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MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMERS

Done at
Load Block Step-down Sub-Station (LBSS) - 1,
VISAKHAPATNAM STEEL PLANT

A STUDY PROJECT WORK

BY

VEPAKOMMA SASANKA
ERANKI AJAY SRIVATSAV

Under the Guidance of


Dr.S.K.Mukherjee,
Asst. General Manager (DNW)

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BITS PILANI HYDERABAD CAMPUS,
HYDERABAD.
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CERTIFICATE
RASHTRIYA ISPAT NIGAM LIMITED
VIZAG STEEL PLANT (VSP), VISHAKAPATNAM

DEPARTMENT
OF
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

This is to certify that the main project entitled “ MAINTENANCE OF


TRANSFORMERS” is a bona-fide work carried out at VISAKHAPATNAM STEEL
PLANT by Mr.VEPAKOMMA SASANKA AND Mr.AJAY SRIVASTAV ERANKI pursuing
B.E.(Hons.) Second year in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING from
BITS PILANI HYDERABAD CAMPUS is a record carried out by them under my
guidance and supervision.

S.K.MUKHARJEE
Asst. General MANAGER (DNW),
Distribution Network Dept,
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant,
Visakhapatnam.
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ABSTRACT

The prime requirement of every industry is the availability of


electrical power supply. To obtain the electric power supply first and the
foremost thing is that power has to be generated later it must be transmitted
and then distributed. The electric power supplied is not only limited to
industries but it is also very essential for domestic purposes also. This can be
done by proper utility of resources and generating power and then transmitting
and distributing power efficiently. To obtain efficient and fault free system
protection is essential.

Power system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals


with the protection of electrical power systems/equipment from faults through
the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network. The
objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by
isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of
the network as possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply
a very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. For this
reason, the technology and philosophies utilized in protection schemes can
often be old and well-established because they must be very reliable.

Presented by:

TIRUKOTI SANDEEP
DUGGAPU SREEDEEPU
SAI CHARAN MERUPULA
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INDEX

1. Introduction of VSP
2. Individual Department functions
3. Electrical Transmission & Distribution
4. Power flow in VSP
5. Power Distribution Equipment
6. Latest trends in MRS
7. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant under Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited is the first
coastal base steel plant of India. It is continuously growing company by
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producing steel at international standards as well as through strategic


diversification of production services. It is the most sophisticated and modern
integrated steel plant in the country.

Bestowed with modern technologies, Visakhapatnam steel plant has an


installed capacity of 3 million to ton per annum of liquid steel and 2.656 million
ton of saleable steel at VSP there is emphasis on total automation, seamless
products to meet stringent demands of discerning customers within India and
abroad.

Visakhapatnam steel plant products meet exalting international quality


standards such as JIS, DIN, BIS, BS etc. Visakhapatnam steel plant has the
distinction to be the first integrated steel plant in India to become fully ISO-
9001 certified company.

In upcoming years the VSP is going to attain 16 million ton liquid steel
capacity through technological up-gradation, operational efficiency and
expansion augmentation of raw materials; to produce steel at international
standards of cost and quality and to meet the aspirations of the stakeholders,

 VIZAG STEEL PLANT HAS BEEN CONFERRED NAVRATNA STATUS ON


17 NOVEMBER 2010
Objective -
 Stabilize 6.3 Mtpa expansion by 2012-13 with the mission to
expand further in subsequent phases.

MAJOR PRODUCTION UNITS

VSP has the following major production units with modern technologies:
 RMHP (Raw Material Handling Plant) – Selective crushing of coal.
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 Coke ovens – 7m tall batteries and dry quenching of coke.


 Sinter plant – on ground blending of sinter base mix.
 3200 cu.m Blast furnace – 1. Conveyor charging and bell less top.
2. Cast house slag granulation.

 Steel Melt Shop – 100% continuous casting of liquid steel.


