeće sorte, odnosno populacije kulturnog bilja:
domaća raštika, domaći plavi i domaći srednje dugi pa-
tliđan, domaći stogodišnji i domaći biserni luk, domaći
luk kozjak (ljutika), domaći vlasac, domaći ozimi i ja-
ri češnjak, domaći hren, domaći sitnozrni i krupnozrni
slanutak, domaći bob, domaći lisnati kelj, razne doma-
će buče, domaća leća i drugo. Pod ovim imenima kri-
je se više tradicijskih sorti pojedine navedene kulture;
drugim riječima, iz postojećih raznovrsnih populacija
navedenih domaćih kultura nisu izdvojene sorte, kao
što su primjerice iz domaćeg ozimog češnjaka izdvoje-
ne sorte brgudski i polački. Kako tradicijska agrobiora-
znolikost postupno nestaje, neke od ovih neistraženih
sorti već su sigurno zauvijek izgubljene, dok je većina
ostalih sigurno u nekoj od kategorija ugroženosti. To
se posebno odnosi na ratarske i povrtne kulture Dal-
macije, a najviše na žitarice, mahunarke i kupusnjače.
Konačno, usklađivanjem postojeće hrvatske Sortne li-
ste sa zakonskom regulativom EU-a, sa sortne liste iz-
brisane su brojne voćne sorte. Tako su, sukladno Popi-
su sorti voćnih vrsta brisanih sa Popisa voćnih vrsta, od
ožujka 2011. godine do danas izbrisane brojne intro-
ducirane, ali i naše izvorne tradicijske sorte, od kojih su
mnoge navedene i u ovoj knjizi: masline krvavica, pa-
štrica, velika lastovka, žabarka; bajam čarski kasni, knez
črnomir, smokvički polumekiš, princeza smokvička; doma-
ća krupna nešpola; domaća oskoruša; rogač komiški, korču-
lanski, medunac, puljiški, šipanski; višnja maraska pendu-
la, poljička i visulja; brojne sorte smokava i drugo. Ove
sorte mogu se naći u proizvodnji ili na tržištu sukladno
stavku 3. članka 13. Pravilnika o upisu sorti u popis sorti
voćnih vrsta (NN 98/09). Međutim, sukladno navede-
nom stavku, za većinu brisanih sorti proizvodnja i trže-
nje bit će zabranjeni od 30. lipnja 2014., a za sve ostale
od 30. lipnja 2015. godine.
Očuvanje postojećih sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina
domaćih životinja naša je obaveza, i to ne samo prema
nama samima već i prema međunarodnoj zajednici i
nadolazećim generacijama. U tom smislu treba poseb-
no istaknuti UN-ovu Konvenciju o biološkoj raznoli-
kosti koju je Hrvatska potpisala 1996. godine. Prema
Konvenciji, biološku raznolikost ne čini samo divlja
flora i fauna, već i svojte koje je čovjek kroz svoju po-
vijest na bilo koji način promijenio te uzgojem i oda-
birom određenih svojstava prilagodio svojim potreba-
ma, odnosno to su pasmine i sorte kultiviranih živo-
tinja i biljaka. Dužnost svake potpisnice je inventari-
zacija vlastite biološke raznolikosti, te njeno očuvanje.
T
he regular procedure for official acknowledge-
ment of a breed or variety includes a published
description, a standard for the variety or breed,
and the required official registration or application pro-
cedure, which often changes in line with changes in leg-
islation. Croatian legislation in the area of plant varie-
ties and seed production is harmonised with EU leg-
islation. The Law on Seeds, Plant Material and Recogni-
tion of Varieties of Agricultural Plants (OG, 140/05, 35/08
and 55/11) is the statutory framework for the inclusion
of a variety in the Variety List of the Republic of Cro-
atia. When a variety has been inscribed in the Variety
List, the agricultural reproduction material of the variety
(seed or seedling) can be produced, registered for expert
supervision and introduced and/or marketed.
Acknowledged varieties are listed in the official Varie-
ty List of the Republic of Croatia, established for the
first time in 1967, and consisting of two parts: List of
domestic and domesticated varieties of seeds of agricul-
tural plants and the List of newly created varieties of
seeds of agricultural plants. From 2011 the Variety List
has consisted of: the National Variety List of the Re-
public of Croatia, which includes a list of all domestic
and domesticated foreign varieties, newly created vari-
eties, and recognised foreign varieties of turnip, fodder,
oil and fibre plants, cereals, potatoes and vegetables; of
the Variety list of the Republic of Croatia, which covers
varieties of these plants that are recognised on the basis
of the testing of the diversity, uniformity and stability
(DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) and the
testing of their value for cultivation and use (VCU: Val-
ue Compare Unit), and vegetable varieties on the basis
of DUS testing; and finally the List of varieties of fruit
species and List of varieties of grape vines. The adminis-
trative procedure for inscribing a variety on the Variety
List, and for DUS and VCU testing is carried out by the
Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Af-
fairs, or the Institute for Seeds and Seedlings in Osijek.
For breeds, it was not until 1998 that the first official List
of Original and Protected Breeds and Strains of Do-
mestic Animals was issued (OG 127/98), subsequently
supplemented a number of times (in 2003, 2006, 2007
and 2009; OG 73/03, 39/06, 126/07, 70/09). This list
is supplemented with breeds confirmed to be authentic
and in line with the Regulations on the recognition of
new breeds, strains and hybrids (OG 164/04). This list
does not cover dogs, defined in the Veterinary Law (OG
41/07, 155/08, 55/11) and the Law on Animal Protec-
tion (OG 135/06), while the official Register of Canine
Breeds is kept by the Croatian Kinological Association
(Kennel Club). According to this List and Register, to-
day there are in Croatian 33 recognised breeds.
The Variety List is a reflection of the current state of
knowledge concerning varieties, and never covers all va-
rieties, and so there are always those that the discipline
recognises, but that are not formally put on the list; for
example, there are the olive varieties called Brindićanka,
Divljaka, Jeruzalemka; the grape vine varieties Cipar, Cr-
ljenak Viški, Krstičevica and many other varieties. At the
same time, not only varieties, but whole existing popu-
lations of cultivated plants are inscribed on the existing
Variety List of the Republic of Croatia: domestic borecole;
domestic blue and domestic medium long aubergine, domes-
tic hundred year old and domestic pearl onion, domestic scal-
lion (ljutika), domestic chives, domestic winter and spring
garlic, domestic horseradish, domestic small grained and
large grained chickpea, domestic broad bean, domestic leafy
kale, various domestic pumpkins, domestic lentils and so on.
These names hide a number of traditional varieties of
the individually listed crops, that is, from the existing di-
verse populations of the said domestic cultures, the vari-
eties have not been distinguished, such as, from the do-
mestic winter garlic, the separate varieties that are called
Brgudski and Polački. Since traditional agrobiodiversity is
gradually vanishing, some of these uninvestigated varie-
ties must have been lost forever, while most of the oth-
ers are surely in one of the endangered categories. This
holds particularly true for arable and vegetable crops in
Dalmatia, primarily for cereals, legumes and brassicas.
Finally, then the existing Croatian Variety List was
harmonised with the EU legislation, several fruit vari-
eties were dropped from the variety list. Thus, for ex-
ample, in line with the List of Varieties of Fruit Spe-
cies erased from the List of Fruit Species from March
2011 until this day, numerous introduced varieties as
well as landraces have been deleted, many of which are
listed in this book: the Krvavica, Paštrica, Velika Last-
ovka, Žabarka olives; the Almonds Čarski Kasni, Kn-
ez Črnomir, Smokvički Polumekiš, Princeza Smokvička;
Domaća Krupna Nešpola or medlar; Domaća Oskoruša or
service tree; the carobs Komiški, Korčulanski, Medunac,
Puljiški, Šipanski; the marasca cherry Pendula, Poljička
and Visulja; numerous varieties of fig tree and others.
These varieties can be found in production or on the
market in line with Paragraph 3 Article 13 of the Regu-
lations on the entry of varieties into the list of varieties
of fruit species (OG, 98/09). However, in line with this
paragraph, there will be a ban on the production and
marketing of most of these varieties from June 30, 2014,
and for all the others from June 30, 2015.
Preservation of existing varieties of cultivated plants and
breeds of domestic animals is an obligation on us, not on-
ly for our own sakes, but for the international community
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 57
 Nasuprot prisutnoj eroziji ne samo tradicijskih sorti i
pasmina, već i eroziji stečenog iskustva i znanja, danas
u Dalmaciji postoji i pozitivna protuteža, zahvaljujući
djelovanju više pojedinaca i udruga pa dijelom i insti-
tucija koje pokušavaju očuvati stečene vrijednosti i mo-
gu predstavljati jezgru budućeg učinkovitijeg očuvanja
mediteranskih krških kultiviranih krajobraza.
Za praćenje stanja sorti i pasmina u svijetu zadužen je
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), krovna in-
stitucija Ujedinjenih naroda za strateško upravljanje
hranom i poljoprivrednim resursima na globalnoj, re-
gionalnoj i lokalnoj razini. Za razvoj i provedbu Glo-
balnog akcijskog plana za očuvanje i održivo korište-
nje biljnih genetičkih resursa za hranu i poljoprivredu
(The Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Su-
stainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Fo-
od and Agriculture) te Globalne strategije upravljanjem
farmskim genetičkim resursima (The Global Strategy for
the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources) pri
FAO-u, od godine 1995. odgovorna je Komisija za ge-
netske resurse u poljoprivredi (CGRFA - Commission
on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture). Europ-
ska uredba (Regulation 2078/92) sadrži poljoprivred-
no-okolišne programe koji obuhvaćaju mjere za uz-
goj izvornih pasmina i sorti, odnosno godišnje premi-
je u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Globalni akcijski plan
prihvaćen u okviru deklaracije na FAO međunarod-
noj tehničkoj konferenciji za biljne genetičke resurse
održanoj 1996. godine u Leipzigu (Leipzig Declarati-
on on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture), definira da
postojeća agrobioraznolikost biljnih resursa, u kombi-
naciji sa suvremenom tehnologijom, mora biti osnova
održive poljoprivrede zbog očuvanja biljnih genetičkih
resursa. Isto tako za ciljeve uspostavljanja i provedbe
58 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
europske ekološke mreže NATURA 2000 iznimno je
važno očuvanje staništa i vrsta koje se zasniva na dvi-
je regulative: Direktivi o staništima (92/43/EEC) i Di-
rektivi o pticama (79/409/EEC). Njihovom primjenom
može se također utjecati na bolje očuvanje ugroženih
sorti i pasmina. Poljoprivredne površine koje se na-
laze unutar Natura 2000 mreže trebaju se obrađivati
ekološkim i održivim metodama uključujući primje-
nu poljoprivredno okolišnih mjera, a treba istaknuti da
su dosadašnji poticaji za izvorne pasmine u Hrvatskoj
bili među najvišima u Europi. Isto tako, vrlo je važno
izraditi plan upravljanja za očuvanje omjera kulturnih
krajobraza i prirodnih staništa, u okviru Hrvatske eko-
loške mreže (CRO-NEN), odnosno europske mreže
NATURA 2000.
Agrobioraznolikost je osnova razvoja i opstanka poljo-
privrede u Dalmaciji te preduvjet za stvaranje premij-
skih proizvoda – što može omogućiti otvaranje novih i
perspektivnih ekonomskih niša. Međutim to naše bo-
gatstvo tradicijskih sorti i pasmina danas ubrzano ne-
staje. Uz brojne i složene razloge, osnovni uzrok ugro-
ženosti je sustavna industrijalizacija poljoprivrede koja
se očituje prije svega u zamjeni tradicijskih kultivara s
modernima, preciznije rečeno sintetskima. Pri tome se
osigurava visoka produktivnost suvremenih kultivara, a
njihova neprilagođenost okolišnim čimbenicima poku-
šava se ublažiti složenim i skupim tehnološkim zahva-
tima (sofisticirana mehanizacija, fertilizacija, kemizaci-
ja, genetički inženjering). Posljedično, dolazi do naru-
šavanja ravnoteže u agroekosustavima, kao i u ostalim
pratećim ekosustavima (naročito travnjacima, šumama
i vodama), uz znatno povećanje ukupnih realnih troš-
kova proizvodnje. No isto tako treba jasno naglasiti da
neprikladno zakonodavstvo predstavlja velik problem i
kočnicu boljem očuvanju agrobioraznolikosti.
Naime, tek je dio ove bogate bioraznolikosti službeno
prepoznat, dok se brojne autohtone sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije ne nalaze na službenoj Sortnoj listi Repu-
blike Hrvatske, odnosno na službenom Popisu izvor-
nih i zaštićenih pasmina i sojeva domaćih životinja.
Nažalost, prema novom Zakonu o sjemenarstvu, op-
stanak svake sorte na Sortnoj listi ovisi o službenom
održivaču, koji se brine o održavanju njenog genet-
skog identiteta, ali što je u praksi i važnije, plaća go-
dišnju pristojbu Zavodu za sjemenarstvo i rasadni-
čarstvu za njen ostanak na listi. Budući da službena
i nadzirana proizvodnja sjemena navedenih tradicij-
skih sorti ne postoji, velika je vjerojatnost da se zbog
nepostojanja održivača, jednostavnom primjenom za-
kona, svi navedeni tradicijski kultivari automatizmom
brišu sa Sortne liste. Posljedica je nemogućnost legal-
nog prometovanja njihovim sjemenom i vegetativnim
materijalom. Stoga za tradicijske sorte i pasmine koje
nisu na Sortnoj listi i na Popisu izvornih i zaštićenih
pasmina treba osmisliti model njihove registracije, a
za sve tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije pronaći
model održavanja, ali i razvoja izabranih i gospodar-
ski potencijalno vrijednih kultivara. Uspostavljanje
upisnika održivača sjemena tradicijskih kultura i ma-
tičnih grla tradicijskih pasmina upotpunit će sustavnu
brigu o očuvanju tradicijskih sorti i pasmina, naše tra-
dicijske baštine.
and the generations to come. From this point of view the
UN Convention on Biological Diversity, signed by Croa-
tia in 1996, needs particular focus. According to the Con-
vention, biological diversity is not vested only in wild flora
and fauna, but also in the taxa that people have through-
out history changed in any way, and that they have by
breeding and selecting certain characteristics adjusted to
their needs, that is, breeds and varieties of animals and
cultivated plants. It is the duty of each signatory to make
an inventory of its own biological diversity, and to pre-
serve it. As against the omnipresent erosion of not only
traditional varieties and breeds, but of acquired experi-
ence and knowledge, there is today a positive counter-
weight, thanks to the activity of several individuals and
associations, partially too of institutions that are attempt-
ing to preserve acquired values and that might constitute
the core of a more effect and better preservation of the
Mediterranean and karstic cultivated landscapes.
Charged with monitoring the state of varieties and
breeds the world is FAO (Food and Agriculture Organ-
isation), the UN umbrella institution for strategic food
and agricultural resources management at global, region-
al and local levels. Since 1995, FAO’s CGRFA - Com-
mission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
has been responsible for the development and imple-
mentation of the Global Plan of Action for the Conserva-
tion and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resourc-
es for Food and Agriculture and the Global Strategy for the
Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources. European
Regulation 2078/92 contains agricultural and environ-
mental programmes that cover measures for the rearing
of landraces, animals and plants, i.e., annual premiums
for agricultural production. The Global Plan of Action
was accepted within the outline of a declaration at an in-
ternational conference for plant genetic resources held
in Leipzig in 1996 - Leipzig Declaration on Conservation
and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture and says that the existing agricul-
tural biodiversity of plant resources, in combination with
modern technology, has to be the foundation of sustain-
able agriculture because of the need to preserve plant
genetic resources. Exceptionally important for the aims
behind the establishment and implementation of the
European Ecological Network NATURA 2000 is the
preservation of habitats and species, founded on two di-
rectives: Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and Birds Di-
rective (79/409/EEC). If they are implemented, they can
also have an effect on the better preservation of endan-
gered varieties and breeds. Farm land inside the Natura
2000 network has to be cultivated with ecological and
sustainable methods, including the application of agri-
cultural environmental measures. It should be pointed
out that grants for landraces in Croatia have been among
the highest in Europe. Also, it is very important to work
out a management plan for the preservation of the ratios
of cultural landscapes and natural habitats, within the
framework of the Croatian Ecological Network CRO-
NEN and the European network NATURA 2000.
Agricultural biodiversity is the basis for the develop-
ment and survival of agriculture in Dalmatia, and a
sine qua non for the creation of premium products that
might enable the creation of new and promising eco-
nomic niches. But the richness of Croatian traditional
varieties and breeds is today vanishing at great speed.
Along with many other complex reasons, the basic cause
of the threat is the systematic industrialisation of agri-
culture, which is manifested primarily in the replace-
ment of traditional by modern, synthetic cultivars. The
high yields of modern cultivars are thus ensured, while
their unsuitability for the environmental factors is pal-
liated with complex and expensive technological oper-
ations (mechanisation, fertilisation, chemistry, genetic
engineering). In consequence, the balance in the agro-
ecosystems is disturbed, as it is in the other accompany-
ing ecosystems (primarily in the grasslands, forests and
waters), with a considerable enlargement of the total re-
al costs of production. But it has also to be said clearly
that the inappropriate legislation is a big problem and a
brake on the better preservation of agrobiodiversity.
For only a small part of all this wealth of biodiversity
is officially recognised, while many Dalmatian landrac-
es are not on the official Variety List of the Republic
of Croatia or the official List of Original and Protect-
ed Breeds and Strains of Domestic Animals. Unfortu-
nately, according to the new Seed Production Law, the
survival of every variety on the List depends on the of-
ficial maintainer, which takes care of the maintenance
of its genetic identity, but, which is in practice even
more important, involves the payment of an annual fee
to the Seeds and Seedlings Institute to keep it on the
list. Since there is no official and controlled production
of seeds of these traditional varieties, the great prob-
ability is that because of the absence of a maintainer,
by simple application of the law, all these traditional
cultivars will be automatically dropped from the Va-
riety List. The result will be that it will be impossible
to trade legally in their seeds and vegetative material.
Accordingly registration model needs to be devised for
traditional varieties and breeds that are not on the Va-
riety List or the List of Original and Protected Breeds,
and for all the traditional breeds and varieties of Dal-
matia, a maintenance model needs finding, as well as
the development of selected and economically valuable
cultivars. The establishment of a register of maintain-
ers of seeds of traditional crops and breeding heads of
the traditional breeds will be a complement to system-
atic care for the preservation of traditional varieties and
breeds, our traditional heritage.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 59
 a.8
Ukupna
agrobioraznolikost
Dalmacije i važnost
njenog očuvanja

