Toledo Barrón Guillermo

Recuperación secundaria y mejorada.

Grupo:
Question 1
Data available:
𝑔 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝜌𝑤 = 1.02 𝑐𝑐
𝜎𝑜𝑤 = 25 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑒𝑝ℎ = 1500 𝑓𝑡
𝑔 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝜌𝑜 = 0.8 𝜎𝑎𝑤 = 70
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑚

We know that:
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑤 = 𝑃𝑛𝑤 − 𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝑜 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ = 𝑔ℎ(𝜌𝑜 − 𝜌𝑤 )
Solving for h:
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑤
ℎ=
𝑔(𝜌𝑜 − 𝜌𝑤 )
Then h must be substract from the deph of the water table.
To obtain 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑤 we must convert the data of 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑤 (remember that se consider 𝜃𝑜𝑤 = 𝜃𝑎𝑤 ):
2𝜎𝑜𝑤 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑜𝑤 )
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑤 𝑟 𝜎𝑜𝑤 𝜎𝑜𝑤
= = → 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑤 = 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑤
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑤 2𝜎𝑎𝑤 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑎𝑤 ) 𝜎𝑎𝑤 𝜎𝑎𝑤
𝑟
Then:
Table 1 Calculations to obtain deph

PcAW [psi] Sw [%] PcOW [psi] h [ft] Deph [ft]

2 100 0.71428571 0.232543 1499.767
3 93 1.07142857 0.348814 1499.651
4 86 1.42857143 0.465085 1499.535
5 78 1.78571429 0.581356 1499.419
6 73 2.14285714 0.697628 1499.302
7 67 2.5 0.813899 1499.186
10 54 3.57142857 1.162713 1498.837
12 48 4.28571429 1.395255 1498.605
14 43 5 1.627798 1498.372
16 40 5.71428571 1.86034 1498.14
18 38 6.42857143 2.092883 1497.907
20 36 7.14285714 2.325425 1497.675
24 34 8.57142857 2.790511 1497.209
28 32 10 3.255596 1496.744
32 31 11.4285714 3.720681 1496.279
36 31 12.8571429 4.185766 1495.814
 40 31 14.2857143 4.650851 1495.349
44 31 15.7142857 5.115936 1494.884

Water saturation above 1500 [ft]

1501

1500

1499
Deph [ft]

1498

1497

1496

1495

1494
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Sw

Graph 1 Water saturation avive Water table

Question 2
Data availabel:
𝐷𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 0.0002 𝑖𝑛; 𝑟 = 0.0001 𝑖𝑛 = 0.00025 𝑐𝑚
𝜃𝑜𝑔 = 30°
𝜃𝑤𝑔 = 10°
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 6900000
𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝜎𝑜𝑔 = 33
𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝜎𝑤𝑔 = 70
𝑐𝑚
We calculate the capillary pressure for both interfaces, and the difference Between them:
2𝜎𝑜𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑜𝑔 ) 2 ∗ 33 ∗ cos(30) 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = = = 225030.1
𝑟 0.00025 𝑐𝑚2
2𝜎𝑤𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑤𝑔 ) 2 ∗ 70 ∗ cos(10) 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑤 = = = 542807.4
𝑟 0.00025 𝑐𝑚2
2𝜎𝑜𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑜𝑔 )
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 𝑃𝑔 − 𝑃𝑜 → 𝑃𝑔 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 + 𝑃𝑜 = + 𝑃𝑜
𝑟
2𝜎𝑜𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑜𝑔 ) 2𝜎𝑤𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑤𝑔 )
𝑃𝑐𝑤 = 𝑃𝑔 − 𝑃𝑤 → 𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃𝑔 − 𝑃𝑐𝑤 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 + 𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃𝑐𝑤 = + 𝑃𝑜 −
𝑟 𝑟
 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑤 = 225030.1 + 6900000 − 542807.4 = 6582223 𝑐𝑚2

𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
∆𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑤 − 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 542807.4 − 225030.1 = 𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐
𝑐𝑚2
1) The minimum pressure in the system exits in the Water phase, its pressure is 𝑷𝒘, although
both capillary pressures are less than the water pressure, 𝑃𝑐𝑜 being the lowest and acting on
the interphase Between oil and gas.
2) The Water pressure to move to the right the gas droplet has to be at least 𝑷𝒘 and the
pressure difference between water and oil phases would be:
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃𝑐 = 𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐
𝑐𝑚2

