11.

References
Typical guidelines used by electrical utilities:

Guidelines for IR inspection of overhead and underground electrical distribution facilities

Distribution Temperature Rise (∆ ∆T)* Grade / Remarks
Facilities
Overhead 14° to 20°C Grade 3: Corrective measures not required.
25° to 36°F Must be recorded

21° to 60°C Grade 2: Corrective measures required as

37° to 108°F scheduling permits or ASAP, depending
upon the class of load carried and the
severity of temperature rise in this range

61°C and over Grade 1: Corrective measures required

109°F and over IMMEDIATELY
Underground 2° to 4°C Grade 3: Corrective measures not required.
5° to 7°C Must be recorded

5° to 10°C Grade 2: Corrective measures required as

8° to 18°F scheduling permits or ASAP, depending
upon the class of load carried and the
severity of temperature rise in this range

11°C and over Grade 1: Corrective measures required

19°F and over IMMEDIATELY
* (∆T is the temperature difference between the Apparatus Temperature and the Reference Temperature.)

Delta “T” Temperature Rise Chart

Severity Deg. F. To Deg. F. or Deg. C To Deg. C
Minor 18 To 36 or 10 To 20
Serious 37 To 89 or 21 To 49
Critical Over 90 or Over 50

Minor: Corrective action required as scheduling permits.

Serious: Corrective measures required as soon as possible.

Critical: Corrective measures required immediately.

Note: Any equipment found in the serious range or above, may require
increased frequency of inspection until repairs are made.

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 1

Publ No 1 560 009 C
 Guidelines from:

MAINTENANCE TESTING SPECIFICATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL

POWER DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS.
9.0 THERMOGRAPHIC SURVEY
9.1 Visual and Mechanical Inspection
1. Inspect for physical, electrical, and mechanical condition.
2. Visually inspect for bus alignment.
3. Remove all necessary covers prior to scanning.
9.2 Equipment to be Scanned
1. Switches, busway, open buses, switchgear, cables, cable and
bus connections, circuit breakers, rotating equipment, and
load tap changer or current carrying devices.
9.3 Provide Report Indicating the Following:
1. Problem area (location of “hot spot”).
2. Temperature rise between “hot spot” and normal or reference
area.
3. Cause of heat rise.
4. Phase unbalance, if present.
5. Areas scanned.
9.4 Test Parameters
1. Scanning distribution systems with ability to detect 1°C rise
between subject area and reference at 30°C.
2. Equipment shall detect emitted radiation and convert detected
radiation to visual signal.
3. Infrared surveys should be performed during periods of
maximum possible loading but not less than ten percent
(10%) of rated load of the electrical equipment being
inspected.
9.5 Test Results
1. Temperature gradients of 1°C to 3°C indicate possible
deficiency and warrant investigation.
2. Temperature gradients of 4° to 15°C indicate deficiency;
repair as time permits.
3. Temperature gradients of 16°C and above indicate major
deficiency; repair immediately.
4. Provide photographs and/or thermograms of the deficient
area as seen on the imaging system.*

*Optional

Copyright 1989 by
InterNational Electrical Testing Association
P.O Box 687, 221 Red Rocks Vista Drive
Morrison, CO 80465

2 Level I Course Manual – Section 11

Publ No 1 560 009 C
 Typical Emissivity Values for Common Materials

Material Temp. λ Emit.

Aluminum: anodized 20°C 0.770

Aluminum: anodized sheet, chromic acid process 100°C 0.55
Aluminum: disk, roughened 26°C 3µ 0.275
Aluminum: disk, roughened 26°C 10µ 0.180
Aluminum: foil 26°C 3µ 0.09
Aluminum: foil 26°C 10µ 0.04
Aluminum: foil, dull side, crinkled and smoothed 20°C 0.030
Aluminum: foil, shiny side 20°C 0.036
Aluminum: heavily weathered 17°C 2-5.6µ .83-.94
Aluminum: highly polished plate, 98.3% pure 227°C 0.039
Aluminum: highly polished plate, 98.3% pure 577°C 0.057
Aluminum: oxide, flame sprayed .001” thick 20°C 0.765
Aluminum: oxidized at 600°C 200°C 0.11
Aluminum: oxidized at 600°C 600°C 0.19
Aluminum: polished 8-14µ 0.05
Aluminum: polished plate 23°C 0.04
Aluminum: polished sheet 100°C 0.05
Aluminum: polished and degreased 20°C 0.027
Aluminum: rough plate 26°C 0.055
Aluminum: rough surface 8-14µ 0.07
Aluminum: sandblasted 20°C 0.210
Aluminum: sheet as received 100°C 0.09
Aluminum: strongly oxidized 8-14µ 0.25
Aluminum: vacuum deposited 20°C 0.04
Brass: highly polished 100°C 0.03
Brass: dull, tarnished 8-14µ 0.22
Brass: rubbed with 80-grit emery 20°C 0.20
Brass: oxidized 100°C 0.61
Brass: polished 8-14µ 0.10
Bronze: polished 0.10
Bronze: porous, rough 8-14µ 0.55
Chromium: polished 8-14µ 0.10
Copper: commercial., burnished 8-14µ 0.07
Copper: elecrolytic, polished 8-14µ 0.02
Copper: polished 100°C 0.05
Copper: polished 20°C 3µ 0.031
Copper: polished 20°C 10µ 0.016
Copper: polished, annealed 20°C 10µ 0.008

