UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

Structural Steel
Sunday, August 27, 2017

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Discussion Outline

1 Introduction

2 Early uses of iron and steel

3 Advantages and disadvantages of using steel

4 Steel sections

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Introduction
Steel has become the predominate material for the construction of bridges,
buildings, towers, and other structures.

An alloy of iron and carbon, with very tiny

amounts of other metals to give it particular
properties.

For example, nickel is added to make

stainless steel, which does not rust.

Carbon content of steel varies from 0.1 per cent to not more than 1.7 percent.

Iron with less carbon is called wrought iron and is workable at low
temperature.

Iron with high carbon content is called cast-iron and is an easily melted, but
brittle material, which can be cast into complicated shapes.

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Steel: From Start to Finish

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Typical Applications of Structural Steel

Bridges

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Typical Applications of Structural Steel

Buildings - Museums

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Typical Applications of Structural Steel

Towers

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Typical Applications of Structural Steel

Towers [radio, television and electrical transmission towers]

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Discussion Outline

1 Introduction

2 Early uses of iron and steel

3 Advantages and Disadvantages of using steel

4 Steel Sections

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Early Uses of Iron and Steel

1777 – 1779 1840

Metal as structural material Wrought iron began replacing
began with cast – iron, used on cast iron soon [Wrought Iron
a 30m arch span, built in Bridge of Canton, Ohio]
England [Coalbrookdale Bridge]

1780 – 1820 1846 – 1850

A number of cast – iron The Brittania Bridge over
bridges were built during Menai Strait in Wales
this period was built

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Early Uses of Iron and Steel

1855
Development of the Bessemer
process, which help producing
steel in large quantities and at
cheaper prices.

1989
Steel shapes having yield
strength of 24,000 to 100,000
psi were produced

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Discussion Outline

1 Introduction

2 Early uses of iron and steel

3 Advantages and Disadvantages of using steel

4 Steel Sections

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Advantages of using steel

High strength – The strength of steel per unit weight. This means dead
load will be small. This fact is of great importance for long span
bridges, tall buildings and structures having poor foundation
conditions.

Uniformity – Properties of steel do not change appreciably with time

as to reinforced concrete structures.

Elasticity – Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most

materials because it follows Hooke’s law. The moment of inertia of a
steel section can be definitely calculated while the values obtained for
reinforced concrete section are rather indefinite.

Ductility – Property of a material by which it can withstand extensive

deformation without failure under high stresses is said to be ductile.
i.e. it gives warning before failure takes place.

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Disadvantages of using steel

Maintenance cost – steel structures are susceptible to corrosion when
expose to air, water, and humidity. They must be painted periodically.

Fireproofing cost – steel is incombustible material, however, its strength

is reduced tremendously at high temperatures

Susceptibility to buckling – for most structures, the use of steel column is

very economical because of their high strength – to – weight ratios.
However, as the length and slenderness of a compressive column is
increased, its danger of buckling increases

Fatigue – The strength of structural steel member can be reduced if this

member is subjected to cyclic loading

Brittle fracture – under certain conditions steel may lose its ductility and
brittle fracture may occur at places of stress concentration. Fatigue type
loadings and very low temperatures trigger the situation.

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Fireproofing

Figure. Types of fire proofing steel members

Figure. Sprayed – on fireproofing

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Fireproofing

Figure. Fire protection using boards

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S = stress range
N = number of cycles

Figure. S – N Curves for Various Materials (Byars and Snyder, 1975)

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Fatigue
Lamination
When steel more than two or three inches thick is used in the beams of very
long bridges or the columns of very high buildings, unless carefully treated
thermally, these thick elements tend to slice into thin layers, like a piece of
pastry, due to locked in stresses.

Steel is “fatigued” by reversal of stress from tension to compression and

vice versa, when this cycle is repeated many times.

Figure. West Gate Bridge Collapse in Australia

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Discussion Outline

1 Introduction

2 Early uses of iron and steel

3 Advantages and Disadvantages of using steel

4 Steel Sections

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Steel Sections – Hot – Rolled

 Structural steel can be economically rolled into a wide variety of shapes
and sizes without appreciably changing its physical properties.

 Hot – rolling is primarily concerned with manipulating material shape and

geometry rather than mechanical properties.

 Usually the most desirable members are those with large moments of
inertia in proportion to their areas.

 Because of close similarity of the width of the flange to the web of column
sections, they are sometimes known as ‘broad flange sections.”

 The I, T, and C shapes commonly fall into this class.

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Steel Sections – Hot – Rolled

I - Section H - Section Channel Section Angle Sections

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Steel Sections – Hot – Rolled

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Typical Applications of Hot–rolled steel section

Column Corbel Beam

Brackets Framing Truss

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Steel Sections – Cold – Formed

 Cold rolled steel is manufactured at temperatures below its
recrystallization temperature, typically at around room temperature.

 Because the steel is manufactured at a much lower temperature, there

is no need to worry about the steel shrinking or changing form or
appearance.

 The cold rolled steel end products like cold finished steel bar has a
much smoother appearance and may have square corners more
accurate in dimension and finish.

 Cold rolled steel is much more preferred in the machining world where
the quality of the steel is an important factor of the quality of the final
product, and the appearance of the steel is also an important factor.

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Steel Sections – Cold – Formed

Figure. Cold – formed steel sections

 Single open section

 Open built – up
 Closed built – up

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Steel Sections – Cold – Formed

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Typical Applications of cold-formed steel section

Partitions Framing

Floor system

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End of Presentation

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