CARPENTRY -wood/lumber
•pipe
TYPES OF WOOD ⁃ conifers -
softwood ⁃ deciduous -
hardwood ⁃ has finishing quality
- select grade ⁃ rough - common
grade stages of wood
preparation
>growing>harvesting>operating
>seasoning ⁃ silviculture ⁃
logging - skidding,bucking ⁃
lumbering - for commercial
purposes Planing ⁃ jointer -
surface planing machine ⁃ S2S -
⁃ S3S - s2s first then one edge is
ripped straight ⁃ S4S - surface
on 4 sides Wood seasoning ⁃
process of drying the wood
•Natural seasoning ⁃ air
seasoning •artificial seasoning ⁃
forced ⁃ “kiln dried” ⁃ treated
Lumber defects •split /check ⁃
lengthwise crack along the grain
•knot ⁃ branch is exposed when
log is cut •pitch pocket ⁃
internal cavity that contains
resinous material (usually
attracts ants) •stain ⁃
discolouration •shake ⁃
separation between the annual
growth rings Parts of wood ⁃
bark ⁃ cambium ⁃ sapwood ⁃
heartwood ⁃ pith Lumber grains
• straight grains - parallel with
the sides and edges of board. •
flat grains “tangential grain-
perpendicular to the trees
growth lines. • edge grains
“vertical grain ⁃ rings form
angles of 45 to 90 degree with
the widest daces. • close grain ⁃
tight or close, small and grain
marking are fine. Unit of
measurement of wood ⁃ board
foot - Bd. ft =T”W”L’ divided by
12 Wood joints •butt joint ⁃
simplest type of joints •miter
joint ⁃ 45 degree or picture
frame •dovetail joint ⁃ “may
kaltas” •mortise and tenon ⁃
force-fitting •dado joints ⁃ use
for bookshelf •bridle joints ⁃
bench •rabbet joint Kinds of
Saws •rip saws ⁃ for cutting
along the grain •crosscut saws ⁃
cut across the grain •2-man saw
⁃ for cutting timbers •back saw
⁃ for precise cut •keyholes saw
⁃ cutting circles •coping saw ⁃
cutting irregular shapes
Conversion of unit 1 yard - 3 ft 1
ft - 12 inches 1 inches-2.54cm
PLUMBING ⁃ science of
installing pipes and fixtures ⁃
originates in ROME Plumbum ⁃
lead - metal used by romans in
plumbing materials Plumbarius
⁃ person skilled in the field of
sanitation Plumbing law ⁃ R.A.
1378 Basic terms •rough-in ⁃
installation of all parts of
plumbing system •liquid waste ⁃
any waste not coming from the
water closet •solid waste ⁃
waste from the water closet
•waste pipe ⁃ convey waste
from various fixture aside from
the water closet •soil pipe ⁃
conveys water from the water
closet •grade ⁃ slope or fall of
soil pipe “2% per meter or
2cm/1meter” •potable ⁃ water
that is safe for drinking and
cooking. •clean-out ⁃ access for
cleaning clogged lines. •sewer ⁃
underground tunnel which
carries wastes from house.
•septic ⁃ receptacle/vault which
collects organic matter.
fittings ⁃ used to connect pipe
to another pipes and fixture. *P-
trap - to seal a liquid/prevent air
from coming back to the fixture.
*plug - insert at the end of the
female adapter/tube end the
flow of water. *cap - insert at
the end of the male
adapter/tube to end the flow of
water. *reducer - used to
connect smaller pipe from a
larger pipe. •fixtures ⁃ any fixed
item such as lavatories and
water closet. Plumbing valves
•gate valves ⁃ permit/prevent
the water to flow •check valve ⁃
allows the water yo flow only in
one direction •inlet valve ⁃
controls the pressure of water
•float valve ⁃ used in water
tanks to control overflow of
water. Minimum safe distance
from drilling source of potable
water house-> 15m septic tank
house-> 45m Plumbing tools
•pipe wrench ⁃ to tight and
loosen pipes •adjustable wrench
- •pipe cutter ⁃ cutting pipes
•pipe threader ⁃ to thread the
pipe •tube bender ⁃ to bend the
pipe •4way faucet wrench
•plunger
ENTREPRENEURSHIP -ability
of individual to innovative new
business prospects and deliver
goods/services at a right time,
right people, right place and at a
right price. Conceptual age •I -
innovative “doing new things” •C
-creative “thinking new thing” •E -
emphatic “put yourself on other
shoes” Entrepreneurial traits •R -
resourcefulness ⁃ ability to find
ways and means to fulfil needs
that are missing •I -innovation ⁃
“original ways of selling and
presenting product/service to
customer”. ⁃ key ingredient to
entrepreneurship. •C - committed
⁃ dedicate time to achieve goals.