 Rolling Mills – High speed rolling
 Thermal power plant – 4 turbo generators of total 247.5 MW production.

Apart from above generation 2 X 12 MW through gas expansion turbine


Utilizing BF gas and 2 X 7.5 MW generation through Back pressure Turbine
utilizing coke oven gas.
Other than above major production units there are many supporting
departments for steel production. Some of them are mentioned below and
their role.

DNW – Power Distribution for units of VSP


WMD – To meet water requirement
CRMP – Refractory needs
Traffic – Movements of products, hot metal through railway.
Engg. Shops – Spare parts manufacturing of VSP machinery.
Telecom – Communications.
Utilities Dept., - Compressed air, oxygen, nitrogen supply.
PRODUCTS:

VSP produces angles, channels, bars, wire rods and billets for rerolling.
The plant also provide pig iron around 1.44 million tonnes per annum of
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granulated slag, besides normal by products from the coke oven and coke
chemical plant.

VSP PRODUCTS RANGE is given below:


Pig Iron Low Silicon basic grage
Steel products
Semis Blooms 320 x 250 mm
250 x 250 mm
125 x 125 mm
75 x 75 mm
65 x 65 mm
Structural equal angles 50 x 50 – 110 x 110 mm
Channels 75 x 40 – 150 x 75 mm
Beams (IPL) 175 x 85 mm
Bars and rounds round (plain) 16 - 80 mm
Rebar’s 8 - 36 mm
Wire rods (plain) 5.5 – 13.0 mm
Byproducts
Fertilizer ‘pushkala’ brand
Ammonium sulphate
Coke fractions nut coke (15-25 mm)
Coke dust (coke breeze)

Coal chemicals &


Tar products Coal tar pitch (soft)
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Coal tar pitch (hard)


Anthracene oil
HP Naphthalene
Pitch creosote mixture
Coal tar wash oil
Phenol fractions
Benzol products Coprolactum grade Benzene
NG toluene/ IG toluene
Light solvent naphtha (LSN)

Miscellaneous
Products granulate BF slag, Calcined lime fines
Fly ash, Liquid argon, Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Nitrogen, Boiler coal dust
SMS slag

Electrical Power Transmission & Distribution system


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Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery (before retail) of


electricity to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity from
the transmission system and delivers it to consumers.
The electricity first gets generated at 11kv level and then goes to a
transformer at the power plant that boosts the voltage up to 400,000 volts for
distribution through extra-high voltage (EHV) transmission lines. When
electricity travels long distances it is better to have it at higher voltages since
the electricity can be transferred more efficiently at high voltages. High voltage
transmission lines carry electricity long distances to a substation. At
transmission substations a reduction in voltage occurs for distribution to other
points in the system through high voltage (HV) transmission lines. Further
voltage reductions for commercial and residential customers take place at
distribution substations, which connect to the primary distribution network.
Utility transmission and distribution systems [T&D] systems link electric
generators with end users through a network of power lines and associated
components. In the United States typically the transmission portion of the
system is designated as operating at 69 kilovolts (kV) and above, while the
distribution portion operates between 110 volts and 35 kV. A further distinction
is often made between primary distribution (voltages between 2.4 and 35 kV)
and secondary distribution (110 to 600 volt) systems. Industrial and
commercial customers with large power demands often receive service directly
from the primary distribution system.
Distribution transformers are one of the most widely used elements in
the electric distribution system. They convert electricity from the high voltage
levels in utility transmission systems to voltages that can safely be used in
businesses and homes. Distribution transformers are either mounted on an
overhead pole or on a concrete pad. Most commercial and industrial buildings
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require several low-voltage transformers to decrease the voltage of electricity