Overall
agrobiodiversity of
Dalmatia and the
importance of its
preservation

Bunari kod Ciste Velike na lokalitetu Crljivica,

Dalmatinska zagora

Wells by Cista Velika at Crljivica,

Dalmatinska zagora
Foto: Ivo Pervan
 “Razvoj poljoprivrede u
A
grobioraznolikost je dio cjelokupne biora-
znolikosti, a možemo je podijeliti na dvi-
Dalmaciji, temeljen na je osnovne grupe: uporabne organizme ili
uzgoju tradicijskih sorti agrobioraznolikost u užem smislu te neuporabne or-
ganizme ili agrobioraznolikost u širem smislu.
i pasmina, doveo je do
nastanka brojnih novih A. Agrobioraznolikost u užem
smislu (Uporabni organizmi)
staništa uz iznimnu
1. Tradicijski kultivari: udomaćene (domesticirane)
prateću bioraznolikost svojte, uglavnom bakterija, gljiva, biljaka i životi-
gljiva, flore i faune.” nja, koje su stvorene ljudskom selekcijom tijekom
tisućljeća u uvjetima tradicijske poljoprivrede, od-
nosno uz paralelnu prirodnu selekciju te selekcio-
nirane u raznovrsne sorte i pasmine. To su svi kul-
tivari obrađeni u ovoj knjizi. Mogu biti autohtone
ili alohtone svojte te su genetički raznoliki kultivari.
2. Suvremeni kultivari: kultivari stvoreni suvreme-
nim selekcijskim metodama (standardna genetička
selekcija, križanje u srodstvu, genetički modificira-
“The development of ni organizmi, kloniranje). Postoje novi kultivari na-
stali selekcijom postojećih izvornih, hrvatskih po-
farming in Dalmatia, pulacija kultura, ali većinom su to uvozni kultiva-
based on the cultivation ri, plod tuđeg genetičkog nasljeđa i stručnog rada.
Mogu biti autohtone ili alohtone svojte te su gene-
and rearing of traditional tički uniformni (neraznoliki) kultivari. Kao primjer
varieties and breeds, led u Dalmaciji možemo istaknuti najnovije hibride
rajčica (Hector F1, Belle F1) nizozemske selekcije,
to the creation of many dok od domaćih selekcija imamo primjer domaćih
new habitats, with an sorti krumpira (dalmatinka, istra, lika, goran).
exceptional accompanying 3. Izvorne (nativne, samonikle) ili autohtone svojte:
biodiversity of fungi, flora dio su opće bioraznolikosti koju standardno koristi-
mo u prehrani i za druge namjene, a u budućnosti bi
and fauna.” mogli prijeći u prve dvije kategorije. U Dalmaciji
62 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
je vrlo velik broj ovih svojti; više od stotinu bilj-
nih vrsta koristi se u prehrani i za druge namje-
ne (divlje šparoge, kostriš, kadulja, planika, mirta
itd.), kao i veliki broj životinja ( puževi, žabe, slat-
kovodne i morske ribe, brojne ptice itd). Genetički
su to raznoliki organizmi.
B. Agrobioraznolikost u širem
smislu (Neuporabni organizmi)
4. Divlji srodnici: obuhvaćaju dio bioraznoliko-
sti samoniklih populacija i populacija izvan kul-
ture („podivljalih“) koje su u srodstvu s kultiva-
rima. Oni se vjerojatno nikada neće koristiti kao
uporabni, ali imaju potencijal za korištenje u se-
lekciji kultivara. To su redovito autohtone svojte,
a treba istaknuti više divljih kupusa (Brassica), lu-
kova (Allium), veći broj divljih ječmova (Hordeum)
i drugih, iznimno prilagođenih na sušu, a čija se
svojstva mogu koristiti u budućoj selekciji.
5. Divlje (nedomesticirane) svojte agroekosustava:
živi organizmi koji su izravno vezani uz agroeko-
sustave, odnosno svojte koje obligatno pripadaju
agroekosustavima (mikro- i makrobioti tla, opra-
šivači, specijalizirani štetnici, korovi, napasnici,
paraziti, predatori štetnika). Ove se svojte ne kori-
ste, ali izravno utječu na uspješnost poljoprivredne
proizvodnje bilo pozitivno bilo negativno. Postoji
mogućnost da i ove svojte budu predmet selekcije i
proizvodnje kao mjera poboljšanja u poljoprivred-
noj proizvodnji, kao što se primjerice već selekci-
oniraju i razmnožavaju kulture bakterija dušičnih
fiksatora, bumbara i solitarnih pčela, raznih preda-
tora biljnih štetnika itd.
A
grobiodiversity is part of overall biodiversi-
ty, and can be divided into two basic groups:
use organisms or agrobiodiversity in the
strict sense and non-use organisms, or agrobiodiver-
sity in the wider sense.
A. Agrobiodiversity in the strict
sense (use organisms)
1. Traditional cultivars: domesticated taxa, primarily
bacteria, fungi, plants and animals created by hu-
man selection over the millennia in the conditions
of the traditional agriculture, that is, with parallel
natural selection and selection into diverse varieties
and breeds. These are all the cultivars discussed in
this book. They can be native or introduced species,
and are genetically diverse cultivars.
2. Modern cultivars: cultivars created with mod-
ern selection methods (standard genetic selection,
crossing in relatives, genetically modified organ-
isms, cloning). There are modern cultivars that
were created by the selection from existing pop-
ulations of Croatian landraces, but most of them
are imported cultivars, the fruit of alien genetic
heritages and expertise. They can be introduced or
native taxa and are genetically uniform (non-di-
verse) cultivars. For example, in Dalmatia we can
refer to the modern tomato hybrids Hector F1,
Belle F12, selected in Holland, while domestic va-
rieties of potato Dalmatinka, Istra, Lika and Goran
are the results of domestic selection.
3. Native or landrace taxa: these are part of the gen-
eral biodiversity that we use as standards in food or
for other purposes, and in future might be moved
into the first two categories. In Dalmatia there are
many such taxa: more than a hundred plant species
are used for food or other purposes (wild asparagus,
sage, sow thistle, strawberry tree, myrtle) and a large
number of animals (snails, frogs, fresh- and saltwater
fish, birds). These are genetically diverse organisms.
B. Agrobiodiversity in the wider
sense (Non-use organisms)
4. Wild relatives: these cover part of the biodiversi-
ty of the wild populations and populations escaped
from cultivation (gone wild) that are relatives to
cultivars. They will probably never be used as use-
organisms, but do have a potential for use in the se-
lection of cultivars. These are regularly native taxa,
and one ought to particularly mention several wild
representatives of the genus Brassica, Allium and a
number of wild barleys (Hordeum) and others, ex-
ceptionally well adapted to drought, the properties
of which could be used in future selection.
5. Wild (undomesticated) taxa of the agroecosys-
tem: live organisms directly related to the agroeco-
system, or taxa that necessarily belong to agroeco-
systems (micro and macrobiotes of the soil, polli-
nators and specialised pests, weeds, napasnici, par-
asites and pest predators). These taxa are not used,
but do have a direct effect on the success of agricul-
tural production, negatively as well as positively. It
is possible for these taxa to be the object of selec-
tion and production as measure for improvement in
agricultural production, as for example the follow-
ing are already selected and reproduced: cultures of
bacteria of nitrogen fixers, bumblebees and solitary
bees, various predators of plant pests.
6. Accompanying biodiversity: taxa that primarily
belong to accompanying ecosystems, above all to
the habitats of grasslands, forests and aquatic eco-
systems, and are only optionally related to domes-
ticated taxa and agroecosystems: larger predators,
coprophages and necrophages. In conditions of the
disappearance or degradation of accompanying
habitats and ecosystems, these taxa can become de-
pendent only on agroecosystems, as is the wolf in
Dalmatia, the griffon vulture on Cres, a large num-
ber of coprophagic fungi, insects and so on.
Particularly important for landscapes and the biologi-
cal diversity of Dalmatia are the karst grasslands, i.e.
the pastures and hay meadows. When the grasslands
are created and maintained, numerous fungi, plants
and animals also subsist, whole plant communities
even, particularly rich in species. Thus the community
of the karst grassland has a number of species several
times larger than a forest community in the same re-
gion, and accordingly a larger fauna community. To-
day the grasslands are disappearing as a result of natu-
ral succession, i.e. because they become overgrown, but
also because of the omnipresent development and ur-
banisation. Livestock grazing prevents the succession
and maintains the grassland habitat, and it is also use-
ful to keep down maquis vegetation, encouraging the
establishment of forests. When livestock is absent, the
maquis expands, becoming impassable, which helps
forest fires to spread, and leading to the disappearance
of many plant species that cannot tolerate so much
shade. It is important to optimise pasturing, for mod-
erate livestock raising maintains greater biodiversity as
against the climazonal vegetation, although excessive
grazing will devastate it, as can be seen in history in
many areas of Dalmatia and the Mediterranean.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 63
 6. Prateća bioraznolikost: svojte koje primarno pri-
padaju pratećim ekosustavima, prije svega staništu
travnjaka, šuma i vodenih ekosustava te su samo
fakultativno vezane uz udomaćene svojte i agroe-
kosustave: veći predatori, koprofagi i nekrofagi. U
uvjetima nestanka ili degradacije pratećih stani-
šta i ekosustava, ove svojte mogu postati ovisne is-
ključivo o agroekosustavima; takvi su vuk u Dal-