•C - creative ⁃ has unique idea in
modifying and thinking new
ways. •A - adaptive ⁃ can easily
adjust to sudden changes. •G -
good communicator ⁃ important
to entrepreneur. •P - prodence ⁃
“question every move you make
so as to avoid any serious
problems”. •A - ambition ⁃
turning daydreams into reality. •P
- perseverance ⁃ “ability to
withstand the troubles that come
with starting a business “. •E -
enthusiasm ⁃ “has positive
outlook giving entrepreneur the
energy to pursue his endeavour”.
Product life cycle 1.introductory
“launch” 2.growth “sales
increased “ 3.maturity “relaunch”
4.decline “exit and defeated”
Marketing functions •exchange
function -buying - sailing - pricing
•physical function -packaging -
storage - transporting •facilitating
functions -creation of supply and
demand
BUSINESS MATH Financial
statements •balance sheet ⁃
assets, liabilities and owners
equity *asset -current “cash” -
long term “land” -tangible
“account receivables “ -intangible
“franchise” *liabilities -account
payables -notes payable -
mortgage payable -unearned
revenue/income -salaries
payables “peoples salary” -
utilities payables “bills” -accrued
liabilities “wala pay g.hatag nah
bayad” Income statements
•PREWEL -profit, revenues,
earning power, worth, expenses,
loss Principle of debit and credit
•debit -what you received?
•credit -what you gave? debit
credit asset liabilities
proprietorship decrease
proprietorship increases -owners
withdrawal -investment -
expenses increase -capital
increases expenses liabilities
asset income drawings capital
DRAFTING S- standard in a
workplace •5S approaches from
japan Seiri- sor seiton- set and
order seiso- shine seiketsu-
standardized sitsuke- sustain T-
terminologies A- Application T-
tools DRAFTING ⁃ a process of
making quick and accurate
delineation. Writing ⁃ letters ⁃
lettering styles ⁃ guidelines Draw
⁃ perspectives ⁃ projections ⁃
alphabet of lines Drafting
development lettering box ⁃
letters are trace using technical
pen drafting ⁃ triangles and t-
square are used computer aided
designing ⁃ technology program
Drafting concept •freehand
drawing ⁃ paper and pencil only
“sketching” •orthographic
projection ⁃ exact representation
of an object “3-view projection”
•isometric drawing ⁃ equal
measures “3 dimensional” ⁃ use
30 degree angles ⁃ uses box
method •oblique drawing ⁃ uses
45 degree angles ⁃ cavalier -
depth is true or same
measurement ⁃ cabinet - dept is
1/2 measurement •perspective
drawing ⁃ has vanishing point
•geometric construction ⁃
involves manipulation of
“geometric elements”
ALPHABET OF LINES ⁃
standardized multiple line
weights used to emphasize /
deemphasize ⁃ it is used for
uniform interpretation of
blueprints •border lines ⁃ darker
lines •dimension line ⁃ dark solid
line of an object ⁃ measurement
of an object *location - size,
parts and shapes *overall -
length,width and height 3 views -
front,side and top view
•extension line ⁃ light lines which
limits the dimension •leading line
⁃ line with an arrow iron the
dimension value •hidden/invisible
line ⁃ lines which indicate
invisible parts of an object
•center lines ⁃ consist of long
and short lines •limiting line ⁃
limit elongated objects PENCIL -
HB - lettering -2H - general
works -4H - construction works
Guidelines line ⁃ cap line ⁃ waist
line ⁃ base line ⁃ drop lone
LETTERING STYLES •gothic-
•italic - inclined lines •roman -
thick and thin elements •text or
old english- use in college
diploma •script - used in wedding
invitations and greetings. Normal
- used when space is adequate
extending -used when space is
wide compressed -used when
space is narrow
COSMETOLOGY -the cosmetic
treatment of the skin, hair, and
nails. Onxy -study of Nails •oval
shape -long nails •round -short
nails •almond -small nails
Hairstyles •petal -stimulate a
flower •french twist -winding the
main portion of hair from around
its midpoint •chignon -simple to
style •laced-up and elegant -
perfect for long and nearly finish-
up style step for plain facial
1.prepare all materials needed
and patron 2.remove make.up
3.apply cleanser the remove
4.analyze the skin 5.apply
massage creams the massage
the face 6.apply toxic solution
(astringent,emollient) Corrective
make-up -used to achieve
balanced appearance •highlight -
applying lighter shade of
foundation •shadow/shading -
applying darker shade of
foundation kind of make-up •day
-simple and light, appropriate for
business interview •evening -
ideal when attending a
party/where lights are dimmed
•photographic -special effect on
camera (ex. wedding) •theatrical
-disguised persons actual
appearance (theatrical shows)
Remedy for bulging eyes
1.extend the eye make-up
upward 2.extend eyeliner at the
eyelid 3.use darker shade to
hide the prominent eyelid 4.do
not use frosted eyeshadow
MASONRY -art of building a
structure in either stones or
bricks masonry basics •concrete
⁃ cement ⁃ sand ⁃ gravel ⁃ water
•mortar - for finishing ⁃ cement ⁃
sand ⁃ water •grout - for finishing
⁃ cement ⁃ water •CHB ⁃
commonly used material in
masonry •plastering ⁃ grout and
mortar •cement ⁃ bonding agent
->Portland ⁃ curing period up to
24hrs for road construction -
>pozzolan ⁃ curing period up to
72hours ->white ⁃ become
obsolete •admixtures ⁃ additive
to improve the durability,
consistency and strength
•aggregates ⁃ material bound
together conglomerated mass
•architraves ⁃ mold or forms
which are used for decorative
purposes installed around doors
and windows. Masonry tools
1.roughing-up tools ⁃ used for
preparing arranging, forming,
laying the shaping of hicks.