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 3

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Copper: oxidized, heavily 20°C 0.78
Copper: oxidized to black 8-14µ 0.88
Gold: polished 8-14µ 0.02
Gold: highly polished 100°C 0.02
Gold: plated on stainless steel and polished 20°C 0.028
Iron, cast, casing 8-14µ 0.81
Iron: cast, polished 40°C 8-14µ 0.21
Iron: cast, oxidized 100°C 0.64
Iron: hot rolled 8-14µ 0.77
Iron: oxidized 8-14µ 0.74
Iron: sheet, galvanized, burnished 8-14µ 0.23
Iron: sheet, galvanized, oxidized 8-14µ 0.28
Iron: sheet, heavily rusted 20°C 0.69
Iron: shiny, etched 8-14µ 0.16
Iron: wrought, polished 8-14µ 0.28
Lead: gray 8-14µ 0.28
Lead: oxidized 8-14µ 0.63
Lead: red, powder 8-14µ 0.93
Lead: shiny 8-14µ 0.08
Magnesium: polished 20°C 0.07
Mercury: pure 8-14µ 0.10
Nickel: electroplated, polished 20°C 0.05
Nickel: electroplated, no polish 20°C 0.11
Nickel: on cast-iron 8-14µ 0.05
Nickel: oxidized 200°C 0.37
Nickel: pure, polished 8-14µ 0.05
Platinum: pure, polished 8-14µ 0.08
Silver: polished 100°C 0.03
Stainless steel: type 18-8, buffed 20°C 0.16
Stainless steel: type 18-8, oxidized at 800°C 60°C 0.85
Stainless steel: type 18-8, sandblasted 20°C 0.440
Steel: galvanized 8-14µ 0.28
Steel: polished 100°C 0.07
Steel: oxidized 200°C 0.79
Steel: oxidized strongly 8-14µ 0.88
Steel: rolled freshly 8-14µ 0.24
Steel: rough surface 8-14µ 0.96
Steel: rusty, red 8-14µ 0.69
Steel: sheet, nickel plated 8-14µ 0.11
Steel: sheet, rolled 8-14µ 0.56
Tin: burnished 8-14µ 0.05
Tin: commercial tin-plated sheet iron 100°C 0.07

4 Level I Course Manual – Section 11

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Tungsten 8-14µ 0.05
Zinc: sheet 8-14µ 0.20

Asbestos: board 20°C 0.96

Asbestos: fabric 20°C 0.78
Asbestos: paper 400°C 0.93
Asbestos: slate 20°C 0.96
Brick: alumina 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.68
Brick: common 17°C 2-5.6µ .81-.86
Brick: common, red 20°C 0.93
Brick: facing, red 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.92
Brick: facing, yellow 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.72
Brick: fireclay 20°C 0.85
Brick: fireclay 1000°C 0.75
Brick: fireclay 1200°C 0.59
Brick: masonry 0°C 5µ 0.94
Brick: red 0.90
Brick: waterproof 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.87
Carbon: candle soot 20°C 0.95
Carbon: graphite, filed surface 20°C 0.98
Carbon: purified 8-14µ 0.80
Cement 8-14µ 0.54
Charcoal: powder 8-14µ 0.96
Chipboard: untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.90
Clay: fired 8-14µ 0.91
Concrete 20°C 0.92
Concrete: dry 36°C 5µ 0.95
Concrete: rough 17°C 2-5.6µ .92-.97
Enamel: laquer 8-14µ 0.90
Fabric: Hessian, green 20°C 0.88
Fabric: Hessian, uncolored 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.87
Fiberglass 20°C 0.750
Fibre board: porous, untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.85
Fibre board: hard, untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.85
Filler: white 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.88
Firebrick 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.68
Formica 27°C 6.5-20µ 0.937
Glass 8-14µ 0.92
Glass: chemical ware (partly transparent) 35°C 6.5-20µ 0.97
Glass: frosted 8-14µ 0.96
Glass: frosted 1100°C 0.70
Glass: frosted 1500°C 0.67
Glass: polished plate 20°C 0.94