maciji, bjeloglavi sup na Cresu, veliki broj kopro-
fagnih gljiva, kukaca i slično.
Posebno su za krajobraze i biološku raznolikost Dal-
macije važni krški travnjaci, odnosno pašnjaci i livade
košanice za sijeno. Stvaranjem i održanjem travnjaka
opstaju brojne gljive, biljke i životinje, čak cijele biljne
zajednice koje se ističu bogatstvom vrsta. Tako zajed-
nica krškog travnjaka ima nekoliko puta veći broj vrsta
bilja, a time i prateće faune, od šumske zajednice istog
područja. Danas travnjaci nestaju uslijed prirodne suk-
cesije odnosno zarastanja, ali i sveprisutne izgradnje i
urbanizacije. Napasanje stoke sprječava sukcesiju i odr-
žava staništa travnjaka, ali je korisno i vegetaciji makije,
gdje potiče podizanje šume. Nestankom stoke maki-
ja se širi i buja do neprohodnosti, što pogoduje širenju
požara i nestanku brojnih biljnih vrsta koje ne podno-
se zasjenjenost. Važno je optimizirati napasivanje, jer
umjereno stočarstvo održava veću bioraznolikost u od-
nosu na klimazonalnu vegetaciju, no prekomjerna ispa-
ša je devastira, što se kroz povijest već događalo u mno-
gim područjima Dalmacije i Mediterana.
Stoka je dio prehrambenog lanca naših najvećih pre-
datora, u Dalmaciji najviše vuka. Janjad, kozlad, pe-
rad, kunići, golubovi, plijen su manjih predatora: ča-
glja, divlje mačke, lisice, tvora, kune, lasice, orla i dru-
gih. U tradicijskom sustavu držanja domaćih životinja,
64 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
ostaci plijena predatora kao i jedinke uginule uslijed
bolesti, pri okotu, zbog pada s litica, ugriza zmije i dru-
gih uzroka, hrana su za lešinarske vrste. Naš ornitološki
ponos, bjeloglavi sup ne može opstati bez stada ovaca
pa su nestankom stada, nestali i supovi, a drugi lešinari
Dalmacije poput crkavice, kostoberine i supa starješi-
ne, još davno prije. Strvinama se hrane kukci, kornja-
ši iz obitelji strvinara (Silphidae), osobito rod grobara
(Necrophorus) te muhe zujare (Calliphoridae) i mesaru-
še (Sarcophagidae), koje u njih polažu jaja.
Domaće životinje domaćini su brojnih parazita: meti-
lja, trakavice, glista, buha, uši, krpelja, štrkova, te napa-
snika: muha, komaraca, obada, pijavica. Biljni su kulti-
vari domaćini brojnih parazitskih i saprofitnih gljiva,
virusa, bakterija, paučnjaka, kukaca, a njihovi plodovi
i drugi dijelovi biljaka osnova ili važan dio prehrane
brojnih viših vrsta životinja, ponajprije ptica i sisava-
ca. Iako se, osobito poljoprivrednicima, čini da bi ovu
„štetnu“ bioraznolikost vezanu uz domaće životinje i
poljoprivredno bilje trebalo trajno istrijebiti – i ove su
vrste dio bioraznolikosti Dalmacije te hrana drugim
parazitskim i predatorskim vrstama gljiva, virusa, pra-
životinja, kukaca, ptica i sisavaca, posebno šišmišima.
Za biljke je balega domaćih životinja najbolje gnoji-
vo, a neke životinje i gljive bez njega ne mogu opsta-
ti. Rod kornjaša zujaka (Geotrupes) kopa podzemne
hodnike koje puni balegom i u nju polaže jaja. Ču-
veni sveti kotrljan (Scarabeus sacer), obožavan u drev-
nom Egiptu, iz izmeta formira kuglicu koju kotrlja
stražnjim nogama do pripremljene rupe, zakapa i u
nju polaže jaja. Konkurencija su im muhe balegarke
(Scatophagidae) koje u izmet polažu jaja, u skladu s
poslovicom „k’o muhe na balegu“. Na izmetu rastu
neke zanimljive vrste gljiva, primjerice rijetka vrsta
Poronia punctata i halucinogena gnojištarka Panaeo-
lus sphinctrinus, a novijim su istraživanjem na područ-
ju Biokova utvrđene čak i neke za znanost nove vrste
koprofilnih gljiva.
Domaće životinje prenose sjemenke, plodove ili dru-
ge dijelove biljke, te ih tako proširuju, što zovemo
zoohorija. Neke sjemenke se kukicama hvataju za kr-
zno (epizoohorija), dok ih druge životinje pojedu s
plodovima te ih šire svojim izmetom (endozohori-
ja). Migracija ovaca iz Dalmacije i Bosne u Štajersku
pogodovala je ekspanziji divljih orhideja, primjerice
jadranske kozonoške (Himantoglossum adriaticum).
Nakon prestanka migracija populacije su kolabirale i
samo još nekoliko biljaka u Štajerskoj uz granicu s
Hrvatskom bori se za opstanak! Otkad se ovce ne od-
voze na ispašu na izolirani vulkanski otočić Brusnik, s
njega je nestalo 17 vrsta vaskularnog bilja!
Medna pčela, po kojoj je Dalmacija bila čuvena u raz-
doblju antike, osim što sakuplja nektar i proizvodi
med, ujedno oprašuje biljke, a korist od oprašivanja
višestruko je veća od vrijednosti svih pčelinjih proi-
zvoda: meda, voska, peludi, matične mliječi i drugog.
Staništa lokvi su posebno značajna jer uz njih raste
močvarno bilje, domaćin gusjenicama leptira i drugim
biljojednim kukcima, a lokve su dom za kopnene i vo-
dene kornjače, zmije, vodenjake, žabe, kornjače, vre-
tenca, vodencvjetove, tulare, puževe i druge vrste koje
na tom području ne mogu opstati bez vode. Tako je
od 74 vrsta vretenaca (Odonata) utvrđenih za Hrvat-
sku veliki broj vezan za krške lokve te druga antropo-
gena poljoprivredna vodena staništa, kanale i manje
akumulacije vode za navodnjavanje.
Livestock is part of the good chain of the greatest
predators, primarily the wolf. Lambs, kids, poultry,
rabbits and pigeons are the prey of the smaller preda-
tors: of jackals, wild cats, foxes, stoats, martens, wea-
sels, eagles and so on. In the traditional system in
which domestic animals are kept, the remains of the
prey of predators and individuals that have died from
sickness, during littering, falling from a cliff, snake-
bite and other causes are the food of scavengers. The
pride of Croatian ornithology, the griffon vulture,
cannot exist without flocks of sheep, and when the
sheep vanished, so did the griffon vultures, and did
other vultures of Croatia, such the Egyptian vulture,
the bearded vulture and the cinereous vulture long
before it. Also feeding on carrion are insects, beetles
from the carrion beetles, Silphidae, particularly from
the Necrophorus or burying beetle genus and blow flies
from the Calliphoridae as well as the flesh flies, Sar-
cophagidae, which lay their eggs in carrion.
Domestic animals are hosts to numerous parasites: to
liver flukes, tapeworms, worms, fleas, lice, ticks and
bots, as well as gadflies, mosquitoes, leeches. Plant cul-
tivars are hosts to numerous parasitic and saprophyt-
ic fungi, viruses, bacteria, arachnids, and insects; and
their fruits and other parts of the plants are the basis
for or an important part of the food of many high-
er species of animal, primarily of birds and mammals.
Although it would seem, particularly for famers, that
this “harmful” biodiversity related to domestic animals
and agricultural plants should be eradicated forever,
these species too are parts of the biodiversity of Dal-
matia, and are food for other parasitical or predatory
species of fungi, viruses, protozoans, insects, birds and
mammals, bats in particular.
For plants, the dung of domestic animals is the best The habitats of pools are particularly important, for
fertiliser; some animals and plants cannot survive with- alongside them grow marsh plants, hosts to the cat-
out it. The genus of dor beetles (Geotrupes) dig under- erpillars of butterflies and other herbivorous insects;
ground corridors that they fill with dung in which they the pools themselves are home to turtles and tortois-
lay their eggs. The famed scarab (Scarabeus sacer), wor- es, snakes, newts, frogs, dragonflies, mayflies, caddis
shipped in ancient Egypt, forms little balls from excre- flies, snails and other species that cannot survive in
ment that it rolls with its rear legs to a ready-prepared the area without water. Of the 74 species of dragonfly
hole, buries and in it lays its egg. It has competition (Odonata) established in Croatia, a large number are
from the dung flies (Scatophagidae) that also lay eggs bound to the karstic pools and other anthropogenic
in dung, in line with the proverb “like flies onto dung”. agricultural aquatic habitats, channels and small ac-
Several interesting species of mushroom, for example, cumulations of water for irrigation.
the rare species Poronia punctata and the hallucinogen
petticoat mottlegill or Panaeolus sphinctrinus. New re-
search in Biokovo has established some species of co-
prophile mushrooms previously unknown to science.
Domestic animals carry seeds, fruits and other parts of
the plants, and thus disperse them, which is called zo-
ochory. Some plants are caught onto the coats of ani-
mals with little hooks or barbs (epizoochory) and oth-
er animals eat them in the fruit and so transport them
via their excrement (endozoochory). The migration of
sheep from Dalmatia and Bosnia to Styria helped the
expansion of wild orchids, for example of the Himanto-
glossum adriaticum. After migrations stopped, the pop-
ulations collapsed and there are only a few plants in St-
yria, bordering on Croatia, fighting for their existence.
Since sheep stopped being transported to the isolated
volcanic island of Brusnik, 17 species of vascular plant
vanished from it.
The honey bee, for which Dalmatia was famed in an-
tiquity, apart from collecting nectar and producing
honey, also pollinates the plants, and this service is
much more valuable than all the various products of
bees, of honey, way, pollen, royal jelly and so on.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 65
 a.9
Povijesni pregled
istraživanja
agrobioraznolikosti
Dalmacije