received from the utility to the levels used to power lights, computers, motors
and other electric-operated equipment.
Electric power transmission or "high voltage electric transmission" is the
bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations
located near to population centres. This is distinct from the local wiring
between high voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to
as electricity distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each
other, become high voltage transmission networks. Historically, transmission
and distribution lines were owned by the same company, but over the last
decade or so many countries have liberalized the electricity market in ways that
have led to the separation of the electricity transmission business from the
distribution business.
Transmission lines mostly use three-phase alternating current (AC),
although single phase AC is sometimes used in railway electrification systems.
High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology is used only for very long
distances (typically greater than 400 miles, or 600 km); submarine power
cables (typically longer than 30 miles, or 50 km); or for connecting two AC
networks that are not synchronized/at different frequencies.
Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce the
energy lost in long distance transmission. Power is usually transmitted through
overhead power lines. Underground power transmission has a significantly
higher cost and greater operational limitations but is sometimes used in urban
areas or sensitive locations.
Power distribution systems are a very important part of electrical power
systems. In order to transfer electrical power from an alternating current (AC)
or a direct current (DC) source to the destination where it will be used, some
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type of distribution network must be utilized. The method used to distribute


power from where it is used i.e electrical power from the power plant to
industries, homes, and commercial buildings. Distribution systems usually
employ such equipment as transformers, circuit breakers, and protective
devices.
The transmission of electrical power requires many long, interconnected
power lines, to carry the electrical current from where it is produced to where
it is used. However, overhead power transmission lines require much planning
to ensure the best use of our land. The location of overhead transmission lines
is limited by zoning laws and by populated areas, highways, railroads, and
waterways, as well as other topographical and environmental factors. Today, an
increased importance is being placed upon environmental and aesthetic
factors. Power transmission lines ordinarily operate at voltage levels of
132kV,220kV & 400 kV of AC. Common distribution voltages are in the range of
11kv to 33kV of AC. High voltage direct current overhead transmission lines
may become economical, although they are not being used extensively at the
present time. Another option is ultra high-voltage transmission lines, which use
higher AC transmission voltages. Also, underground transmission methods for
urban and suburban areas must be considered, since the right-of way for
overhead transmission lines is limited. AC overhead transmission voltages have
increased to levels in the range of 765 kV, with research now dealing with
voltages of over 1000 kV. One advantage of overhead cables is their ability to
dissipate heat. The use of cryogenic cable may bring about a solution to heat
dissipation problems in conductors.

Distribution network (DNW) in VSP


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Distribution network (DNW) Department deals with receipt,


transmission of electrical power at Extra High Voltage (EHV) 220 KV level,
distribution of High Tension (HT) power at 33 KV, 11 KV and 6.6 KV level.
Operation and maintenance of power handling equipment at 220 KV and
maintenance of equipment at 33 KV, 11 KV and 6.6 KV (except for shop HVMCC
& contractors) is carried out by the department. Operation of shop HT
equipment and operation & maintenance of shop LT power distribution
equipment are in the scope of respective shops.
DNW department also coordinates with AP Transco & APEPDCL for export and
import of power respectively.

 Objectives of DNW
 Operate, inspect & maintain EHT & HT equipment of
1. MRS
2. LBSS 1
3. LBSS 2
4. LBSS 3
5. LBSS 4
6. LBSS 5
7. LBSS 6
8. LBSS 7
9. Relay testing group
 Maintain all HT equipment of other sub stations,
 Analyze the breakdowns and take necessary corrective and
preventive steps to avoid recurrence.
 Co-ordinate with APTransco / APEPDCL and TPP.

 Power requirement in VSP: 240MW(at present)


 Power generated in TPP:
1. 3 generators each 60 MW
2. 1 generator of 67.5MW
3. 2 BPTG (back pressure turbo generator) each 7.5MW
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4. 2 GETS (gas expansion turbo station) each 12 MW.


The total power generated is 286.5 MW...