•mason hammer ⁃ for driving and
pulling out nails •brick hammer ⁃
for dressing and cutting
bricks/stones •Crandall ⁃ for
dressing and concrete 2.surface
finishing tools •float ⁃ make
textured surface on
cement/plaster. •trowel ⁃ smooth
finish on concrete surface in final
stage of plastering.
3.miscellaneous tools •spade ⁃
for concrete mixing and
plastering •mixing board (hawk)
⁃ for holding/mixing mortar for
block laying and plastering
concrete mixing proportions
class-cement-sand-gravel AA-1-
1 1/2-3 A-1-2-4 B-1-2 1/2-5 C- 1-
3-6 mortar mixing class-cement-
sand A-1-2 B-1-3 C-1-4 D-1-5
concrete = TxLxW divided by 12
1.gravel= 95% of concrete
2.sand= cu.ft. of gravel divided
by 2 3.cement= cu.ft. of gravel
divided by according to class
Computing CHB philippine
standard size of CHB -20cm by
40cm People involve in masonry
works •architects ⁃ designers
•engineer ⁃ implementers of
design *consultant - office works
*contractor - on-site engineers ⁃
both ensures project complies
legal requirements •foreman ⁃
recruit, train and supervise
workers Curing period (building
code of the phils) ⁃ for at least
7days of curing Laying out tools
•plumb bob ⁃ check the vertical
alignment of structures •level
hose ⁃ check the horizontal and
vertical alignment of structures
•stakes ⁃ nail-like permits easy
nailing to form and braces •batter
board ⁃ wooden frameworks
used to suspend layout strings
for foundation FORMs ⁃ the
structure that holds the poured
concrete until it hardens to form
the concrete beam or post
Arrangements of bricks •
stretcher bond • header bond •
english bond • flemish bond Roof
frames • rafters • truss • purlins
Personal protective equipment
(PPE) • hard hat • safety jacket •
safety harness • safety shoes •
googles
ELECTRICITY renewable
source -bio mass energy -solar
energy -hydropower -geothermal
-wind power -nuclear power -
coal energy Types of electricity
•static - •dynamic -electricity in
motion electrical quality •current
-amount of flow of electrons -
ampere(A) -andre marie ampere
•voltage -amount of pressure
which pushes electrons to flow -
volts (V) -alessadro volta
•resistance -amount of
oppositions -ohm -George
simoun ohm *OHMs law -current
is directly proportional to voltage
and inversely proportional to
resistance. E=IxR R=E/I I=E/R
•power -amount of electrical
consumption -watt -James watts
horsepower: 1hr=746 watts
Types of circuits •series -loads
are connected “end to end”
R1=R1+R2+R3 -produce less
light (ex. Christmas lights)
•parallel -multiple pathway -loads
are connected “side by side” -ex.