Historical survey
of research into the
agrobiodiversity of
Dalmatia

Vinogradi na brdu Bucavac kod Primoštena,

kandidat za listu UNESCO-a

Vineyards on Bucavac Hill by Primošten, a

candidate for the UNESCO WHL
Foto: Ivo Pervan
 “Istraživanja
D
osadašnja istraživanja agrobioraznoliko-
sti Dalmacije nikada nisu provođena inte-
agrobioraznolikosti gralno, već se u okviru agrobioraznolikosti
Dalmacije provode se u u užem smislu najviše provode istraživanja tradicij-
skih sorti i pasmina te donekle samoniklog uporabnog
okviru biologije, ekologije, bilja, a u okviru agrobioraznolikosti u širem smislu
uglavnom istraživanja pratećih štetnika i korova. Div-
poljoprivrede, biotehnologije, lji srodnici i prateća bioraznolikost istraživani su vrlo
veterine, farmacije, parcijalno, u sklopu pojedinih, većinom taksonomskih
istraživanja. Ipak, treba istaknuti dva djela koja obra-
šumarstva, ali i etnologije.” đuju užu agrobioraznolikost. Najprije Jugoslavenski
imenik bilja koji je napisao akademik Bogoslav Šulek
na osnovi dugogodišnjih istraživanja, a objavila ga je
Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 1879. godi-
ne. Djelo je sinteza svekolikog tadašnjeg nazivlja bilja
pa i kultiviranih vrsta, s navedenim brojnim sortama.
Drugo djelo, Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti, pisao
je krajem 30-ih i početkom 40-ih godina 20. stoljeća
poljoprivredni stručnjak Stanko Ožanić, a objavljeno
je posthumno 1955. godine. U njemu autor daje po-
datke o sortimentu i pasminama Dalmacije, iako po-
malo šture.
Istraživanja agrobioraznolikosti provode se prije sve-
ga u okviru prirodoslovnih i prirodoslovno-tehničkih
znanosti: biologije, ekologije, poljoprivrede, biotehno-
“Research into the logije, veterine, farmacije, šumarstva, ali i društvenih
agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia znanosti, uglavnom etnologije, pri čemu posebno treba
istaći jedinstvenu publikaciju Zbornik za narodni život
is carried out within the i običaje Južnih Slavena, kojeg od 1896. godine počinje
confines of biology, ecology, izdavati Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. U
naputku Osnova za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o na-
farming, biotechnology, rodnom životu iz 1897. godine, glavnog urednika i et-
veterinary science, pharmacy, nologa Ante Radića, detaljno se navode svi elementi za
istraživanje etnobaštine, pa tako i sorte i pasmine, ali i
forestry and also ethnology.” samoniklo bilje u uporabi. Kao rezultat pojavila su se
68 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
brojna, danas neprocjenjiva djela, svojevrsne etnomo-
nografije, od kojih se za područje Dalmacije posebno
ističu Poljica – narodni život i običaji iz pera don Fra-
ne Ivaniševića, objavljivanoj u nastavcima od 1903. do
1906. godine te Život i običaji u Runovićim, jednoj župi
Imocke krajine, započetoj 1924. godine, dovršenoj 1937.,
a objavljenoj prvi puta tek 1993. godine.
U novije doba sve se više koriste tehnike molekularne
biologije te se provode genetička istraživanja pojedinih
sorti i populacija kulturnog bilja, pri čemu je za područ-
je Dalmacije najviše istraživana vinova loza, donekle i
maslina, dok ostale kulture još nisu obuhvaćene.
Podaci o agrobioraznolikosti u širem smislu rasuti su
po brojnim specijalističkim botaničkim, entomološ-
kim i drugim zoološkim radovima ili izvještajima o
pojavama pojedinih štetnika. Ipak, valja istaknuti dje-
lo Primijenjena entomologija u tri knjige, koje je u raz-
doblju od 1950. do 1956. godine objavio sveučilišni
profesor Željko Kovačević. Posebno je značajna druga
knjiga Poljoprivredni štetnici u kojem sustavno takso-
nomski raščlanjuje štetnike poljoprivrednih kultura. U
djelu Kornjaši jadranskog primorja kojeg je Akademi-
ja objavila 1952. godine, autor entomolog Petar No-
vak na temelju dugogodišnjeg iskustva navodi vrste
kornjaša sakupljene na pojedinim biljnim vrstama ili
na njima uzgojene, ali sakupljene i na obrađenim po-
ljoprivrednim površinama, u balezi domaćih životinja
i slično. Treba istaknuti da ovo djelo obrađuje samo
kornjaše (Coleoptera), dok je obrada i sinteza ostalih
faunističkih skupina za područje Dalmacije izostala,
kako za pojedine kulture ili taksonomske skupine, ta-
ko i za pojedina biogeografska područja.
R
esearch into the agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia
to date has never been carried out integrally,
rather, in the frame of agrobiodiversity, in the
narrow sense, research into traditional breeds and vari-
eties has principally been carried out, and to an extent
into wild use plants; while in the framework of agrobio-
diversity in an extended sense, there has primarily been
research into the accompanying pests and weeds. The
wild relatives and the accompanying biodiversity have
been investigated only partially, as part of some main-
ly taxonomic researches. Still, it is worth particularly
mentioning two works that do concern themselves with
agrobiodiversity in the strict sense. First of all there is
the Jugoslavenski imenik bilja / Yugoslav Plant Directory
written by Academician Bogoslav Šulek on the foun-
dation of many years of research, published by the Yu-
goslavia Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1879. It is a
synthesis of the whole of the nomenclature of plants of
that time, including cultivated plants, with the numer-
ous varieties also mentioned. The second work Agricul-
ture of Dalmatia in the Past or Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u
prošlosti was written at the end of the 1930s and early
1940s by agricultural expert Stanko Ožanić, and pub-
lished posthumously in 1955. The author provides in-
formation about the varieties and breeds of Dalmatia,
somewhat terse though it may be.
Investigation of agrobiodiversity is conducted primar-
ily within the context of natural history and natural
history technical sciences: biology, ecology, agricul-
ture, biotechnology, veterinary science, pharmacy, for-
estry, as well as the social sciences, primarily ethnolo-
gy. Needing to be stressed here is a unique publication
Collected papers for the Life of the People and Customs
of the South Slaves (Zbornik za narodni život i običaje
Južnih Slavena), which the Academy of Sciences and
Arts started publishing in 1896. The instruction Foun-
dation for collecting and study material about the life of
the people (Osnova za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o
narodnom životu) of 1897, by the editor the ethnolo-
gist Ante Radić, gives a detailed list of all elements
for research into the ethnological heritage, including
breeds and varieties, as well as wild plants in use. As a
result numerous works appeared, today of incalculable
value, a kind of ethno-monograph. For Dalmatia, par-
ticularly important are Poljica – life and customs of the
people (Poljica – narodni život i običaji) by the Rev. Fra-
no Ivanišević, published in part numbers from 1903 to
1906 and Life and customs in Runovići, a parish in the
Imotski region (Život i običaji u Runovićim, jednoj župi
Imocke krajine), started in 1924, finished in 1937 and
first published only in 1993.
In more recent times, molecular biology techniques
are used more and genetic research is being carried
out into some of the varieties and populations of crop
plants. With respect to Dalmatia, most explored is
the grape vine, and to an extent the olive tree, while
other crops are not yet comprehended.
Information about agrobiodiversity in the broader sense
is scattered around numerous specialised botanical, en-
tomological and other zoological papers and reports
about the appearances of some pests. Still, it is worth
pausing on the work Applied Entomology (Primijenje-
na entomologija) in three books, which was published
from 1950 to 1956 by Professor Željko Kovačević. Par-
ticularly important is the second book, Agricultural pests
(Poljoprivredni štetnici) in which the pests of farm crops
are systematically taxonomically analysed. In the work
Beetles of the Adriatic Coast (Kornjaši jadranskog pri-
morja) published by the Academy in 1952, the author,
entomologist Petar Novak, on the basis of many years
of experience, gives an account of the species of beetles
collected on given plant species, either bred on them or
collected on tilled fields, as well as in the dung of do-
mestic animals and the like. It should be said that only
coleopterans are dealt with in this work, while there was
no study and synthesis of other faunistic groups for the
area of Dalmatia, either for given crops or for taxonom-
ic groups, or for individual biogeographical regions.
The varieties of olives in Dalmatia were dealt with in
most detail by Stjepan Bulić in the work Material for
a study of Dalmatian elaiography (Građa za dalmatinsku
elajografiju) of 1921, in which he publishes data that he
collected between 1889 and 1910. He lists 101 varie-
ties of olive, and over 200 synonyms. In the period from
1989 to 1910, the distinguished expert Pavel Bakarić
published a series of papers and books about olive lan-
draces of the islands of Lokrum, Mljet, Korčula and the
Elaphites, as well as the areas of Pelješac, Konavle and
Dubrovačko primorje. In the last few years, publica-
tions about olive landraces of individual areas of culti-
vation have appeared in greater numbers.
The range of grapevine varieties in Dalmatia has been
covered excellently in the excellent work Dalmatian
Ampelography (Dalmatinska ampelografija), which
was produced on the basis of many years of research
