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VIKING
PRESS
HANDBOOK
NJASA
Nalioral
AeronauLCs andl
Ipace
Ad 1Iislgatior I
VIKING PRESS HANDBOOK
Information Contacts:
Nicholas Panagakos
Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
(Phone: 213/354-6000 at JPL)
Maurice Parker
Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.
(Phone: 213/354-6000 at JPL)
CONTENTS
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Operation........................................... 24-33
Science............................................ 3A-41
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VIKING MARS ENCOUNTER
Operations
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Science
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Canopus Tracker
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Telescope,
Shutter
Filter Wheel
Orbiter Camera
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PRELANDING ORBITAL ACTIVITIES:
Landing Sites
The landing site for Viking 1 was selected some time
ago on the basis of Earth-based observations and Mariner 9
photography.
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The first Viking is aimed for a landing site at 19.5
degrees north latitude and 34 degrees west longitude,
in a
region of Mars called Chryse.
The southern half of the Chryse area consists mostly
of deeply dissected plateaus, possibly of material deposited
from volcanoes. But much material from this area seems
have been swept northward along well-defined channels to to
low area of only slight relief where the Viking Lander isa
expected to touch down. Scientists believe that the surface
at this site is nearly everywhere partially covered by dust
deposits transported by the wind. There may also be material
washed from the canyons and interspersed with the dust
The wind-driven deposits may consist of sand dunes, eachlayers.
dreds of meters across and covered with tiny ripples. hun-
channel deposits might consist of slightly rolling hillsThe
small channels and low sandbanks, each perhaps tens of with
wide. This site is within a region where water may have meters
flowed in copious quantities in the past.
The second Viking will be targeted to land farther
north in an area called Cydonia, a flat stretch of the
northern basin plains. Cydonia is the name of a town in
Crete which, in turn is named for Kydon, the son of the
greatest king of Crete, Minos.
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INVESTIGATIONS INSTRUMENTS
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Pre-Separation Activities
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La nderDe|
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Bioshield Base
Aeioshell Cove
Separation PoitArselHaail
SeparHeatshield
Bioshield Base
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Operation
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Orbt
er
| Separation
4) Deorbit
i; Orientation
I A,, ~Deorbit
Burn i
1 >'Data Relay
Coast
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4r,I AlEntry
800,000 ft ___Entry
. Entire Landing
Sequence Takes
About 10 Minutes
IX //
Parachute 0
Deployment i
19,00 ftAeroshell
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Separation
4,600 ft - Terminal
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Earth
Orbiter
Lander to Earth
two-way radio link /
/
* Lander science data
* Engineering telemetry
* Doppler and range signals
* Commands
Lander to Orbiter
one-way relay radio link
o Lander science data
* Engineering telemetry
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Science
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SURFACE OPERATIONS:
Sol 0 July 4, 6:58 p.m. PDT through July 5 0:20 a.m. PDT
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Protective Post
Outer Housing
Windowand Door
Assembly
Window \
7
*
Mirror\,t
Upper Elevation
Elevation Assembly
Lens Cel l R -
Thermal Control
Board Assembly
Waveguide
Photosensor
Array (PSA)
Duplex Bearings
Torque Motor
Azimuth Assembly
Resolver
Azimuth---' | .
Tachometer
Radial Bearings
Insulation-
Thermal/
Processing
Mounting Mas
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rm ;
>j~scw Mast
Lander
Transmitter
Mars
Earth
Deep Space
Network
Magnetic
Tape
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Ground
Reconstruction
Equipment
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Spoiler &l
Calibration
Flag
Window to
Sample Area
Electronics
Chamber
Source and
Detector Array
Mechanism
Signal
Cables
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Science Experiments
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After the 'first sampling when the boom is 'in use for
about 4 hours it is left to rest for two-weeks at least, since
the sampler is essential for obtaining subsequent samples for 3
the biology, organic analysis and inorganic analysis experi-
ments and following its use for these priority experiments
it is used for'other science experiments on the Martian
surface and in the atmosphere above it-. It carries two
mirrors so that views can be obtained beneath 'the space-
craft as~part of experiments to define surface 'character-
istics. It is used to dig trenches on the surface for
observations of how fast any wind-blown material fills
:1
them up. The magnet on the back of the hoe is used to
; t seek magnetic particles in the Martian soil; ideally
from several samplingsites. A thermocouple on the base
L of the sampler head is used for temperature measurements
within the surface and in -the atmosphere above the' surface.
Rotating the sampler head places the thermocouple in
sunlight or shadow.
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VIKING 2
The second Viking spacecraft follows Viking 1 to Mars.
It, too, undergoes a final AMC on July 27 before its MOI
which is scheduled to take place August 7. Since the
Orbiter of Viking 1 will have produced much information
about the surface of Mars, and experience will have been
-gained -from-Lander 1 :operations- on the surface-, -a-decision
is made before MOI as to the site to which the Viking 2
will be targeted.
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DATA HANDLING
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Similarly, Viking Lander telemetry data is directed
the IBM 360/75 computer for real time processing. to
Orbiter case, the VL data is synchronized to As in the
and then decommudated to identify data. The identify frames,
producing frames of various sizes, most of VL is capable of
mined by the types of data contained within.the sizes deter-
Orbiter, transmission rates of VL telemetry Also, as in the
from 8 1/3 bits/sec up to 1,000 bits/sec. In data may range
the VL is able to transmit data to the Orbiter addition, since
circlih4
which in turn can relay the Lander data at various above,
to 16,000 bits/sec, the IBM 360/75 must be capable -rates up
ling any of the various rates, those arriving of hand-
those relayed via the Orbiter. directly and
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Imaging data constructed by the Orbiter cameras is
transmitted by the Orbiter and is included in the stream
of telemetry data. As mentioned earlier, this Orbiter
telemetry data is directed to the UNIVAC 1530/1219 computers.
Once it is identified as imaging data,,it is separated'from
' the rest of the data and recorded on magnetic tape. This tape
is then mounted on another computer system for reconstruction
of the pictures taken by the Orbiter cameras. The computer
is a UNIVAC 1616. It is programmed and configured to process
the data, prepare raw images, to enhance by adjusting con-
trast and other processes. It is then able to display the
images on TV monitors and to expose film from which carefully
controlled hard copy prints can be made. These are used by
the imaging scientists for their analyses of the visual pro-
duct of the Viking project.
Similariyj, VL imaging data, generated by the Lander
camera system,,'is incorporated in the VL telemetry stream,
i. identified as such by the IBM 360/75 computer assigned to
handle VL telemetry and prepared for processing. A computer
program written for operation in the IBM 360/75 immediately
begins the reconstruction process.and produces raw or enhanced
images of pictures of the surface of Mars taken by the VL
cameras. These images can be displayed on TV monitors, or
can be recorded on film for ve'ry precise analysis by imaging
scientists.
As in the case of imaging data, data from all the
experiments aboard the Orbitrs and Lande'rs can be proc6ssed,
analyzed and displayed by those same computer systems. The
data is thus put into a condition that makes it possible for
scientists to examine and analyze the information collected
during the conduct of this giant experiment, the Viking
project.
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