Consonants Vowels

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Front Central

Nasal m n Close ɪ
Stop b t|d k|g Mid e
Fricative f|v s|z|ð ɕ x Open ä
Approx. ɫ j allowed diphthongs are /ai/, /au/, /ie/,
Trill r /uo/
f|v are labiodental /e/ and /o/ are true-mid
ð is interdental
r is post-alveolar
/x/ is [χ] before back vowels and word finally
/m/ is [ɱ] before f|v
/f/|/v/ can be [ʋʋ ]|[ʋ] in spontaneous speech
/r/ can be [ɾ] in spontaneous speech
stops and fricatives are geminated between 2 short
vowels
/ɕ/ is geminated word-initially
stops/fricatives in consonant clusters have the
voicing of the last consonant
wels Alphabet
Back Capital Small IPA Capital Small IPA
u A a ä L l ɫ
o Ā ā äː M m m
B b b N n n
gs are /ai/, /au/, /ie/, D d d O o o
uo/ DH dh ð Ō ō oː
are true-mid E e e R r r
Ē ē eː S s s
F f f SH sh ɕ
G g g T t t
QH qh x U u u
I i ɪ Ū ū uː
Ī ī iː V v v
J j j Z z z
Q q k
 Consonants Syllable structure
Labial Dental Palatal Velar C1 C2 V
Nasal m n f ɪ
Stop b t|d k|g v iː
r
Fricative f|v s|z|ð ɕ x s j e
Approx. ɫ j z eː
Trill r x ä
Vowels b äː
Front Central Back t u
Close ɪ u d uː
r
Mid e o k o
Open ä g oː
Phonotactics ð ai
Maximum possible syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)(C) m au
n j ie
ɕ uo
r
ɫ
j
llable structure
C3 C4
f
v
s
z
x
r
b
t
d
k
g
m
n
j
r
ɫ
 Capital Nouns
Capital Small IPA Capital Small IPA Number Case 1st*
A a ä L l ɫ Nominative ov
Ā ā äː M m m Genitive vo
B b b N n n Dative oj
Singular
D d d O o o Accusative o
DH dh ð Ō ō oː Translative omu
E e e R r r Locative ō
Ē ē eː S s s Nominative u
F f f SH sh ɕ Genitive uf
G g g T t t Dative um
Plural
QH qh x U u u Accusative ur
I i ɪ Ū ū uː Translative ub
Ī ī iː V v v Locative uos
J j j Z z z Nominative ī
Q q k Genitive ied
Dative iek
Collective
Accusative īd
Translative ief
Locative īs
*used for adjective decl
 Nouns Pronoun
2nd 3rd 4th* 5th 6th Case I You(sg.) He
av iv u e e Nominative ar ej od
ov iv uv ev e Genitive vja neja oda
aj ij uj ej ij Dative vajem nejem odem
a i u e i Accusative ara eja oda
amu imu um em im Translative vjam nejam odam
ā ī ū ē ī Locative vjā nejā odā
u us es is
uf uqh eqh iqh
um um em im
ur us es is
ub ub eb ib
uos ūs ēs īs
ī ō
ied uod
iek uok
īd ō
ief uof
īs ōs
*used for adjective declension
 Pronouns
She They(sg.) We(excl.) We(incl.) You(pl.) They(pl.) Each Reflexive
ad eda dhūr dhēj dhif ērd medar -
ada da dhef dhēf dhīf reda meda sra
adem edem dhūm dhēm dhim redem medak serem
ada da dhūs dhēs dhis ērda medō ser
adam edam dhūb dhēb dhib redem med sera
adā dā dhēs dhēs dhīs redā medīs srā
 Capital Word English Russian
Capital Small IPA Capital Small IPA ar I я
A a ä L l ɫ ej you(sg.) ты
Ā ā äː M m m od he он
B b b N n n ad she она
D d d O o o eda they(sg.)
DH dh ð Ō ō oː dhūr we(excl.) мы
E e e R r r dhēj we(incl.) мы
Ē ē eː S s s dhif you(pl.) вы
F f f SH sh ɕ ērd they(pl.) они
G g g T t t medar each; every каждый
QH qh x U u u
I i ɪ Ū ū uː
Ī ī iː V v v
J j j Z z z
Q q k
Syllable structure
C1 C2 V C3 C4
f ɪ f
v iː v
r
s j e s
z eː z
x ä x
r
b äː b
t u t
d uː d
r
k o k
g oː g
ð ai m
m au n
n j ie j
ɕ uo r
r ɫ
ɫ
j
 Type
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun
pronoun