by Stjepan Bulić. Although the book was complet-
ed in 1925, it was not published until 1949. It estab-
lished in Dalmatia more than 300 varieties of grape
vine and over 1 000 synonyms. Viticulture specialist
Zdenko Turković in 1952 published his Ampelograph-
ic Atlas (Ampelografski atlas), with outstanding draw-
ings by his wife, Greta Turković, and in 2003 this At-
las was substantially supplemented, particularly with
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 69
 Sortiment masline Dalmacije najdetaljnije je obradio
Stjepan Bulić u djelu Građa za dalmatinsku elajografi-
ju iz 1921. godine, u kojem objavljuje podatke koje je
prikupio u razdoblju od 1889. do 1910. godine. Navodi
101 sortu maslina te preko 200 sinonima. U razdoblju
od 1989. do 2007. godine naš istaknuti stručnjak Pavle
Bakarić objavio je seriju radova i knjiga o izvornim sor-
tama masline otoka Lokruma, Mljeta, Korčule i Elafita,
te područja Pelješca, Konavala i Dubrovačkog primorja.
Zadnjih godina pojavljuje se sve više publikacija o izvor-
nim sortama maslina pojedinih naših uzgojnih područja.
Sortiment vinove loze na području je Dalmacije vr-
lo dobro obrađen zahvaljujući vrhunskom djelu Dal-
matinska ampelografija koje je na osnovi dugogodiš-
njih istraživanja izradio Stjepan Bulić. Iako je knji-
ga dovršena još 1925. godine, publicirana je tek 1949.
U njoj je za područje Dalmacije utvrđeno preko 300
sorti vinove loze s preko 1 000 sinonima. Vinogradar-
ski stručnjak Zdenko Turković objavio je 1952. godi-
ne Ampelografski atlas s izvanrednim crtežima koje je
izradila njegova supruga Greta Turković, a 2003. go-
dine ovaj Atlas je značajno dopunio, posebno s dal-
matinskim sortama, profesor vinogradarstva na Agro-
nomskom fakultetu Nikola Mirošević.
Sortiment ostalih voćnih vrsta Dalmacije objavljen je
u brojnim specijalističkim radovima. Ipak, treba ista-
knuti monografiju Smokva iz 1989. godine koju je na-
pisao Pavle Bakarić sa suradnicima, s detaljno nave-
denim sortimentom i sinonimijom. Svojevrsnu sin-
tezu voćarstva Dalmacije daje profesor voćarstva na
Agronomskom fakultetu Ivo Miljković u djelu Suvre-
meno voćarstvo iz 1991. godine, u kojemu navodi veći
broj izvornih sorti trešnje, maraske, bajama, smokve,
nara, rogača, agruma, ali i masline.
70 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Već spomenuti S. Ožanić objavljuje još 1902. godine opsežnom djelu na preko 1 100 stranica, koje predstavlja
u Zadru djelo Povrtljarstvo. Međutim, iako je djelo pravi biser u našoj poljoprivrednoj literaturi, u kojem se
vrlo obimno te osim povrtnica obuhvaća i neke aro- dobrim dijelom obrađuju i izvorne ukrasne kulture Dal-
matične i ljekovite biljke, pa čak daje i detaljan ta- macije uz navedene tradicionalne metode uzgoja.
dašnji sortiment, dosta šturo obrađuje autohtone sor-
te povrtnica Dalmacije. Ipak, u djelu Najvažnije vrsti Podaci o pasminskoj strukturi Dalmacije publicirani
povrća i njihovo gajenje na Primorju objavljenom 1938. su po brojnim specijalističkim radovima, a posebno
godine daje već detaljniji prikaz. Stručnjakinja iz In- se ističe profesor Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagre-
stituta za jadranske kulture u Splitu Marija Znidarčić bu Albert Ogrizek s više radova i monografskih djela.
je početkom 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća iz populacije Brojne podatke daje S. Ožanić u djelu Poljoprivreda
autohtonih povrtnica selekcionirala endiviju dalma- Dalmacije u prošlosti, te grupa autora u djelu Specijal-
tinsku kopicu te ranu i srednje ranu trogirsku cvjeta- no stočarstvo objavljenom 1958. godine. Novije sinte-
ču, o kojima objavljuje interna institucijska izvješća. ze daju najprije Šandor Horvath 1996. godine u djelu
Hrvatske baštinjene pasmine te Staro blago-novi sjaj iz
Vrlo zanimljivo nazivlje sorti pojedinih ratarskih i kr- 2003., kao i grupa autora u Katalogu pasmina Repu-
mnih kultura za područje Dalmacije navode B. Šu- blike Hrvatske, objavljenom 2002. godine te u Enci-
lek u Jugoslavenskom imeniku bilja, te F. Ivanišević i S. klopediji hrvatskih domaćih životinja iz 2003. Najno-
Kutleša u svojim monografijama. Uz njih, treba ista- vija sinteza stanja i ugroženosti izvornih pasmina Hr-
knuti pojedina monografska djela koja agronom Pe- vatske objavljena je u Zelenoj knjizi izvornih pasmina
tar Biankini objavljuje u razdoblju od 1882. do 1889. Hrvatske iz 2011. godine.
godine u Zadru i Šibeniku o predivom bilju, duhanu
i buhaču te njihovu sortimentu. Osnovni sortiment
ratarskih kultura daje S. Ožanić u djelu Poljoprivre-
da Dalmacije u prošlosti. Ipak, najopsežnija istraživa-
nja izvornih ratarskih sorti i populacija provodi profe-
sor Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu Alojz Tavčar,
koji polovicom 20. stoljeća vrši sustavna sakupljanja
sjemenskog materijala na području Dalmacije te po-
stavlja proizvodne pokuse u Arboretumu Trsteno kod
Dubrovnika. Iako objavljuje brojne godišnje izvješta-
je, nedostaje završna sinteza ostvarenih rezultata.
Ukrasno bilje obrađuje spomenuti P. Biankini u dje-
lu O uzgoju i njegovanju cvieća, uresnog grmlja i drveća
dovršenom početkom 1886., objavljenom u Šibeniku,
a tiskanom u Dubrovniku 1888. godine. Radi se o vrlo
Dalmatian varieties, by viticulture professor at the
Agriculture Faculty Nikola Mirošević.
Studies of the assortment of other fruit species in Dal-
matia have been published in numerous specialised
works. Nevertheless, worth pausing on is the mono-
graph The Fig (Smokva) of 1989, written by Pavle
Bakarić et al., with varieties and synonyms listed in
detail. A synthesis of fruit growing in Dalmatia was
provided by Agriculture Faculty fruit growing profes-
sor Ivo Miljković in his Contemporary Fruit Growing
(Suvremeno voćarstvo) of 1991, in which he mentions
a large number of landraces of cherries, marasca black
cherries, almonds, figs, pomegranates, carobs, citrus
fruits and olives.
In 1902, Ožanić, as mentioned earlier, also published in
Zadar his Povrtljarstvo (Vegetable Growing). However,
although this work is extremely capacious, and covers
not only vegetables but some aromatic and medicinal
herbs, giving a detailed account of the assortment of
the time, it deals fairly briefly with the landrace vegeta-
bles of Dalmatia. Yet in the work Most important species
of vegetables and their cultivation in the maritime region
(Najvažnije vrsti povrća i njihovo gajenje na Primorju)
published in 1938 in Split he provides a more detailed
survey. In the early 1960s, an expert from the Institute
of Adriatic Crops in Split, Marija Znidarčić , from the
population of landrace vegetables selected the endive,
Dalmatinska Kopica and early and medium early Trogir
cauliflower, concerning which she published an inter-
nal report for the institution.
A very interesting nomenclature of some arable and
fodder crops in the area of Dalmatia was quoted in
Sulek’s Jugoslavenski imenik bilja and by F. Ivanišević
and S. Kutleša in their monographs. Also needing ac- Croatian inherited breeds (Hrvatske baštinjene pas-
knowledgement are some monographic works that mine) and in Old Livestock – A New Lustre (Staro bla-
were published by agronomist Petar Biankini in the go-novi sjaj) of 2003 and then in a work of sever-
period from 1882 to 1889 in Zadar and Šibenik on al hands Catalogue of Breeds of the Republic of Croatia
fibre plants, tobacco and pyrethrum and the assort- (Katalog pasmina Republike Hrvatske), published in
ment. The basic assortment of arable crops was listed 2002 and in Encyclopaedia of Croatian Domestic An-
by Ožanić in his work Agriculture of Dalmatia in the imals (Enciklopedija hrvatskih domaćih životinja) of
Past (Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlosti). However, the 2003. The most recent synthesis of the state of and
most extensive research into landrace arable varieties threat to landrace breeds in Croatia was published in
and populations was carried out by Alojz Tavčar, pro- Green book of original breeds of Croatia (Zelena knjiga
fessor of the Agriculture Faculty in Zagreb, who in the izvornih pasmina Hrvatske), 2011.
middle of the 20th century carried out systematic col-
lecting of seeds in Dalmatia and set up production ex-
periments in the Trsteno Arboretum by Dubrovnik.
Although he published numerous annual reports, any
concluding synthesis of the results is wanting.
In the work The cultivation and care of flowers, ornamen-
tal shrubs and trees (O uzgoju i njegovanju cvieća, uresnog
grmlja i drveća) at the beginning of 1886 and published
in Šibenik although printed in Dubrovnik in 1888 Bi-
ankini discussed ornamental plants. This is an extreme-
ly copious work containing over 1100 pages, a real jewel
in our agricultural literature, in which to a large extent
he deals with landrace ornamental plants in Dalmatia
with the traditional methods of cultivation.
Details of the structure of breeds in Dalmatia were
published in numerous specialist works. Particular-
ly to the fore is professor of the Agriculture Facul-
ty in Zagreb Albert Ogrizek who had numerous pa-
pers and monographs. Ožanić provided many data in
his Agriculture of Dalmatia in the Past as did a group
of authors in Special Livestock Husbandry (Specijalno
stočarstvo) published in 1958. More recent syntheses
were given first of all by Šandor Horvath in 1996 in
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 71
 a.10
Sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije, osnova
tradicijskih
proizvoda

