ASSIGNMENT 1

CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Submitted to Ma’am Rahila Tariq Rubrics Marks

Content /3
Submitted Hafiza Fajer-e- Noor
by Razi Clarity of Idea /3

Major Chemistry Grammar and /1

Spelling Mistakes
Course Coordination Chemistry
Time Line /1

Semester 5
Plagiarism /2

Dated 29-08-2019
Total /10

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 Table of Content

Content Page
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Types of Molecular or Addition compounds………………………………………………………3
Coordination compound ………………………………………..…………………………………3
Important terms…………………………………………………...……………………………….4
Coordination entity ………………………………………………………………………………..4
Central atom/ion…………………………………………………..………………………….……4
Ligands ……………………………………………………………..………………………..……4
Coordination number……………………………………………………………………….……..4
Coordination sphere……………………………………………………………………………….4
Coordination polyhedron ………………………………………………………………………….4
Properties of Complex compounds………………………………………………………….……..5
Magnetic Properties……………………………………………………………………………….5
Spectro Chemical Series…………………………………………………………………………...5
Stability……………………………………………………………………………………...…….5
Factors on stability………………………………………………………………………….……..5
Colors………………………………………………………………………...……………………5
Applications of Coordination compounds…………………………………………………………6
Pigments and Dyes …………………………………………………………….………………….6
Chemical Analysis ……………………………………………………………...…………………7
Analysis of Gravimetry…………………………………………………………..………………..8
Masking Agents and Complexometric Titration ………………………………….………………8
Sequestering Agents……………………………………………………………………………….8
Metal Extraction…………………………………………………………………….……………..9
Bio-Inorganic Chemistry…………………………………………………………………………..9
Chemotherapy………………………………………………………………………………..…..10
Photography………………………………………………………………...……………………11
Catalysts…………………………………………………………………….……………………11
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….12
References…………………………………………………………………..……………………13
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Introduction

Before discussing about the nature of the coordination compound, the earliest known coordination
compound was bright red alizarin dye used in India. It was a calcium aluminum chelate, the
complex of the hydroxyanthraquinone. The first coordination compound which is completely
inorganic was Prussian blue which used as pigment. Then, coordination compounds become very
important in most of the fields like medical e.g. cancer treatment, biomolecules such as
hemoglobin, in plants like chlorophyll, in industry to produce gold etc. The molecular or addition
compound is formed when the solution contains two or more simple compounds present in the
molecular proportion which allowed to form crystals or evaporate of new substance.

Types of Molecular Addition compounds

There are two types of addition compounds. One is the double salt and second is the coordination
compound. So, we can say that coordination compounds come from the molecular or addition
compounds.
a) Double salt is formed by the combination of the to different salts and become crystalized as
single substance but dissolve in water it gives ions of to salts e.g. Mohr’s salt and Potash Alum
FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O Fe Fe+2 + 6H2O + 2NH4+ + SO4-2
b) Coordination compound is also formed by the combination of to or more simple molecular
compound but it never loses its identity whether in solid or dissolve in water.
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 [Cu(NH3)4]+2 + SO4-2

Coordination compound

A coordination compound contains complex metal ion, a cation or anion, central atom and ligand.
Generally, the complex ion is written in square brackets and ion is written outside the complex
ion.
e.g. [Cu(NH3)4]SO4, Co[(H2O)6]Cl2, [Ni(DMG)2]
The general formula of coordination compound is Ax[M(L)n]/ Ax[M(L)n] where as A is cation, B
is anion, M is central atom, and L is a ligand.

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 Figure 1: Parts of Coordination Compounds

Important terms

a) Coordination entity

This is central atom or ion bounded with the definite number of molecules or ion which are fixed.
For instance, [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 the coordination entity is, four ammonia, surrounded by 1 sulphate.

b) Central atom/ion

It is represented by M in the formula, which is coordinately bonded to one or more negative or

neutral molecule in a definite arrangement e.g. [Cu(NH3)4]SO4, Cu+2 is a central metal which is
coordinately bonded with four ammonia and also referred as Lewis Acid.

c) Ligands

The molecule or ion is bounded with central ion or atom in the coordination entity called ligands.

d) Coordination number

The number of atoms that are directly bonded with central atom by coordinate bond called
coordination number of metal atom or ion. It is also equal to secondary valency. E.g.
Cu(NH3)4]SO4, the coordination number is 4 because four ammonia are directly attached.

e) Coordination sphere

The ligand and central atom are enclosed in the square brackets called coordination sphere.

f) Coordination polyhedron

The special arrangement of ligand that is directly attach with central atom e.g. [Co(NH3)6] is
octahedral, [Ni(CO)4] is tetrahedral etc.[3]

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Properties of Complex compounds

Following are the properties of the complex compounds.

Magnetic Properties

If the central atom or ion has unpaired electron, then it would be paramagnetic. While if the central
transition metal has paired electron then it would be diamagnetic. The magnetic property of
complex compound is depending on the type of hybridization, no. of unpaired electrons, and
central metal oxidation state.