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 5

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Granite: natural surface 36°C 5µ 0.96
Graphite: powder 8-14µ 0.97
Gravel 6.5-20µ 0.28
Gypsum 8-14µ 0.85
Hardwood: across grain 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.82
Hardwood: along grain 17°C 2-5.6µ .68-.73
Ice 8-14µ 0.97
Iron: heavily rusted 17°C 2-5.6µ .91-.96
Lacquer: bakelite 8-14µ 0.93
Lacquer: dull, black 8-14µ 0.97
Lacquer: white 8-14µ 0.87
Lacquer: white 100°C 0.92
Lacquer: matte black 100°C 0.97
Lacquer: shiny, black, on metal 0.87
Lampblack 8-14µ 0.96
Limestone: natural surface 36°C 5µ 0.96
Mortar 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.87
Mortar: dry 36°C 5µ 0.94
Oil, lubricating (thin film on nickel base)
Nickel base alone 20°C 0.05
Film thickness = 0.001 20°C 0.27
Film thickness = 0.002 20°C 0.46
Film thickness = 0.005 20°C 0.72
Thick coating 20°C 0.82
P.V.C. 17°C 2-5.6µ .91-.93
Paint: 3M, black velvet coating 9560 series optical blk 40°C 3µ
1.00
Paint: 3M, black velvet coating 9560 series optical blk 40°C 10µ
1.00
Paint: Acme, quality spray enamel, #801 brilliant blk 40°C 3µ 0.959
Paint: Acme, quality spray enamel, #801 brilliant blk 40°C 10µ 0.945
Paint: Aquadag, 4 coats on copper aluminum 20°C 0.490
Paint: aluminum 20°C 0.450
Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #113, light blue 40°C 3µ 0.95
Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #113, light blue 40°C 10µ 0.960
Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #102, gold leaf 40°C 3µ 0.98
Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #102, gold leaf 40°C 10µ 0.98
Paint: cadmium, yellow 20°C 0.33
Paint: chrome green 20°C 0.70
Paint: Chromatone, stabilized silver finish (Alumatone) 25°C 3µ 0.26
Paint: Chromatone, stabilized silver finish (Alumatone) 25°C 10µ 0.305
Paint: cobalt blue
Paint: Dupont Duco #71 wrought iron black 40°C 3µ 0.982
Paint: Dupont Duco #71 wrought iron black 40°C 10µ 0.897
Paint: Dutch Boy, 46H47, National lead high heat blk 25°C 10µ 0.90

6 Level I Course Manual – Section 11

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Paint: Krylon, flat black 50°C 3µ 0.95
Paint: Krylon, flat black 50°C 10µ 0.956
Paint: Krylon, flat white #1502 40°C 3µ 0.992
Paint: Krylon, flat white #1502 40°C 10µ 0.989
Paint: Krylon, ultra flat black 36°C 5µ 0.97
Paint: Microbond, 4 coats on magnesium 20°C 0.844
Paint, oil: average of 16 colors 100°C 0.94
Paint: oil, black, flat 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.94
Paint: oil, black, gloss 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.92
Paint: oil, gray, flat 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.97
Paint: oil, gray, gloss 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.96
Paint: oil, various colors 8-14µ 0.94
Paint: plastic, black 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.95
Paint: plastic, white 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.84
Paint: TiO2, gray 20°C 0.870
Paint: TiO2, white 20°C 0.940
Paper: black 20°C 0.90
Paper: black, dull 20°C 0.94
Paper: black, shiny 8-14µ 0.90
Paper: cardboard box 5µ 0.81
Paper: green 20°C 0.85
Paper: red 20°C 0.76
Paper: white 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.68
Paper: white 8-14µ 0.90
Paper: white bond 20°C 0.93
Paper: yellow 20°C 0.72
Paper: tar 8-14µ 0.92
Pipes: glazed 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.83
Plaster 17°C 2-5.6µ .86-.90
Plaster: rough coat 20°C 0.91
Plasterboard: untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.90
Plastic: acrylic, clear 36°C 5µ 0.94
Plastic: black 2-5.6µ 0.95
Plastic: white 2-5.6µ 0.84
Plastic paper: red 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.94
Plastic paper: white 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.84
Plexiglass: Perspex 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.86
Plywood 17°C 2-5.6µ .83-.98
Plywood: commercial, smooth finish, dry 36°C 5µ 0.82
Plywood: untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.83
Polyproplene 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.97
Porcelain: glazed 8-14µ 0.92
Quartz 8-14µ 0.93