POWER FLOW IN VSP:

The estimated power requirement of VSP is 280 MW at 3 MT


stage, the peak load being 292 MW, essential load being 69 MW. Present
average plant load is about 200 MW. The installed in plant generating
capacity is 286.5 MW comprising of, 247.5 MW captive thermal power
generation, 24 MW from gas expansion turbo generators utilizing blast
furnace high top pressure and 15 MW from back pressure turbo
generators utilizing the waste heat recovered at coke dry cooling plant
with the help of waste heat boilers. In VSP the power distribution is done
mostly at extra high voltages and hereby power loss and conductor size
could be reduced.
The electrical power requirements of VSP are met from two
sources, one from captive power generated at TPP/VSP and other from the
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Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation (APTRANSCO) grid. Power from


Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation’s Visakhapatnam Substation
(VSPSS) is received at Main Receiving Station (MRS) at 220 KV level is
paralleled with power generated at TPP and distributed through out the
plant to the various units of VSP. The excess power generated at the
captive power plant is supplied to APTRANSCO as per the contract for sale
of surplus power with APTRANSCO.

The bulk power is being handled at 220 KV at MRS and


different LBSS’s. The 220 KV power is distributed to different load block
step-down substations (LBSS) through 220 KV double circuit transmission
lines. At these LBSS Substations the power at 220kv level will be stepped
down to 11kv and feeding to various Load Block Distribution Stations
(LBDS’s), High Voltage Load Center Substations (HVLC’s) further distribute
and step-down to various working level voltages. There are total 8 no.( 2
No. under construction) of 220 KV Extra High Voltage Substations catering
to various units at different parts of the plant. The details of these
substations feeding the various units are as follows and those are shown.
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MRS (MAIN RECEIVING STATION):


This 220 KV Substation receives power from VSPSS of
APTRANSCO through a double circuit transmission line and from captive
power plant of VSP through three no. Of 220 KV tie lines. This substation
supplies power at 220 KV through double circuit transmission lines to
LBSS-2, LBSS-3 and LBSS-4. MRS also supplies power to township through
CPRS by stepping down from 220 KV to 33 KV and 33 KV to 11 KV.
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MRS Yard at VSP

220kv Feeders at MRS


BAY - Description

A -Bay - Township

B -Bay - L2L2 LBSS2 Feeder2

C -Bay - L2L1 LBSS2 Feeder1

D -Bay - AL-1 AP Transco Line1

E -Bay - Bus Coupler

G -Bay - L4L2 LBSS4 Feeder2

H -Bay - L4L1 LBSS4 Feeder1

J -Bay - By Pass Bus

K -Bay - AL-2 AP Transco Line2


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L -Bay - L3L2 LBSS3 Feeder2

M -Bay - L3L1 LBSS3 Feeder1

Bay 14 - L6L2 LBSS6 Feeder2

Bay 15 - L6L1 LBSS6 Feeder2

Bay 18 - Tie-3 Tie Line 3 to LBSS5

Bay 20 - Tie-2 Tie Line 2 to LBSS5

Bay 21 - Tie-1 Tie Line 1 to LBSS5

1.LBSS-1 (LOAD BLOCK STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION-1):


LBSS-1 receives power from LBSS-5. this 220 KV substation
step-downs EHV to 11 KV and 6.6 KV level and supplies to various units of
COCCP, SP, RMHP, BF, auxiliary units and water supply pump houses for
these areas.
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2. LBSS-2 (LOAD BLOCK STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION-2):


This 220 KV Substation step-downs EHV to 33 KV, 11 KV and 6.6
KV level and supplies to various units and auxiliaries of SMS, CRMP, ASP, BF
and water supply pump houses.

3. LBSS-3 &LBSS-4 (LOAD BLOCK STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION-3&4):

The LBSS-3 220 KV Substation step-down EHV to 11 KV level


and supplies to various substations of MMSM & New Mills under
construction.