Varieties and breeds

of Dalmatia, the
foundation of
traditional products

Hvarska čipka izrađena od niti agave, hrvatska

kulturna baština

Hvar lace made of agave fibres, part of the

cultural heritage of Croatia
Foto: Ana Peraica
 “Velika prilika Dalmacije
L
okalni tradicijski kultivari te staništa tradici-
onalnih maslinika, vinograda, vrtova, voćnja-
je u stvaranju vlastite ka i oranica sve su ugroženiji i nestaju. Na-
ekonomske niše ime suvremena industrijska poljoprivreda traži na-
mjenske hibridne kultivare i velike proizvodne cjeline
kroz ekološki uzgoj i kod kojih nema mjesta za zajednice koje se razvijaju
uz manje, mozaički raspoređene površine, za travnja-
proizvodnju izvornih i ke, šumarke, međe, poljske putove, pašnjake i lokve.
tradicijskih proizvoda Intenzivna primjena pesticida (u stvari biocida) kakvu
zahtijevaju suvremene sorte i hibridi, bitno smanjuje
premijske kvalitete.” korovnu i ruderalnu floru, ali istodobno uništava i go-
tovo svu prateću faunu.
Dok neke kulture u Dalmaciji, kao što su maslina, vi-
nova loza, mandarina i jagoda, doživljavaju pravu re-
nesansu ili se znatno povećavaju površine pod njiho-
vom proizvodnjom, druge doživljavaju kataklizmu.
Površine s tradicijskim krmnim kulturama kao što su
kukuruz, ječam, zob, lucerka, djeteline, sirak, sikirica,
lupina, stočna mrkva, kelj, repa i rotkva, uslijed sma-
njenja stočnog fonda, gotovo su nestale, a još je gore
s industrijskim kulturama kao što su duhan, lan i ko-
noplja te buhač i brnistra u uzgoju.
“A great opportunity Velik broj tradicijskih sorti i pasmina Dalmacije na-
lazi se u neravnopravnoj, ali i strateški neodgovornoj
for Dalmatia lies in the tržnoj utakmici s industrijskim kultivarima. Nisu samo
creation an economic nestale s proizvodnih površina, već su dijelom izbrisa-
ne i iz Sortne liste, a uskoro će biti i iz našeg kolektiv-
niche of its own through nog pamćenja. Danas potpuno nepoznato zvuče sorte
ecological cultivation and krumpira bilač, ruževac, škuljevac; kukuruz brnda, čin-
kvatin, morac; ječmovi spasitelj i golić ili raznoliki drev-
the production of premium ni pirevi, prethodnici plemenitih pšenica te konačno i
same pšenice. Međutim bez hitne akcije uskoro će ne-
quality landrace and poznate postati i neke naše izvorne sorte maslina, smo-
traditional products.” kava, rogača, bajama, višnje maraske, limuna, naranči i
74 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
šipka, a koje su još donedavno bile dio Sortne liste (kr-
vavica, paštrica, bružetka, lopudka, knez črnomir, čarski
kasni bajam, poljička maraska, komiški, korčulanski i
šipanski rogač, šerbetaš i dubrovački rani šipak).
Poljoprivredne proizvode Dalmacije možemo podije-
liti na prehrambene proizvode, preciznije hranu i pića
te neprehrambene proizvode. U okviru hrane široka je
i raznovrsna paleta proizvoda: brašno i pekarski pro-
izvodi, jestiva ulja, kvasina (ocat), masline i prerađe-
vine od maslina, prerađevine voća – suho i ušećereno
voće, kompoti, pekmezi, džemovi, marmelade, prera-
đevine povrća – suho povrće, koncentrati, ukiseljeno
povrće, povrće u ulju, zatim meso i mesne prerađevi-
ne, mlijeko i mliječni fermenti, sir te med i proizvodi
na bazi meda te ostali pčelinji proizvodi.
Pića Dalmacije su sokovi, vina i desertna vina, desti-
lati odnosno razne rakije i likeri te fermentati. Mara-
skin višnjik gusti je domaći sok od maraske. Uz njega
se tradicionalno proizvodi sok od šipka te sok od aro-
matičnog bilja. Čuvena su dalmatinska bijela i crna sor-
tna vina, ali i desertno vino prošek. Brojni su destilati, a
maraskino, dalmatinska lozovača, travarica, orahovica,
rogačuša, mirtovača, smrikovača te likeri od gorke na-
ranče, nešpole, žižule, čak i plodova košćele (Celtis au-
stralis), tek su djelić bogate ponude.
Tko još nije čuo za dalmatinski pršut, kaštradinu, paš-
ki i dubrovački sir, dalmatinske suhe smokve, viške
rogače? Manje su poznati, čak i pomalo zaboravlje-
ni: župski baškot, poljički soparnik, džem od svježih
smokava, viški hib ili hjib, arancini, kotonjata, rakija
od cvijeta kadulje, crna rakija od plodova mirte, liker
od gorke naranče, ljutika, kapulica ili matar u kvasini,
sir iz mišine i brojni drugi proizvodi.
T
raditional local cultivars and the habitats of
the traditional olive groves, vineyards, gar-
dens, orchards and ploughland are increasin-
gly under threat and tending to disappear. Contempo-
rary industrial agriculture seeks special purpose hybrid
cultivars and large production units, in which there
is no room for communities that develop alongside
smaller surfaces deployed in a mosaic pattern, no room
for grasslands, copses, boundaries, field paths, pasture-
land and pools. The intensive application of pesticides
(biocides, in actually fact) of the kind that are required
b contemporary varieties and hybrids essentially redu-
ces weed and ruderal flora, and at the same time de-
stroys almost the whole of the accompanying fauna.
While some crops in Dalmatia, such as the olive tree,
vine, mandarins and strawberries are undergoing a re-
naissance and the area devoted to the cultivation of
them is being much enlarged, others are disaster areas.
Land with the traditional fodder crops, such as maize,
barley, oats, lucerne, clover, sorghum, goat pea, lupins,
fodder carrot, kale, turnip and radish, as a result of a re-
duction in the herds, have practically disappeared, and
the situation is even worse with industrial crops such as
tobacco, flax, hemp, pyrethrum, and gorse.
A large number of traditional varieties and breeds in
Dalmatia find themselves in an unequal and strategi-
cally irresponsible race with industrial cultivars. Not
only have they actually disappeared from the produc-
tive land, but they have been partially expunged from
the Variety List, and will soon be gone from our collec-
tion memory. Today the potato varieties Bilač, Ruževac,
Škuljevac sound completely unknown; as do the maize
varieties Brnda, Činkvatin, Morac and the barley Spa-
sitelj and Golić or various ancient spelts, precursors of
the finer wheats and, ultimately, varieties of wheat it-
self. Without urgent action some of our landraces of
olives, figs, carob, almonds, marasca cherries, lemons,
oranges and pomegranates will also become unknown,
varieties that were still a short time ago part of the Va-
riety List (Krvavica, Paštrica, Bružetka, Lopudka, Kn-
ez Črnomir, Čar Late Almond, Poljica Marasca, Komiža,
Korčula and Šipan Carob, Šerbetaš Pomegranate and Du-
brovnik Early Pomegranate)
The agricultural products of Dalmatia can be divid-
ed into food products, i.e. food and drink, and non-
food products. There is a broad and diverse range of
products under the heading of food: flour and bakery
products, edible oils, vinegar, olives and olive prod-
ucts, fruit processed in various ways – dried and can-
died, bottled, jam and jelly, then vegetable products
– dried vegetables, concentrates, pickles, vegetables
in oil, meat and meat products, milk and fermented
milk products, cheese, and honey and products deriv-
ing from honey and other apiary products.
The beverages of Dalmatia are juices, wines and des-
sert wines, distillates or various brandies and liqueurs
and fermentations. Marasca cherry is a thick home-
style juice of marasca cherries. Alongside, tradition-
ally produced juices are from pomegranate and aro-
matic plants. There are famed Dalmatia red and white
wines, as well as the dessert wine, Prošek. There are al-
so many distilled spirits, called Maraskino, Dalmatinska
Lozovača, Travarica, Orahovica, Rogačuša, Mirtovača,
Smrikovača (respectively, cherry brandy, grappa, herb
grappa, walnut liqueur, carob and myrtle and juniper li-
queurs); then come liqueurs from bitter oranges, med-
lars, jujuba, even the fruits of the nettle tree (Celtis aus-
tralis); these are just part of the extensive range.
Who has not heard of Dalmatian pršut (raw ham),
cured mutton, cheese from Pag and Dubrovnik, Dal-
matian dried figs, Vis carob? Perhaps a little less
known, even forgotten are local specialities like Župa
cookies, Poljica chard pie, fresh fig jam, Vis fig flat-
cake, candied orange peels, quince paste, sage flower
brandy, black brandy from myrtle fruits, Seville orange
liqueur, shallots, onions or rock samphire in vinegar,
cheese out of a lambskin and many other products.
Particularly worth highlighting is the rich and diverse
traditional cooking and the traditional foods of Dalma-
tia, into which go not only the landrace varieties and
breeds, but also examples of wild flora and fauna, par-
ticularly wild herbs. Non-food products include various
groups, from pharmaceuticals, natural pigments, aromas,
tobacco products, dyes and other things, to use objects
such as clothing and footwear, lace, bags, baskets, lobster
pots, leather products – lambskin bags, belts, honey and
wax products, brushes and brooms and many other use
objects: jewellery, instruments, kitchen and household
equipment and many other things.
Just how old the tradition of production of individual
Dalmatian products might be is hard to judge. Strabo
praised the wine of Vis in the 1st century BC; hon-
ey from Šolta, alongside that from Mt Hymettus by
Athens, was said in the 1st century by Pliny the El-
der to be the best in the world. On the markets of the
Roman Empire, they sold Dalmatian cheese. Mara-
schino sent the name of Zadar around the world, and
it was sought by crowned heads.
This interesting and absolutely laudable tradition cer-
tainly needs scientific and expert study. It is also es-
sential to find and renew the ancient recipes for food
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 75
 Posebno treba istaknuti bogatu i raznovrsnu dalma-
tinsku tradicionalnu gastronomiju i tradicionalna jela
u čiju pripremu su osim izvornih sorti i pasmina često
uključeni i pripadnici divlje flore i faune, a posebno
brojno samoniklo jestivo bilje.
Neprehrambeni proizvodi obuhvaćaju raznovrsne
skupine, od farmaceutskih proizvoda, prirodnih bo-
ja, aromata, duhanskih proizvoda, bojadisera i drugog,
sve do uporabnih predmeta kao što su odjeća, obuća,
čipke, torbe, košare, vrše, kožni predmeti – mišine, re-
menje, medičarsko-svjećarski proizvodi, metle i četke
te brojni ostali uporabni predmeti: nakit, instrumenti,
kuhinjski i kućni pribor te brojni drugi.
Koliko je drevna tradicija proizvodnje pojedinih dal-
matinskih proizvoda, teško je i povjerovati. Viška vina
hvalio je Strabon još u 1. stoljeću prije Krista, a šol-
tanski med je uz himetski kod Atene Plinije stariji u
1. stoljeću isticao kao najbolji na svijetu. Na tržnicama
Rimskog Carstva prodavao se dalmatinski sir. Po ma-
raskinu se u svijetu čulo za Zadar i Dalmaciju, a traži-
le su ga i pile okrunjene glave.
Ovu zanimljivu i hvalevrijednu povijesnu tradiciju tre-
ba još svakako znanstveno i stručno obraditi. Također,
neophodno je pronaći i obnoviti prastare recepture je-
la, pića i izvornih proizvoda te ih ponovo uz primjerenu
promociju i priznanje uvrstiti u današnju gastronomsku
ponudu Dalmacije, vratiti ih u etno- i ekosela, u konobe
i kužine, ali zašto ne u određenoj mjeri i u naše hotele.
Proizvodi od tradicijskih izvornih sorti i pasmina:
prerađevine proizvedene od ratarskih i industrijskih
kultura, povrća i voća te izvornih pasmina predstav-
ljaju premijske proizvode koji se na tržište plasiraju
76 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
po posebnim cijenama, ali i s garancijom geograf-
skog porijekla i izvornosti te osobite kvalitete. S tom
je namjerom potrebno izvršiti katalogizaciju tradicij-
skih poljoprivrednih proizvoda uz prijedloge za dalj-
nja istraživanja, menadžmentsko planiranje, poticanje
proizvodnje, promociju, zaštitu izvornosti i drugo.
U Dalmaciji poljoprivredna proizvodnja na kršu, s tek
nešto više od deset posto udjela poljoprivrednog zemlji-
šta, na kamenitim, skeletoidnim tlima u uvjetima bezvo-
dice i suša, na udaru jakih vjetrova, ljetnih sparina i zim-
skih hladnoća i nije moguća bez otpornih i prilagođenih
kultivara koje smo stvorili tijekom proteklih tisućljeća.
Potrebno je izraditi plan upravljanja (menadžment-plan)
i očuvanja izvornih pasmina i sorti zasvaki pojedini kul-
tivar, a za one komercijalno zanimljive proizvesti sjeme,
sadnice i mlade životinje.
Dalmacija nema potencijal, ali ni potrebu sudjelovati
u globalnoj, svjetskoj tržišnoj utakmici poljoprivred-
nih proizvoda i industrijski proizvedene hrane. Njena
je velika prilika u stvaranju vlastite ekonomske niše
kroz ekološki uzgoj i proizvodnju izvornih i tradicij-
skih, prepoznatljivih poljoprivrednih proizvoda, ko-
je gotovo da i ne mora izvoziti, već ih može plasirati
kroz domaću potrošnju i turizam.
Ekološki uzgoj tradicijskih sorti i pasmina te proi-
zvodnja tradicijske i ekološke hrane na obiteljskim
poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima u Dalmaciji, održat
će ruralni prostor Dalmacije, ali i upotpuniti i oboga-
titi sve vidove ruralnog turizma. Upravo ta vrsta tu-
rizma dobiva danas sve više na snazi i važnosti. Gosti
i posjetitelji traže istinske lokalne vrijednosti i običa-
je, originalnu tradicijsku gastronomsku ponudu bez
primjesa i dodataka globalističkog i monokulturnog
zapada. Traži se i bio- i agroraznolikost, očuvana i
autentična povijesna i kulturna baština. Dosljednost
vlastitoj tradiciji i onome što nam je priroda sama po-
darila te kult vlastitih čuvenih i čuvanih proizvoda
nastalih uz čovjekovu plemenitu intervenciju može i
treba postati nezaobilazan segment svakodnevnog ži-
vota, ali i cjelokupne turističke ponude.
Povratak gotovo zaboravljenih okusa i mirisa u tradici-
onalnu dalmatinsku gastronomiju kao djela mediteran-
ske nemoguć je bez poljoprivrednika i zelenih podu-
zetnika koji su u agrobioraznolikosti prepoznali svoju
priliku za iskorak u novu poslovnu dimenziju i razvoj.
Sorta ili pasmina koja je sada zanemarena i čini nam
se nevažna može već sutra postati itekako dragocjena i
potpuno nezamjenjiva. No to je moguće samo uz uvjet
da, bez iznimke, očuvamo od nepovratnog gubitka sve
one izvorne i tradicijske sorte i pasmine koje su nam još
preostale. Ova genetska raznolikost ima neprocjenjivu
vrijednost i ulogu u sve osjetljivijem opstanku cjeloku-
pne svjetske, a posebno ruralne populacije, kao i broj-
nih ekosustava. U svjetlu trenutačnih velikih globalnih
ekoloških, klimatskih, socijalno-ekonomskih i kultur-
no-duhovnih promjena, agrobioraznolikost je jedna od
malobrojnih preostalih slamki koja omogućuje spas i
sigurnost čovječanstvu u opskrbi hranom.
and drinks and original products, and include them,
with appropriate marketing, into the fare of Dalma-
tian tables, put them back into the ethno and eco vil-
lages, into the cellars and kitchens, but also, why not,
to a certain extent, to the hotels.
Products from landrace varieties and breeds; processed
from arable and industrial crops, fruit and vegetables
and landrace breeds are premium products that are
marketed with special prices, and a guarantee of geo-
graphical origin, authenticity and particular quality. It
is accordingly necessary to catalogue additional agri-
cultural products, with proposals for further research,
management planning, production incentives, promo-
tion, protection of authenticity and so on.
In Dalmatia agricultural production on the karst, with
just more than ten percent of cultivable land, on stony
and skeletal soils, in conditions of drought and aridity,
exposed to strong winds, sweltering summers and win-
ter colds is not possible without the resistant and adapt-
ed cultivars that we have created during the past mil-
lennia. It is needful to draw up a management plan and
a plan to keep up the landraces, both animal and plant,
and for those that are commercially interesting, to pro-
duce both seeds and seedlings as well as young animal.
Dalmatia has no chance of taking part in the global
market competition of agricultural products and in-
dustrially produced food, and no need. Its great oppor-
tunity is in creating its own economic niche through
ecological cultivation and the production of authen-
tic, traditional, distinctive agricultural products, which
hardly even need exporting and can be sold through
domestic consumption and the tourist industry.
Ecological cultivation of traditional varieties and In the light of the current great global ecological, cli-
breeds, and production of traditional and ecologi- matic, socio-economic as well as cultural and spiritual
cal food on family farms in Dalmatia will keep up changes, agrobiodiversity is one of the very remaining
the rural space of Dalmatia, and will also supplement straws that enable the salvation of mankind and its
and enrich all forms of rural tourism. This kind of security in the supply of food.
tourism is today gaining in importance and strength.
Visitors and customers seek genuine local values and
customs, original fare on the tables, without admix-
tures and additions of the west with its globalisation
and monocultures. Bio- and agrodiversity is sought,
an authentic and well preserved historical and cul-
tural heritage. Being true to our own tradition and to
what nature has itself bestowed upon us, and the cult
of one’s own celebrated and well-guarded products,
created with the noble intervention of man, can and
should become a not-to-be-missed part of everyday
life and the whole of the tourist product.
The return of almost forgotten scents and savours to
the traditional Dalmatian gastronomy, which is part
of that of the Mediterranean as a whole, is impossi-
ble without farmers and green entrepreneurs who have
identified agrobiodiversity as their door into a new
business dimension, new development.
A variety or breed previously neglected and seeming-
ly unimportant can tomorrow become very valuable
and completely irreplaceable. But this is possible on-
ly if we preserve from irretrievable loss all those lan-
drace varieties and breeds that remain to us, without
exception. This genetic diversity has incalculable val-
ue and a vital role in the increasingly vulnerable sur-
vival of the whole of the world population, particular-
ly the rural population, as well as of many ecosystems.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 77
 a.11
Osobna
prirodoslovna
karta Dalmacije i
Hrvatske