street lights Types of current
•direct current -electrons flow in
one direction •alternating current
-electrons move alternately
through the sine wave Circuit
condition -open -close -short -
principles on wire resistance -
“big and short wires have low
resistance “ -“small and long
wires hare greater resistance”
Electrical materials •circuit
breaker -trips or breaks the
circuit during overload and short
circuit. •fuse -melts during
overload and short circuit
•junction box -“protected box” to
protect the wire •pull box -
facilitate the pulling in of wires or
cables •weatherproof socket -
used for outdoor or wet location
wiring installation •switches
•conductors -electrons are free
to move about *silver - best
conductor of electricity *copper -
commonly used in electrical
wiring installation conduits -“any
tube or trough for protecting
electric wiring”. •electric metallic
tubing -thin wall metallic raceway
•flexible metal conduit -
“greenfield” •flexible non-metallic
conduits •offset bending -two
equal bends in opposite
directions. Electrical (flow plans)
-floor plan -location -wiring plan
Electrical symbols -ammeter -
voltmeter -ohmmeter -cell - one
vertical -battery - 2or more
vertical -microphone -
loudspeaker blessings:
•photovoltaic system -a solar
collector capable o producing
voltage •photoelectric effect -
extraction of electrons from a
substance by sunlight on
incident electromagnetic
radiation •bigger size of wire has
lower resistance -which
statement is true •BX cable -
armoured cable is commercially
solid mass of insulation •duplex -
two conductors ombedded in
one solid mass •weatherproof -
type o socket used for
outdoor/wet location •2m -
smallest size of wire permitted
by electrical code to be used in
wiring installation •8mm -service
entrance should not smaller than
ELECTRONICS ⁃ study to flow
and control of electrons,
behaviour, and effects in
vacuum, gases and
semiconductors. •Resistors ⁃
opposes and limits the flow of
electric current •Capacitor ⁃
stores electrical charges ⁃ Ewald
von Kleist •diode ⁃ directs flow of
current in one direction
•transistor ⁃ regulates current or
voltage flow and acts as a switch
or gate for electronic signals.
PNP- negative - inward NPN-
positive - outward Blessing:
FOOD NUTRITION AND
DIETETIC terms •paring ⁃
cutting off outside covering
•peeling ⁃ stripping off the
outside covering •scoring ⁃ light
cuts to meat •dice ⁃ cutting into
cubes •mince ⁃ chopping into
pieces •julienne ⁃ cut into long
thin strips similar to matchsticks
•skimming ⁃ removing floating
layer •poaching ⁃ egg dropped
yo boiling water •blanching ⁃ hot
water to cold water •sauté ⁃
frying to small amount of oil •toss
⁃ tumbling ingredients “lifting
motion” •flake ⁃ pulling apart the
food •docking ⁃ making small
holes in bottom and sides of pies
using fork •marinate ⁃ letting
food stand in a marinade
•caramelize ⁃ heating sugar
•entree ⁃ meal serve before the
main course •entremet ⁃ meal
served after the main course
•garnish ⁃ decorative touches
added to dish •mirepoix ⁃
mixture of rough cut vegetables
•mise en place ⁃ put everything
in place before cooking •al dente
⁃ firm yet to tender to bite •taw
d’hote menu ⁃ set of dishes sold
at a single price Nutrients
•carbohydrates ⁃ commonly
called sugars and serve as fuel
and energy to the body *fructose
⁃ ripe fruits *lactose ⁃ milk
•protein ⁃ repair body tissues
*gluten ⁃ wheat and cereals
*albumin ⁃ fruits and veggies
*casein ⁃ milk and dairy products
•Fats ⁃ give warm/“longer
staying power” for the body
•Vitamins ⁃ it regulates body
processes *fat soluble -A - vision
-D - bones and teeth
development -E - anemia
prevention -K - proper
coagulation of blood *water-
soluble -C - ascorbic acid
(healing of wounds) -B1 -
thiamine (good appetite) -B2 -
riboflavin (health of skin, tongue
and mouth DEFICIENCIES •vit C
⁃ scurvy, bleeding of gums
•protein ⁃ kwashiorkor
•carbohydrates ⁃ marasmus •vit
B ⁃ beri beri •vit. A ⁃
xerophthalmia/ night blindness
•vit. D ⁃ rickets and osteomalacia
(bone pain) •vit. E ⁃ anemia •vit.
K ⁃ haemorrhage Food-borne
disease •botulism ⁃ improper
canning, toxins poisoning to your
body nerves which make one
weak •trichinosis ⁃ larvae
present in animal tissue
(diarrheas) •typhoid fever ⁃
contaminated milk and water
•staphylococcus ⁃ from wounds
of workers •salmonella ⁃ from
undercooked or raw egg/poultry
products Flour ⁃ major ingredient
which provides structure, color,
texture and flavour of baked
products. gluten content •bread -
12-14% •AP flour - 10-11%
•pastry flour - 9-10% •cake flour -
7-9% Food service •russian ⁃
food is served sequentially
•french ⁃ food is presented to the
dinner using trolley called
“gueridon” •buffet ⁃ “most
practical” when space is limited
and fewer servers Poultry
slaughtering stages ⁃
slaughtering ⁃ scalding ⁃
defeathering ⁃ evisceration
Conversion of units 1 cup =
48tsp 10z = 28.35 grams 1 dash
= 2 pinch = 4 smidgen 1 gram of
fat = 36 kj or 9 Kcal 1 gran of
carbz = 17 kj or 4 kcal