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 7

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Redwood: wrought, untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.83
Redwood: unwrought, untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.84
Rendering: gray 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.92
Rokide A 20°C 0.770
Rubber 8-14µ 0.95
Rubber: stopper, black 35°C 5µ 0.97
Sand 20°C 0.90
Shellac: black, dull 100°C 0.91
Shellac: black, shiny, on tin plate 20°C 0.82
Shingles: asphalt, sm, ceramic coated
Skin, human 32°C 0.98
Snow 8-14µ 0.80
Soil: dry 20°C 0.92
Soil: frozen 6.5-20µ 0.93
Soil: saturated with water 20°C 0.95
Styrofoam: insulation 37°C 5µ 0.60
Tape: electrical, insulating, black 35°C 5µ 0.97
Tape: masking 36°C 5µ 0.92
Tile: floor, asbestos 35°C6 5µ 0.94
Tile: glazed 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.94
Varnish: flat 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.93
Wallpaper: slight pattern, light gray 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.85
Wallpaper: slight pattern, red 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.90
Water: 8-14µ 0.98
Water: distilled 20°C 0.96
Water: ice, smooth -10°C 0.96
Water: frost crystals -10°C 0.98
Water: snow -10°C 0.85
Wood: oak, planed 20°C 0.90
Wood: paneling, light finish 36°C 5µ 0.87
Wood: planed 8-14µ 0.85
Wood: spruce, polished, dray 36°C 5µ 0.86

8 Level I Course Manual – Section 11

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Reference Publications

1989 Fall Conference, ASNT Programs and Paper Summaries

ISBN 0-931403-91-X
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

The ABC's of Infrared

Bertram Bernard
Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 1970
Library of Congress Catalog No. 77-112863

Clouds in a Glass of Beer

Simple Experiments in Atmospheric Physics
Craig F. Bohren
John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1987
ISBN 0-471-62482-9

Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Third Edition

Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt
John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 0-471-61246-4
Available from ASNT order # 952
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

The Infrared Handbook, 1985, Revised

Edited by William L. Wolfe and George J. Zissis
Prepared by the Infrared Information and Analysis Center and Environmental
Research Institute of Michigan for the Office of Naval Research, Department of
the Navy, Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Catalog No. 77-90786
Available from SPIE Publications (ISBN 0-9603590-1-X)
Contact the Customer Service Department
SPIE, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010

(206) 676-3290 FAX: (206) 647-1445

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 9

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Handbook of Applied Thermal Design
Eric C. Guyer Sc. D. Editor in Chief
David L. Brownell, P.E. Associate Editor
McGraw - Hill, 1989
ISBN 0-07-025353-6
 1-800-2-MCRAW

Handbook of Heat Transfer

Edited by Warren M. Rohsenow and James P. Hartnett
McGraw - Hill, 1973
ISBN 0-07-053576-0
 1-800-2-MCRAW

Heat and Cold

(Original French Title: Le chaud et le froid)
Jean - Pierre Maury
Translated from the French by Albert V. Carozzi and Marguerite Carozzi
ISBN 0-8120-4211-5
Barron's Educational Series

Infrared Methodology and Technology

Edited by Xavier P.V. Maldague
ISBN 2-88124-590-0
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
Available from ASNT order # 953
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

Infrared Technology Fundamentals

Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
Monroe Schlessinger
ISBN 0-8247-9259-9
Optical Engineering Series / 46

Infrared Thermography
(Original French Title: La Thermographie Infrarouge)
G. Gaussorgues
Translated by S. Chomet
ISBN 0 412 47900 1
Microwave Technology Series 5
English Language Edition 1994
Chapman & Hall

10 Level I Course Manual – Section 11

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Introduction to Nondestructive Testing
Paul E. Mix
ISBN 0-471-83126-3
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Available from ASNT order # 150
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electric Power Distribution Equipment

and Systems
International Electrical Testing Association, 1989
P.O. Box 687, 221 Red Rocks Vista Drive
Morrison, Colorado 80465
 (303) 467-0526 FAX: (303) 467-0579