Question 3
Data Available:
Length of the reservoir system, m 250
Width of the reservoir, m 75
Height of the reservoir, m 16
Angle of formation dip , deg 0
Porosity, fraction 0.267
Connate water saturation, fraction 0.3
Viscosity of oil, mPa.s 10
Viscosity of water, mPa.s 1
Formation Volume factor for oil 1.050
Formation volume factor for water 1
Irreducible water saturation, fraction 0.3
Residual oil saturation, fraction 0.3
End point of relative permeability, fraction 0.8
End point of water rel. permeability, fraction 0.3
Exponent for oil relative permeability 2
Exponent for water relative permeability 2
Injection rate m3/d 1000

Using Corey´s equations we calculate the relative permeability curves:

𝑆𝑤 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐
𝑆𝑤𝐷 =
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 − 𝑆𝑜𝑟𝑤
𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑤 (1 − 𝑆𝑤𝐷 )𝑎
𝑘𝑟𝑤 = 𝑘𝑟𝑤𝑟𝑜 (𝑆𝑤𝐷 )𝑏
Also, se calculate Water fractional flow with the Following equation:
𝑞𝑤 1
𝑓𝑤 = = 𝑞𝑜
𝑞𝑜 + 𝑞𝑤 1+ ⁄𝑞𝑤

Then:
 Table 2 Resulta of Corey´s equations and Water Fracional Flow

Sw SwD Krow Krw fw

0.7 1 0 0.3 1.00
0.65 0.875 0.0125 0.229688 0.99
0.6 0.75 0.05 0.16875 0.97
0.55 0.625 0.1125 0.117188 0.91
0.5 0.5 0.2 0.075 0.79
0.45 0.375 0.3125 0.042188 0.57
0.4 0.25 0.45 0.01875 0.29
0.35 0.125 0.6125 0.004688 0.07
0.3 2.5E-15 0.8 1.87E-30 0.00

Permeabilidad Relativa, Kr
0.9
0.8
Permeabilidad Relativa

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 Kro
0.3 Krw
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Sw

Graph 2 Relative Permeability Curves

i) Surface volume of water displaceable oil present in the reservoir:

(𝑃𝑉)(𝑆𝑜𝑖 − 𝑆𝑜𝑟 )
𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝐵𝑜
𝑃𝑉 = (250)(75)(16)[𝑚 ](0.267) = 80100 [𝑚3 ]
3

(80100 𝑚3 )(0.7 − 0.3)

𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝟑
1.050
ii) Fractional flow curve for waterflooding:
 Fractional Flow
1.20
1.00

fw (fracción) 0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Water Saturation (fraction)

Graph 3 Fractional Flow

iii) Flood front saturation and the fractional flow of water at the front:

Graph 4 Fractional Flow with straight line from intial Sw

Flood front saturation 0.49

Fractional flow water at the front 0.78

iv) Cumulative volume of oil recovered (at surface conditions) up to breakthrough:

The 𝑆𝑤 just behind the front, is shown with the tangent line intersected at a 𝑓𝑤 = 1:

𝑆𝑤 = 0.56
Then:
 𝐴∅𝐿( S w − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 ) 80100(. 56 − .3)
𝑁𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟗[𝒎𝟑 ]
𝐵𝑜 1.050
v) Position of the interface between injected water and connate water at time of water breakthrough:

𝐴𝐿∅( S w − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 ) 80100 ∗ (. 56 − .3)

𝑡𝑏 = = = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟐𝟔[𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔]
𝑞𝑖 100

Graph 5 Fractional Flow with straight line from origin

𝑓𝑤𝑏 = 0.91
𝑆𝑤𝑏 = 0.55

𝑞𝑡 𝑡 𝑓𝑤𝑏 100 ∗ 208.260 ∗ 0.91

𝑥𝑏 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟓𝟒𝟓𝟓[𝒎]
𝐴𝜑 𝑆𝑤𝑏 75 ∗ 16 ∗ 0.264 ∗ 0.55
vi) Time of breakthrough of the injected water in the producing wells:
From graph 4 se get that Water saturation when the fractional Flow equals 1 is 0.6, then:
𝐿𝐴∅𝑆𝑤 80100(0.6)
𝑡= = = 𝟒𝟖𝟎. 𝟔 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝑞𝑡 𝑓𝑤 (1000)(1)
vii) Volume of oil produced at breakthrough time of injected water:

𝐴∅𝐿( S w − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 ) 80100(0.6 − 0.3)

𝑁𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝒎𝟑
𝐵𝑜 1.050