03 Angle

Modulation
Modulating Index |
Bandwidth | Bessel Function
| Deviation Ratio |
Percentage of Modulation
Principles of Frequency Modulation (FM)

𝑣FM = Vc sin [2ᴨ𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 sin(2ᴨ𝑓𝑚𝑡)]

where:
Vc = peak value of unmodulated carrier
fc = carrier frequency
t = period
mf = FM modulation index
fm = modulating frequency
Principles of Frequency Modulation (FM)
Principles of Phase Modulation(PM)
Principles of Frequency Modulation (FM)
FM and PM
Principles of Phase Modulation (PM)

𝑣PM = Vc sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑝sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡)

where:
Vc = peak value of unmodulated carrier
fc = carrier frequency
t = period
mp = PM modulation index
fm = modulating frequency
FM ADVANTAGES:

Noise Immunity

Capture Effect

Transmitter Efficiency
FM Disadvantages:

Excessive Spectrum Use

Circuit Complexity
 Getting the Modulation Index

mf = fd/fm
mf is known as the deviation
ratio.
 Getting the Modulation Index

What is the Modulation index, if the

maximum frequency deviation of the carrier
is ±12 kHz and the maximum modulating
frequency is 2.5 kHz
mf =12/2.5 = 4.8.
 Getting the Modulation Index

In standard FM broadcasting,
the maximum permitted frequency deviation
is 75 kHz and the maximum
permitted modulating frequency is 15 kHz.
What is the Modulating index?
mf = 75/15 5=5.
 Getting the Modulation Index

What is the deviation ratio of TV sound if the

maximum deviation is 25 kHz and the
maximum modulating frequency is 15 kHz?
mf =fd/fm
=25/15 = 1.667
 Getting the Modulation Index

What is the maximum modulating frequency

that can be used to achieve a modulation
index of 2.2 with a deviation of 7.48 kHz?
fm =fd/mf
=7480 /2.2 = 3400 Hz = 3.4 kHz
 Getting the Modulation Index

Find the Modulation index if the Common FM

mobile radios use a maximum deviation of 5
kHz, with a maximum voice
frequency of 3 kHz.
Mf=5 kHz/3 kHz = 1.667
Bessel Functions
 Bessel Functions

State the amplitudes of the carrier and the

First four sidebands of an FM signal with a
modulation index of 4.
J0 = -0.4
J1 = -0.07
J2 =0.36
J3 =0.43
J4 = 0.28
 Getting the Bandwidth of FM

Carson Rule:
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐[ 𝒇𝒅(𝒎𝒂𝒙) + 𝒇𝒎(𝒎𝒂𝒙)]
Where:
BW = bandwidth
fd(max) = maximum frequency deviation
fm(max) = maximum modulating frequency
Getting the Bandwidth of FM

Conventional Method:
BW = 2fmN
Where:
BW = bandwidth
N= Sidebands
fm = modulating frequency
 Getting the Bandwidth of FM
What is the maximum bandwidth of an FM signal with a
deviation of 30 kHz and
a maximum modulating signal of 5 kHz as determined by
(a)Modulating index and (b)Carson Rule

a.) mf =fd/fm b.)BW = 2[fd (max) + fm (max) ]

=30 kHz/5 kHz= 6 = 2(30 kHz + 5 kHz)
= 2(35 kHz)
BW = 70 kHz
 Getting Deviation Ratio

The maximum deviation of an FM carrier with

a 5-kHz signal is 9 kHz. What is the deviation
ratio?
DR= δmax/fm(max)
=9/5=1.8
 Getting Percentage Modulation

In commercial FM broadcasting the

maximum allowed deviation is 75 KHz.. If the
modulating signal is producing only a
maximum deviation of 60 KHz, what is the
FM percentage of modulation?
(60/75) x 100 = 80%
 Example:

1. ) A 162-MHz carrier is deviated by 12 kHz

by a 2-kHz modulating signal. What is the
modulation index?

mf = 12 kHz/2 kHz = 6.
 Example:

2.) The maximum deviation of an FM carrier

with a 2.5-kHz signal is 4 kHz. What is the
deviation ratio?

Deviation ratio = 4 kHz/2.5 kHz = 1.6.

 Example:

3.) Compute the bandwidth occupied

by the signal and Carson’s rule using the
Problem 1 and 2
BW = 2[ fd(max) + fm(max)]
BW = 2(12 kHz + 2 kHz) = 28 kHz
BW = 2[ fd(max) + fm(max)]
BW = 2(4 kHz + 2.5 kHz) = 13 kHz
 Example:

An available channel for FM transmission is

30 kHz wide. The maximum allowable
modulating signal frequency
is 3.5 kHz. What deviation ratio should be
used?
8.57kHz
 Example:

Determine the modulation index for FM

signal with modulating frequency is 10KHz
deviated by 20kHz

20KHz/10kHz = 2.0
Total frequency change is called Carrier swing