A physicogeographical
ID of Dalmatia and
Croatia

Delta Neretve, oaza bioraznolikosti i krajobrazne

ljepote. Posljednjih desetljeća osobito ugrožena
intenzivnom poljoprivredom.

The Neretva Delta, oasis of biodiversity and

landscape beauty. In the last few decades it has been
particularly under threat from intensive agriculture.
Foto: Ivo Pervan
 Dalmacija Hrvatska
Broj županija 4 21
Površina kopna 12 673 km 2
56 594 km2
Površina obalnog mora 23 107 km2 31 067 km2
Površina ukupno 35 780 km 2
87 661 km2
Broj stanovnika (gustoća) 861 482 (68/km2) 4 437 460 (78,4/km2)
Najveći grad (broj stanovnika) Split (188 694) Zagreb (779 145)
Obalna linija (km) 4 324 km 5 835 km (6 116 km)A
Broj otoka, otočića, hridi i grebena (km2) 926 (1 770 km2)B 1 246 (3 259 km2)
Najveći otok (km2) Brač (394,6 km2) Krk, CresC (405,8 km)
Najviši vrh (m) Dinara (1 831 m) Dinara (1 831 m)
Najdulja rijeka (ukupna duljina /duljina u Neretva (225 km/22 km) Dunav (2 857 km/188 km)
Hrvatskoj)
Najdulja rijeka cijelim tokom u Hrvatskoj Cetina (101 km) Kupa (296 km)
(duljina)
Najveće jezero (km2) Vransko jezero (30,7 km2) Vransko jezero (30,7 km2)
Najdublja jama (dubina) Jama Mokre noge (-831 m) Sustav Lukina jama −
Trojama (-1 431 m)
Najdulja špilja (duljina) Kotluša špilja (4 507 m) Jamski sustav Kita Gaćešina –
Draženova puhaljka (27 802 m)
Najveće krško polje (km2) Imotsko polje (95 km2)D Ličko polje (465 km2)E
Broj krajobraza 8 16
Broj staništa oko 500 > 600
Zaštićene površine (udjel ukupne površine) 2 060,4 km² (5,76%) 6 967,8 km² (7,95%)
Broj zaštićenih područja F
131 461
Broj nacionalnih parkova 4 8
Broj parkova prirode 5 11
Broj regionalnih parkova - 2

A
Prema Kovačić i sur., 2008.
B
Procijenjena površina.
C
Otoci Krk i Cres imaju istu površinu.
D
U Hrvatskoj se nalazi 45 km2.
E
Skupina od pet polja (Lipovo, Kosinjsko, Pazarišno, Brezovo i Gospićko).
F
Uključujući preventivno zaštićena područja.

80 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
 Dalmatia Croatia
Number of counties 4 21
Land area 12 673 km 2
56 594 km2
Coastal sea area 23 107 km2 31 067 km2
Total area 35 780 km 2
87 661 km2
Population size (density) 861 482 (68/km2) 4 437 460 (78,4/km2)
Biggest city (population) Split (188 694) Zagreb (779 145)
Coastline (km) 4 324 km 5 835 km (6 116 km)A
Number of islands, islets, rocks 926 (1 770 km2) B 1 246 (3 259 km2)
and reefs (km2)
Biggest island (km2) Brač (394,6 km2) Krk, CresC (405,8 km)
Highest peak (m) Dinara (1 831 m) Dinara (1 831 m)
Longest river (total length/ length in Neretva (225 km/22 km) Dunav (2 857 km/188 km)
Croatia)
Longest river with the whole of its course Cetina (101 km) Kupa (296 km)
in Croatia
Biggest lake (km2) Vransko jezero (30,7 km2) Vransko jezero (30,7 km2)
Deepest pothole (depth) Jama Mokre noge (-831 m) System Lukina jama −
Trojama (-1 431 m)
Longest cave (length) Kotluša špilja (4 507 m) Cavern system Kita Gaćešina –
Draženova puhaljka (27 802 m)
Biggest karst polje (km2) Imotsko polje (95 km2)D Ličko polje (465 km2)E
Number of landscapes 8 16
Number of habitats oko 500 > 600
Protected areas (ratio to total area) 2 060,4 km² (5,76%) 6 967,8 km² (7,95%)
Number of protected areas F 131 461
Number of national parks 4 8
Number of nature parks 5 11
Number of regional parks - 2

A
After Kovačić et al., 2008.
B
Estimate.
C
The islands Krk and Cres are the same in area.
D
45 km2 in Croatia
E
A group of five poljes (Lipovo, Kosinjsko, Pazarišno, Brezovo and Gospićko).
F
Including preventatively protected areas.