Spectro Chemical Series

The field strength is arranged according to increasing order is spectrochemical series. E.g. I-1<Br-
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< S-2 < OH-1 < CN < CO

Stability

Complex is formed by thee several steps. All the steps are reversible, and the constant called
formation constant.

Figure 2: Steps of Reactions

Factors on stability

• It depends on nuclear charge and small size of central transition atom

• The “crystal field stabilizing energy” should be more.
• Octahedral complexes are more stable than the tetrahedral
• Chelating ligands are more stable

Colors

The central metal of complex coordination compound give color if they have unpaired electron.
This is called d-d’ transition. This property depends on

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• Ligands’ nature
• Oxidation state of central atom
• The percentage of ligands in coordination sphere
• No. of unpaired electron in central atom
• Wavelength of light i.e. emitted or absorbed.[2]

Figure 3, 4 & 5: Magnetic Property, Color & Wavelength of Coordination compounds

Applications of Coordination compounds

A great importance of coordination compounds complexes is present. The constitutes of these

complexes are present in animals, plants and in the minerals. They perform important function.
Not only this importance, they are also used in the field of biochemistry, ion-exchange, textile
dying, analytical chemistry and metallurgy etc. The complex metals of complex compounds are
used in different purposes.
Here some examples of applications of the coordination compounds

Pigments and Dyes

Initially, the coordination compounds have been fashionable in the forms of pigments and dyes.
For instance, Greeks and others were used madder dye which is present in the form of red hue.
This is a complex of Hydroxyanthraquinone. For the invisible inks, coordination compounds are
used. For instance, for invisible inks Co[(H2O)6]Cl2 is used, CoCl2.H2O is completely invisible
when we write on the paper. It is an aqueous dilute solution. Phthalocyanine is used for the dyes
and pigment industry because it imparts different specific colors for fabrication. The intense and
brilliant Prussian blue color for dyes and pigments are given by the coordination complexes e.g.

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copper Phthalocyanine. This is highly effective for the pigment’s preparations. It also exports and
manufactures the high grade of food color.

Figure 6, 7 & 8: Phthalocyanine uses for solvent dyes, food color and pigment preparation

Chemical Analysis

Qualitative analysis uses for the formation of the complex substance using a suitable reagent is
very effectively.
a) For the estimation of Pd+2 and Ni+2 bind with the (DMG). Our useful bidentate is
dimethylglyoxime (DMG) and give a complex of [Ni(DMG)2]. Thus, the formation of this
chelate can be used for estimation and identification of Ni+2 and for the separation from the
Co+2.
b) The formation of colored complexes such as tetarachlorocobaltate(ΙΙ) ion, also explain the
LeChatlier’s principle which is determined by the spectrophotometrically by means of light
absorption.
c) The formation of complexes such as metal acetylacetonates, which can be separated from the
aqueous solution by the extraction of the organic solvent.
d) Furthermore, for the determination of the certain metal ions, coordination compounds use as
an indicator
e) They are used for the calorimetric reagent due to highly complex compounds e.g. Identification
of Cu+2 is based on the formation of blue complex with ammonia and the formation of red 2,2’-
bipyridyl and 1,10- phenanthroline complex as a test for Fe(ΙΙ)
CuCl2 + NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2 (blue complex)
FeCl3 + KSCN K3[Fe(SCN)6] (red complex) + 3KCl

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 Figure 9, 10, & 11: Coordination compounds for detection pf Ni, tells LeChatlier’s
Principle & Calorimetric Reagents

Analysis of Gravimetry

For the utilization of insoluble complexes, chelating ligands are used e.g. [Al(oxine)3] and
[Ni(DMG)2] are used as chelating ligands.

Masking Agents and Complexometric Titration

EDTA is used for the volumetric determination of large verity of the metal ions in solution e.g.
Cu+2, Zn+2, Ni+2, Co+2, Pb+2 etc. be careful of using the indicator and the adjustment of the pH,
mixture metal can be examined, as in the case of examining of the Bi+3 in the presence of Pb+2.

Sequestering Agents

Sequestering means the effective removal of the preventable ions from solutions for the industrial
dealing out. It is used for masking the agents. For instance, for the softening of water EDTA is
used. For water it adds into the boilers to protect from the buildup of the insoluble calcium salt or
scaling. The complex compounds like sodium metapolyphosphate are used to remove Mg+2 and
Ca+2 from hard water forming complexes with these ions. The formation of complex compounds
prevents the scale formation in boilers.

Figure 12 & 13: Complexometric titration & Sequestering Agents

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Metal Extraction

Certain metals can be taken out by the leaching action by forming of stable complexes. Several
important hydrometallurgical methods utilize metal complexes. Nickle, cobalt, and copper can be
extracted from their ores as amine complexes using aqueous ammonia. Differences in the
permanencies and solubilities of the amine complexes can be applied in selective precipitation
procedures that bring about separation of the metals. The refinement of nickel can be affected by
reaction with carbon monoxide to form the volatile tetracarbonyl Nickle complex, which can be
distilled and thermally decomposed to deposit the pure metal.
Aqueous cyanide solution usually is employed to separate the gold from its ores in the form of the
extremely stable dicyanoaurate (-1) complex. Cyanide complexes also find application in
electroplating. For instance, Ag and Au as complexes of cyanide ion. Certain chelating ligands
such as dimethylglyoxime, acetylacetone, dithioxone etc. from chelates with many metallic ions
which carry no charge. These complexes are usually insoluble in water but dissolve in organic
solvent. Thus, various metals ions can be separated from each other through solvent extraction.