Materials Evaluation
An Official Journal of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

NDE Handbook: Non-destructive Examination Methods for Condition Monitoring

Edited by Knud G. Boving
Butterworths
ISBN 0-408-04392-X
Available from ASNT order # 162
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228

(614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, Second printing, May 1992

ASM Handbook Volume 17
ASM International
ISBN 0-87170-007-7 (v.1)
Available from ASNT order #105
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 11

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899
Available from ASM order #6070Z
The Materials Information Society
ASM International
Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002
 (800) 336-5152 FAX: (216) 338-4634

Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials by Infrared Thermography

Xavier P.V. Maldague
ISBN 3-540-19769-9
Springer-Verlag
Available from ASNT order #950
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

Non-Destructive Testing
Barry hull & Vernon John
Macmillan Press Ltd, 1988
ISBN 0-333-35788-4

Non-Destructive Testing
Ronald Halmshaw
Edward Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group
ISBN 0-340-54521-6
Available from ASNT order #151
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

12 Level I Course Manual – Section 11

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Nondestructive Testing Handbook
Volume 9: Special Nondestructive Testing Methods
Technical Editor, Roderick K. Stanley; Editors Patrick O. Moore and Paul
McIntire
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
ISBN 1-57117-004-9
Available from ASNT order #134
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

Nondestructive Testing Techniques

Edited by Don E. Bray & Don McBride
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBN 0-471-52513-8
Available from ASNT order #166
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

Practical Applications of Infrared Thermal Sensing and Imaging Equipment

Herbert Kaplan
SPIE Optical Engineering Press Volume TT13
ISBN 0-8194-1207-4
Published by SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010

Quantum Theory for Beginners

J.P. McEvoy and Oscar Zarate
Icon Books Ltd., UK
ISBN 1 874166 37 4

Rainbows, Snowflakes and Quarks

Physics and the World Around Us
Hans Christian von Baeyer
Random House, Inc., New York N.Y. 10022, 1993
ISBN 0-679-73976-9

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 13

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Research in Nondestructive Evaluation
A Journal of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing
Volume 5, Number 4, 1994
ISSN 0934-9847
Springer International
Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
175 Fifth Avenue
New York N.Y. 10010
 (212) 460-1500

Temperatures Very Low and Very High

Mark W. Zemansky
Dover Publications
ISBN 0-486-24072-X

Testing and Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems

Gerald C. Holst
JCD Publishing Co.
Available from ASNT order # 951
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
4153 Arlingate Plaza
P.O. Box 28518
Columbus, Ohio 43228
 (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899

Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry

Edited by D.P. Dewitt and Gene D. Nutter
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988
ISBN 0-471-61018-6

The Theory of Heat Radiation

Max Planck
Dover Publications
ISBN 0-486-66811-8

Thermal Imaging Systems

J.M. Lloyd
Plenum Press, 1975
ISBN 0-306-30848-7

Thermographic Instruments and Systems

Robert P. Madding
University of Wisconsin, 1979

14 Level I Course Manual – Section 11

Publ No 1 560 009 C
Thermology
International Bibliography of Medical Thermology
Volume 2, No. 3, 1987
Margaret Abernathy & Thomas Bradford Abernathy
ISSN 0882-3758
American Academy of Thermology
Georgetown University Medical Center
3800 Reservoir Road N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20007
Business and Subscription Office:
P.O. Box 1324
Vienna, Virginia 22180
 (703) 938-6391

Thermosense Proceedings
SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010
 (206) 676-3290

Thirty Years That Shook Physics

George Gamow
Dover Publications
ISBN 0-486-24895-X

Treatise on Thermodynamics
Max Planck
Dover Publications
ISBN 0-486-66371-X

Understanding Physics
Isaac Asimov
3 Volumes in one
• Motion, Sound, Heat
• Light, Magnetism & Electricity
• The Electron, Proton & Neutron
Dorset Press, 1988
ISBN 0-88029-251-2

The Unexpected Vista

A Physicist’s View of Nature
James S. Trefil
The Scribner Science Library
Charles Scribner’s Sons
ISBN 0-684-17869-9

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 15

Publ No 1 560 009 C
What Light Through Yonder Window Breaks?
More Experiments in Atmospheric Physics
Craig F. Bohren
John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1991
ISBN 0-471-52915-X

16 Level I Course Manual – Section 11

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