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MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMERS
Done at
Load Block Step-down Sub-Station (LBSS) - 1,
VISAKHAPATNAM STEEL PLANT
BY
VEPAKOMMA SASANKA
ERANKI AJAY SRIVATSAV
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BITS PILANI HYDERABAD CAMPUS,
HYDERABAD.
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CERTIFICATE
RASHTRIYA ISPAT NIGAM LIMITED
VIZAG STEEL PLANT (VSP), VISHAKAPATNAM
DEPARTMENT
OF
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
S.K.MUKHARJEE
Asst. General MANAGER (DNW),
Distribution Network Dept,
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant,
Visakhapatnam.
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ABSTRACT
Presented by:
TIRUKOTI SANDEEP
DUGGAPU SREEDEEPU
SAI CHARAN MERUPULA
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INDEX
1. Introduction of VSP
2. Individual Department functions
3. Electrical Transmission & Distribution
4. Power flow in VSP
5. Power Distribution Equipment
6. Latest trends in MRS
7. Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant under Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited is the first
coastal base steel plant of India. It is continuously growing company by
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In upcoming years the VSP is going to attain 16 million ton liquid steel
capacity through technological up-gradation, operational efficiency and
expansion augmentation of raw materials; to produce steel at international
standards of cost and quality and to meet the aspirations of the stakeholders,
VSP has the following major production units with modern technologies:
RMHP (Raw Material Handling Plant) – Selective crushing of coal.
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VSP produces angles, channels, bars, wire rods and billets for rerolling.
The plant also provide pig iron around 1.44 million tonnes per annum of
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granulated slag, besides normal by products from the coke oven and coke
chemical plant.
Miscellaneous
Products granulate BF slag, Calcined lime fines
Fly ash, Liquid argon, Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Nitrogen, Boiler coal dust
SMS slag
Objectives of DNW
Operate, inspect & maintain EHT & HT equipment of
1. MRS
2. LBSS 1
3. LBSS 2
4. LBSS 3
5. LBSS 4
6. LBSS 5
7. LBSS 6
8. LBSS 7
9. Relay testing group
Maintain all HT equipment of other sub stations,
Analyze the breakdowns and take necessary corrective and
preventive steps to avoid recurrence.
Co-ordinate with APTransco / APEPDCL and TPP.
A -Bay - Township
7 .TOWN-SHIP SUBSTATIONS:
VSP town ship having six number of incoming feeders TS1,TS2,TS3,TS4 ,TS5
& TS6 from CPRS and feeding to township area.
9. 33,11,6.6KV HT cables
d) D.C.Distribution Board
e) Battery Banks.
f) Battery Chargers.
Equipment in MRS:
Transmission lines
Control cables
Circuit breakers
Isolators
Lightening arresters
Bus bars
Relays
Current transformer
Potential transformer
Power transformer
Transmission lines:
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PIC TR tower
Cables:
Cables for power distribution of 10kV or higher may be insulated with oil and
paper, and are run in a rigid steel pipe, semi-rigid aluminium or lead sheath.
For higher voltages the oil may be kept under pressure to prevent formation of
voids that would allow partial discharges within the cable insulation.
Circuit breaker:
The classification of circuit breakers is done with the help of medium
used for arc extinction. The mediums used are usually oil, air, sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) or vacuum. Classification of circuit breakers:
Each type of circuit breaker has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
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o It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases which have
excellent cooling properties.
o It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live
conductors and earthed components.
o The surrounding oil presents cooling surface in close proximity to the arc.
Disadvantages:
In such circuit breakers, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc
quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong
tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a
high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them. The
conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form
relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc
quickly builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc. The SF6
circuit breakers have been found to be very effective for high power and high
voltage service.
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In such breakers, vacuum (degree of vacuum being in the range from 10^-7 to
10^-5) is used as the arc quenching medium. Since vacuum offers the highest
insulating strength, it has far superior arc quenching properties than any other
medium.
MAKE : SIEMENS
TYPE : 3AP1F1
RATED LINE-CHARGING
WEIGHT INCLUDING
Isolators:
In electrical engineering, a disconnector or isolator switch is used to
make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service
or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and
industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power
removed for adjustment or repair.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of
dealing with small charging currents of bus bars and connections. The design of
isolators is closely related to the design of substations.
220KV ISOLATOR
MAKE : SIEMENS
TYPE : DBR
VOLTAGE : 245KV
FREQUENCY : 50HZ
CURRENT : 2500A
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STC : 40 KA/3SEC
Relay:
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented
by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of
higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered, in a broad sense, to
be a form of an electrical amplifier.
Operation:
When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field
attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The
movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the
current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force
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If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which
would otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit
components. Some automotive relays already include that diode inside the
relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor
and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be
energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the
solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which
increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.
By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device,
a solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device.
To achieve electrical isolation an opt coupler can be used which is a light-
emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.
TYPES OF RELAYS:
Buchholz relay:
A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of
gas in large oil-filled transformers, which will alarm on slow accumulation of
gas or shut down the transformer if gas is produced rapidly in the transformer
oil.
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Protective relay:
Lightening arrestors:
The earthing screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical
system against direct lightning strokes but they fail to provide protection
against travelling waves which may reach the terminal apparatus. The
lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such surges. A
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(i) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts
no current to earth or the gap is non-conducting.