T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 81
 Literatura/
Bakarić, P., 1997, Razvitak zadrugarstva u Župi du-
brovačkoj do 1941. (Prilog povijesti) Uz 90. obljetni-
cu zadrugarstva u Župi dubrovačkoj, Zbornik Župe
References Dubrovačke, 2:131-152, Dubrovnik.
Bakarić, P., 2000, Rasadnik Čibača (1908.-1998.),
Zbornik Župe Dubrovačke, 3:135-159, Dubrovnik.
Bakić, J., 2001, Prehrana korisnika Vele špilje u svje-
tlu prehrane stanovnika u neolitiku, Izdanja HAD,
20:125-131, Zagreb.
Bakran-Petricioli, T., 2011, Priručnik za određivanje
morskih staništa u Hrvatskoj prema direktivi o staništi-
ma EU, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, 1-184, Zagreb.
Balić, M., 1948, Poljoprivreda krša i planinskih kraje-
va, Poljoprivredni nakladni zavod, 1-64, Zagreb.
Belamarić, J., Grčić, M. (ur.), 2007, Dalmatinska za-
gora, nepoznata zemlja, Ministarstvo kulture RH –
Galerija Klovićevi dvori, 1-795, Zagreb.
Biankini, P.L., 1888, O uzgoju i njegovanju cvieća, ure-
snog grmlja i drveća, Gospodarski list, 1-1116, Šibenik.
Borojević, K., Forenbacher, S., Kaiser. T., Berna, F.,
2008, Plant use at Grapčeva Cave and in the Ea-
stern Adriatic Neolithic, Journal of Field Archaeo-
logy, 33:279-303.
Braica, S., 1995, Pučko gospodarstvo, u: Mihovilović,
M. (ur.),Otok Hvar: 301-305, Matica Hrvatska, Zagreb.
Broxham, E., 2010, Elbarn: European Livestock
breeds Ark and Rescue Net, EuroNatur, pp. 67.
82 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Bulić, S., 1921, Građa za dalmatinsku elajografiju.
Poljoprivredno odjeljenje pokrajinske uprave za Dal-
maciju, 1-32, Šibenik.
Bulić, S., 1949, Dalmatinska ampelografija, Poljopri-
vredni nakladni zavod, Zagreb.
Colledge, S. & Conolly, J. (eds.), 2007, The Ori-
gins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest
Asia and Europe, Institute of Archaeology, University
College London, 1-446.
Defilippis, J., 1997, Dalmatinsko selo u promjenama
- Dva stoljeća sela i poljoprivrede Dalmacije, Avium,
1-324, Split.
Defilippis, J., 2001, Dalmatinska poljoprivreda u
prošlosti, Književni krug, 1-102, Split.
Defilippis, J., 2005, Poljoprivreda i razvoj, Školska
knjiga, 1-204, Zagreb.
Dubravec, K. & Dubravec, I., 1989, Naše kultivira-
no bilje, Nakladni zavod Znanje, 1-139, Zagreb.
Faber, A., 1984, Tragovi poljoprivrednih djelatnosti u
prethistorijsko i antičko doba na zračnim snimkama
tla Hrvatske, JAZU, Bilten savjeta za daljinska istraži-
vanja i fotointerpretaciju, 5:24-46, Zagreb.
Fortis, A., 2004, Put po Dalmaciji, Marijan tisak,
1-300, Split
Franković, M. (ur.), Belančić, A., Bogdanović, T.,
Ljuština, M., Mihoković, N., Vitas, B., 2008, Crve-
na knjiga vretenaca, Ministarstvo kulture – Državni
zavod za zaštitu prirode, 1-132, Zagreb.
Gizdić, Š., 2004, Dalmatinski zadružni prvijenci, Za-
družni savez Dalmacije, Mediteranska poljoprivredna
biblioteka, 14:1-190, Split.
Gottstein, S., 2010, Priručnik za određivanje podze-
mnih staništa u Hrvatskoj prema direktivi o staništima
EU, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, 1-99, Zagreb.
Grupa autora, 2012, Podaci PMF - Geografski od-
sjek, Zavod za fizičku geografiju, Zagreb.
Hajoš, D., Vršek, I., Karlović, K., Židovec, V., Mo-
rić, S., 2003, Komercijalni uzgoj samoniklih biljnih
vrsta, mjera ex situ očuvanja, Sjemenarstvo, 20/1-
2:37-45, Zagreb.
Hehn, V., 1877, Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in
ihrem ubergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Ita-
lien sowie in das ubrige Europa, 3. izdanje, 1-566, Berlin.
Huljić, V., 1995, Razvitak zadrugarstva na otoku
Hvaru - Od prvih početaka do drugog svjetskog ra-
ta-Opći podaci, u: Mihovilović, M. (ur.), Otok Hvar:
305-314, Matica Hrvatska, Zagreb.
Ivanišević, F., 2006 (1903.-1906.), Poljica – narodni ži-
vot i običaji, Društvo Poljičana Sveti Jure, 1-529, Priko.
Jardas, I., Pallaoro, A., Vrgoč, N., Jukić-Peladić, S.,
Dadić, V., 2008, Crvena knjiga morskih riba Hrvat-
ske, Ministarstvo kulture – Državni zavod za zaštitu
prirode, 1-396, Zagreb.
Jurić, I., 2002, Počeci poljoprivredne proizvodnje na
hrvatskom povijesnom području, Agric. Consp. Sci.,
67/4:181-193, Zagreb.
Katić, M., 2008, Uloga krških lokava u prethistoriji u
svjetlu neolitičkog nalazišta Bliznice kod Gustirne –
Općina Marina, Povijest u kršu, 71-75, Zagreb.
Kodinec, G., 1951, Povijest domaćih životinja, Škol-
ska knjiga, Knjižnica Prirode HPD-a, 26-27:1-114,
Zagreb.
Kolak, I., Šatović, Z., 1996, Očuvanje biljnih genet-
skih izvora, Sjemenarstvo, 13/5-6:423-432, Zagreb.
Kovačić, S. i sur., 2008, Flora jadranske obale i otoka
– 250 najčešćih vrsta, Školska knjiga, 1-558, Zagreb.
Kovačević, Ž., 1952, Primijenjena entomologija -
Poljoprivredni štetnici, Zagreb.
Mihevc, A., Prelovšek, M. & Zupan Hajna, N.,
2010, Introduction to the Dinaric Karst, Karst Rese-
arch Institute ZRC, SAZU, 1-71, Postojna.
Miličić, D., 1938, Privredni informator: Zadruga na
Primorju, Primorska privredna i zadružna biblioteka,
2:1-164, Split.
Mitić, B., Boršić,I., Dujmović, I., Bogdanović, S.,
Milović, M., Cigić, P., Rešetnik, I. & Nikolić, T.,
2008, Alien flora of Croatia: Proposals for standards
in terminology, criteria and related database, natura
Croatica, 17/2:73-90.
More, A., Smith, J., Menđušić, M., Podrug, E.,
2008, Project Early farming in Dalmatia: Danilo Bi-
tinj 2004-2005 (Projekt Rano poljodjelstvo i stočar-
stvo u Dalmaciji: Danilo Bitinj 2004-2005), VAMZ,
40:15-24, Zagreb.
More, A., Smith, J., Menđušić, Zaninović, J., M.,
Podrug, E., 2008, Project Early farming in Dalmatia:
Pokrovnik 2006 (Projekt Rano poljodjelstvo i stočar-
stvo u Dalmaciji: Pokrovnik 2006), VAMZ, 40:25-34,
Zagreb.
Mrakovčić, M., Brigić, A., Buj, I., Ćaleta, M., Mu-
stafić, P. & Zanella, D., 2006, Crvena knjiga slatko-
vodnih riba Hrvatske, Ministarstvo kulture, DZZP,
1-253, Zagreb.
Nikolić, T., Topić, J. (ur.), 2005, Crvena knjiga va-
skularne flore Hrvatske, Ministarstvo kulture - Dr-
žavni zavod za zaštitu prirode, 1-693, Zagreb.
Nikolić , T. Mitić , B. Ruščić M. & Milašinović B.,
2013, Diversity, knowledge and spatial distribution of
the vascular flora of Croatia, Plant Biosystems, DOI:
10.1080/11263504.2013.788091
Novak, G., 2001, Prošlost Dalmacije, Golden Mar-
keting, 1-407, Zagreb.
Novak, P., 1962, Kornjaši jadranskog primorja, JA-
ZU, 1-521, Zagreb.
Ozimec, R., 2006, Domaće životinje i okoliš, Meri-
dijani, 105:66-73, Samobor.
Ozimec, R., 2007, Upravljanje okolišem korištenjem
izvornih pasmina i sorti, Konferencija o izvornim pa-
sminama i sortama kao dijelu prirodne i kulturne ba-
štine Šibenik, 13.-16. studenog 2007, Knjiga sažeta-
ka: 201-205, Zagreb.
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 83
 Ozimec, R., 2010, Očuvanje agrobioraznolikosti –
nepotrebna obaveza ili oruđe za opstanak? (Agro-bi-
odiversity conservation – unnecessary bind or survi-
val tool?), 2. Konferencija o izvornim pasminama i
sortama kao dijelu prirodne i kulturne baštine s Ozimec, R., Matočec, N., Baričević, L., Kučinić,
međ. sudj., Zbornik sažetaka:78-79, Zagreb.
Ozimec, R., Karoglan Kontić, J., Matotan, Z., Strikić,
F., 2009, Poljoprivredna bioraznolikost Dalmacije: Tra-
dicijsko poljoprivredno bilje i domaće životinje, COAST
projekt, Projektni izvještaj:1-244, Zagreb-Split.
Ozimec, R., Karoglan Kontić, J., Matotan, Z., Stri-
kić, F., 2010, Baza podataka poljoprivredne biora-
znolikosti Dalmacije - projekt COAST (Data base
of agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia – project COAST),
2. Konferencija o izvornim pasminama i sortama kao
dijelu prirodne i kulturne baštine s međ. sudj., Zbor-
nik sažetaka:73-74, Zagreb.
Ozimec, R., Katušić, L. (ur.), Bedek, J., Gottste-
in, S., Jalžić, B., Slapnik, R., Štamol, V., Bilandžija,
H., Dražina, T., Kletečki, E., Komerički, A., Lukić,
M., Pavlek, M., 2009, Crvena knjiga špiljske faune
Hrvatske (Red book of Croatian cave dwelling fau-
na), Ministarstvo kulture, Državni Zavod za zaštitu
prirode, 1-371, Zagreb.
Ozimec, R., Marković, D., Jeremić, J. (ur.), Barać,
Z., Bedrica, Lj., Čačić, M., Dražić, M., Dadić, M.,
Ernoić, M., Fury, M., Horvath, Š., Ivanković, A.,
Janječić, Z., Kezić, N., Mioč, B., Petanjek, D., Po-
ljak, F., Prpić, Z., Sindičić, M., 2011, Zelena knji-
ga izvornih pasmina Hrvatske (Green book of in-
digenous breeds of Croatia), Ministarstvo zaštite
okoliša i prirode, Državni Zavod za zaštitu prirode/
84 T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Hrvatska poljoprivredna agencija/Nacionalni park
Krka/ COAST/UNDP/GEF/ Republika Hrvatska,
1-388, Zagreb.
M., 2010, Fimikolni (koprofilni) organizmi Bioko-
va - važnost tradicijskog stočarstva za očuvanje bi-
oraznolikosti (Obligate fimicolous organisms of Bi-
okovo – the importance of traditional cattle breeding
to maintain biodiversity), 2. Konferencija o izvornim
pasminama i sortama kao dijelu prirodne i kulturne
baštine s međ. sudj., Zbornik sažetaka:75-76, Zagreb.
Ožanić S., 1923, Poljoprivreda, Dalmacija. Spomen
knjiga, Izdanje o Kongresu Udruženja Jugoslavenskih
inženjera i Arhitekta, Jugoslavenska štamparija, Split.
Ožanić S., 1927, Poljoprivredni problemi Dalmacije,
Jadranska Biblioteka, 5:1-88, Beograd.
Ožanić, S., 1955, Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prošlo-
sti, Prilozi za povijest poljoprivrede Dalmacije, Druš-
tvo agronoma NRH-Podružnica Split, 1-Split.
Penzar, B., Penzar, I. & Orlić, M., 2001, Vrijeme
i klima hrvatskog Jadrana, Bibliotheka geographia
Croatica, 16:1-258, Zagreb.
Posavi, M., Ernoić, M., Ozimec, R. & Poljak, F.,
2002, Hrvatske pasmine domaćih životinja (Croatian
Breeds of Domestic Animals), 1-96, Ministarstvo za-
štite okoliša i prostornog uređenja, Zagreb.
Posavi, M., Ernoić, M., Ozimec, R., Poljak, F.,
2003, Enciklopedija hrvatskih domaćih životinja, Ka-
tarina Zrinski, pp. 240, Varaždin.
Posavi, M., Uremović, M., Kolak, I., Ugarković, Đ.,
Šatović, Z. & Ernoić, M., 1999, Nacionalna strategi-
ja i akcijski plan zaštite biološke i krajobrazne raznoli-
kosti (NSAP): Očuvanje raznolikosti kulturnih biljnih
vrsta i domaćih životinja u Hrvatskoj, DZZP, Zagreb.
Radović, D., Kralj, J., Tutiš, V., Ćiković, D., 2003,
Crvena knjiga ugroženih ptica Hrvatske, Ministarstvo
zaštite okoliša i prostornog uređenja, 1-179, Zagreb.
Radović, J. (ur.), 1999, Pregled stanja biološke i kra-
jobrazne raznolikosti Hrvatske, Državna uprava za
zaštitu prirode i okoliša, 1-151, Zagreb.
Šatović, F., 1989, Agrikultura u najstarijoj i antičkoj
literaturi, Bilten poljodobra, 37/7-8:163-183, Zagreb.
Škegro, A., 1999, Gospodarstvo Rimske provinci-
je Dalmacije, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Hrvatski studi-
ji, Zagreb.
Šulek, B., 1879, Jugoslavenski imenik bilja, JAZU,
1-564, Zagreb.
Šugar, I., 1990, Latinsko-hrvatski i Hrvatsko-latin-
ski botanički leksikon, JAZU, 1-550, Zagreb.
Tkalčec, Z., Mešić, A., Matočec, N., Kušan, I., 2008,
Crvena knjiga gljiva Hrvatske, Ministarstvo kulture -
Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode 1-428, Zagreb.
Topić, J., Vukelić, J., 2009, Priručnik za određivanje ko-
pnenih staništa u Hrvatskoj prema direktivi o staništima
EU, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, 1-376, Zagreb.
Tvrtković, N. (ur.), Janev Hutinec, B., Kletečki, E.,
Lazar, B., Podnar Lešić, M., Skejić, J., Tadić, Z.,
2006, Crvena knjiga vodozemaca i gmazova Hrvat-
ske, Ministarstvo kulture – Državni zavod za zaštitu
prirode, 1-94, Zagreb.

Tvrtković, N. (ur.), Antolović, J., Flajšman, E., Fr-

ković, A., Grgurev, M., Grubešić, M., Hamidović,
D., Holcer, D., Pavlinić, I., Vuković, M., 2006, Cr-
vena knjiga sisavaca Hrvatske, Ministarstvo kulture –
Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, 1-127, Zagreb.

Vinceljak-Toplak, M., Kurtela, M., Vršek, I., 1993,

Povijesni razvoj i sadašnje stanje u sjemenarstvu i
rasadničarstvu.

Visiani, R., 1978 (1826), Ogled dalmatinskog bilja

(Stirpium Dalmaticarum Specimen), Čakavski sabor,
Biblioteka prirodne znanosti, 2 (Reprint):1-207, Split.

Vojnović Traživuk, B., 2007, Naši ljudi i krajevi, Et-

nografski muzej Split, 1-63, Split.

Vukelić, J., Mikac, S., Baričević, D., Bakšić, D.,

Rosavec, R., 2008, Šumska staništa i šumske zajed-
nice u Hrvatskoj – Nacionalna ekološka mreža, Dr-
žavni zavod za zaštitu prirode, 1-263, Zagreb.

Yriarte, C., 1999 (1878), Istra & Dalmacija, putopis,

Antibarbarus, 1-239, Zagreb.

Tržnica u Kninu (prema Avelot, 1896.)

T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E 85