Figure 14: Metal Extraction

Bio-Inorganic Chemistry

Complexes like hemoglobin, chlorophyll, vitamin B12 etc. are naturally occurring. Within the
animal cell, Fe(II)-Fe(II) protein base coordination compound of hemoglobin family called
cytochrome-c acts as catalyst for the application of the oxygen in the basic cell metabolism of the
fundamental life process. Chlorophyll is an important institute of plants, is a chelate compound
containing Mg+2 in the center of the linked with pyrrole nuclei. Hemoglobin is red hue pigment of
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the blood, is an iron chelate responsible for oxygen transport in living systems. EDTA and other
complex reagents have been used to speed the eradication of harmful radioactive and other toxic
elements from body like Pb+2. In these cases, a soluble metal chelate is formed. Many enzymes,
the naturally occurring catalyst that regulate the biological process, are metal complexes
(metalloenzymes); for instance, carboxypeptidase, a hydrolytic enzyme important in digestion,
contain zinc ion concentrated to several amino acid residue of protein. Another enzyme, catalase,
which an efficient catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, contain iron porphyrin
complexes. In both cases, the coordinated metal ions are probably the sites of catalytic activity.
Vitamin B12, a complex of cobalt with a macrocyclic ligand known as corrin.

Figure 15, 16 & 17: Coordination Compounds form Proteins, Chlorophyll & Hemoglobin

Chemotherapy

The platinum complex cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] known as cisplatin is used as an antitumor reagent in the
treatment of cancer. Ca-EDTA chelate, Ca[EDTANa2] is used in the treatment of poisoning, i.e.
for the removal of lead in the body. The accumulation of the excess Cu+2 in the liver leads to
manufacturing of the CNS. In order to remove the excess Cu+2 ions, penicillamine (chelating agent)
is given to the patient. This Cu+2 chelate goes out of the body through urine. Excess of iron is
removes by the chelating ligand desferrioxime B via the formation of the coordination compounds.
EDTA is used in the conduct of guide poisoning. Some coordination compounds of platinum like
cis [PtCl2(NH3)2] is used in the treatment of cancer because it can effectively inhibit the growth of
tumor.

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 Figure 18: Chemotherapy by Coordination Compound

Electroplating

Many complex compounds are used as an electrolyte for electroplating. These complexes deliver
the metal ions for reduction. For example K[Ag(CN)2] and K[Au(CN)2] are used as electrolyte for
silver and gold plating.

Photography

By washing Sodium thiosulphate is used for the development of the film. AgBr form a complex
ion [Ag(S2O3)2]-3 for the devolvement of the film when washing with the hypo solution.

Catalysts

For different reaction, several compounds are used as catalysts. E.g. Co2 (CO)8 acts as catalyst in
the conversion of olefins into alcohol. Complex compounds are also widely used as catalyst in
synthetic reactions, particularly organometallic reaction and polymerization reactions. A
technological and scientific development of major significance was the discovery in 1954 that
certain complex metal catalysts, namely a combination of TiCl3 and Al(C2H5)3. It is used in
polymerizations of organic compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds under mild conditions to
form polymers of high molecular weight and highly ordered structures. Certain of these polymers
are of great commercial importance because the are used to make many kinds of fibers, films and
plastics. Other technologically important processes based on metal complex catalysts include the
catalysis by metal carbonyls, such as hydridotetracarbonylcobalt, of so called hydroformylation of
olefins i.e. of their reaction with the hydrogen and carbon monoxide to form aldehydes and

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catalysis by tetrachloropalladate (2-) ions of the oxidation of ethylene in the aqueous solution to
acetaldehyde. Wilikinoson catalyst is used for the hydrogenation of alkenes.[1]

Figure 19: Hydrogenation Reaction in the Presence of Nickle

Conclusion

After the above discussion it is concluded that the transition metals or the complex of coordination
compounds have more important properties than other elements. We can say that, due to presence
of transition metals between both metallic or non-metals, it means they have more characteristics
than other elements. The applications of coordination compound are wide. They play different and
vital role in different fields of life.

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 References

1) Bhatti, H.N. & Rehman, R. (2014) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry for BS and M.Sc
Students. Lahore, Punjab: Ch. Ahmad Najib.

2) Chatterjee, S. (2019, August 29). Coordination Compounds: Nomenclature & Properties

Retrieved from:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/coordination-compounds-nomenclature-properties.html.

3) Vedantu, (2006). Class 12 Chemistry revision Notes for Chapter 9- Coordination Compounds.

Retrieved from:

https://www.vedantu.com/revision-notes/cbse-class-12-chemistry-notes-chapter-9-
coordination-compounds

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