(ii) On the occurrence of overvoltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks
down and an arc is formed, providing a low resistance path for the surge
to the ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is
harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent
back over the line.
differ only in constructional details but operate on the same principle viz.
providing low resistance path for the surges to the ground
MCOV : 168.3 KV
Frequency : 50 Hz
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CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Central to all of the AC power transducers is the measurement of
current. This is accomplished using a current transformer (CT), a "donut"
shaped device through which is threaded the wire whose current is to be
measured. A current transformer is a type of "instrument transformer" that is
designed to provide a current in its secondary which is accurately proportional
to the current flowing in its primary. Current transformers are designed to
produce either an alternating current or alternating voltage proportional to the
current being measured. The current transformers used with the Watt node
transducers produce a 333 mV alternating voltage when the rated current is
measured (either 30A, or 50A). The OSI power transducers employ CT's that
produce 5V output at rated value.
Current transformers measure power flow and provide electrical
inputs to power transformers and instruments. Current transformers produce
either an alternating current or alternating voltage that is proportional to the
measured current. There are two basic types of current transformers: wound
and toroidal. Wound current transformers consist of an integral primary
winding that is inserted in series with the conductor that carries the measured
current. Toroidal or donut-shaped current transformers do not contain a
primary winding. Instead, the wire that carries the current is threaded through
a window in the toroidal transformer. Current transformers have many
performance specifications, including primary current, secondary current,
insulation voltage, accuracy, and burden. Primary current, the load of the
current transformer, is the measured current. Secondary current is the range of
current outputs. Insulation voltage represents the maximum insulation that
current transformers provide when connected to a power source. Accuracy is
the degree of certainty with which the measured current agrees with the ideal
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value. Burden is the maximum load that devices can support while operating
within their accuracy ratings. Typically, burden is expressed in volt-amperes
(VA), the product of the voltage applied to a circuit and the current. There are a
variety of applications for current transformers. Some devices are used to
measure current in electronics equipment or motors. Others are used in street
lighting. Current transformers with small footprints mount on printed circuit
boards (PCBs) and are used to sense current overloads, detect ground faults,
and isolate current feedback signals.
standards. Generally, ANSI class devices are intended for power monitoring
applications where high accuracy and minimum phase angle are required.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS :
MAKE : BHEL
TYPE : NPOVLVZ
FREQUENCY : 50HZ
MASS : 1160KG
HIGH SYSTEM VOLTAGE : 245KV
SHORT TIME CUURRENT : 40KA/35
RATED CURRENT : 200A
RATED COTINUOUS THERMAL CURRENT : 20%
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
Voltage transformers (VT) or potential transformers (PT) are
another type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in
high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply
being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down
high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be operated
at a lower potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated
for 69 V or 120 V at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of
protective relays.
The transformer winding high-voltage connection points are typically
labelled as H1, H2 (sometimes H0 if it is internally grounded) and X 1, X2 and
sometimes an X3 tap may be present. Sometimes a second isolated winding (Y 1,
Y2, Y3) may also be available on the same voltage transformer. The high side
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(primary) may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The low side
(secondary) is usually phase to ground.
The terminal identifications (H1, X1, Y1, etc.) are often referred to as
polarity. This applies to current transformers as well. At any instant terminals
with the same suffix numeral have the same polarity and phase. Correct
identification of terminals and wiring is essential for proper operation of
metering and protective relays.
Some meters operate directly on the secondary service voltages at or
below 600 V. VTs are typically used for higher voltages (for example, 765 kV for
power transmission) , or where isolation is desired between the meter and the
measured circuit. The primary terminals can be connected either in line-to-line
or in line-to-neutral configuration. Fused transformer models are designated by
a suffix of "F" for one fuse or "FF" for two fuses.
A Potential Transformer is a special type of transformer that allows
meters to take readings from electrical service connections with higher voltage
(potential) than the meter is normally capable of handling without at potential
transformer.
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Earth switch:
MAKE : SIEMENS
TYPE : DBR
VOLTAGE : 245KV
BIL : 1050KV
SWITCHING [KV] : NA
P1 : 460KV
UNIT NO : NA
FREQUENCY : 50HZ
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CURRENT : NA
MOTOR VOLTAGE : AC
Control supply is required for operation of Circuit Breakers at Indoor & Out
door yards , Isolators, operation of Protection Relays , fault annunciation and
indication panels . HT CBs are required to operate on normal closing and
trippings , on system fault trippings without any fail.
All protective relays are to be available always for service and especially
in any critical situations .When ever power failure occurs it is required to
operate Incomer CBs for restoration power to down stream system and other
CBS as per system configuration. If the control voltage is A.C. it is not possible
to operate the CBs and check the protection circuit if faults exists in system.
Battery Banks are reliable equipment and less maintenance as control supply
for system requirement.
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CONCLUSION:
This report provides the basic information regarding the
electrical power distribution in the VSP. It also provides information regarding
the protection of the electrical equipment used in electrical power distribution.
This report introduces us to the state of art technology employed in electrical
power distribution in VSP. This report also gives an insight of the safe
transmission of power with the use of different types of relays and the
distribution of power for different purposes without any interruption.
The MRS is being expanded in this regard so that it can effectively serve the
purpose of distributing increased power requirement which will result with the
addition of new units which will be added as part of expansion mode.
With all these and many more developments taking place in VSP, the
scope to learn more about the electrical power distribution and
implementation of advanced technology in the electrical power distribution
will be increased in the near future.