The LBSS-4 is a 220 KV Substation step-downs EHV to 11 KV


level and supplies to various substations and auxiliaries of LMMM, WRM,
Engg., Shops, Office buildings and water supply pump houses.
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5. LBSS-5 (LOAD BLOCK STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION-5):


This 220 KV Substation serves as outdoor switch yard for
TPP. This substation consists of 5 no.s of 220 KV/11 KV transformer
connected to the 11 KV generated switch board of TPP. MRS and LBSS-5
are interconnected with three numbers of 220 KV tie lines. The TPP is
synchronized with APTRANSCO grid, supply at 220 KV/11 KV and power is
fed from LBSS-5 to LBSS-1 at 220 KV through double circuit transmission
line.

Single line diagram of LBSS-5


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6.LBSS-6 (LOAD BLOCK STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION-6):


Feeders are under construction activities L6L2 L6LI feeders charged
recently. LBSS6 down stream feeders construction work under progress.
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7 .TOWN-SHIP SUBSTATIONS:

VSP town ship having six number of incoming feeders TS1,TS2,TS3,TS4 ,TS5
& TS6 from CPRS and feeding to township area.

220kv single line diagram of Town ship Ext.Bay at MRS

Power System Distribution equipment:


1. 220KV power isolators
2. 220KV circuit breakers
3. 220KV class potential transformers
4. 220KV current transformers
5. 220KV & 33 KV class power transformers
6. 220/11/6.6KV Transformers at LBSS
7. 11,6.6KV switch boards
8. 33,11,6.6KV circuit breakers
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9. 33,11,6.6KV HT cables

THE EQUIPMENT INSTALLED IN DOOR AT MRS :

a) 630 KVA, 11 KV / 433 V Transformers - 2 Nos.

b) 11 KV, 630A Isolator - 2 Nos.

c) A.C. Distribution Board

d) D.C.Distribution Board

e) Battery Banks.

f) Battery Chargers.

Equipment in MRS:
 Transmission lines
 Control cables
 Circuit breakers
 Isolators
 Lightening arresters
 Bus bars
 Relays
 Current transformer
 Potential transformer
 Power transformer

 Transmission lines:
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A transmission line is a material medium or structure that forms a path


for directing the transmission of energy from one place to another.

PIC TR tower

Cables:

A power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors,


usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for
transmission of electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent
wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed.
Flexible power cables are used for portable devices, mobile tools and
machinery. For circuits operating at or above 2,000 volts between conductors,
a conductive shield may surround each insulated conductor. This equalizes
electrical stress on the cable insulation. This technique was patented by Martin
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Hochstetler in 1916, the shield is sometimes called a Hochstetler shield. The


individual conductor shields of a cable are connected to earth ground at the
ends of the cable, and at locations along the length if voltage rise during faults
would be dangerous.

Cables for power distribution of 10kV or higher may be insulated with oil and
paper, and are run in a rigid steel pipe, semi-rigid aluminium or lead sheath.
For higher voltages the oil may be kept under pressure to prevent formation of
voids that would allow partial discharges within the cable insulation.

A high voltage cable designed for 400 kv. Large centre


conductor carries the current, smaller conductors on the outside act as a shield
to equalize the voltage stress in the thick polyethylene insulation layer. Modern
high voltage cables use polymers or polyethylene, including (XLPE) for
insulation. They require special techniques for jointing and terminating.

 Circuit breaker:
The classification of circuit breakers is done with the help of medium
used for arc extinction. The mediums used are usually oil, air, sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) or vacuum. Classification of circuit breakers:

1. Oil circuit breakers.


2. Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers.
3. Vacuum circuit breakers.

Each type of circuit breaker has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Oil circuit breakers:


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In such circuit breakers, some insulating oil (transformer oil) is used as


an arc quenching medium. The contacts are opened under oil and an arc is
struck between them when close/open operation takes place. The heat of the
arc evaporates the surrounding oil and dissociates it into a substantial volume
of gaseous hydrogen at high pressure. The hydrogen gas occupies a volume
about one thousand times that of the oil decomposed. The oil is, therefore
pushed away from the arc and an expanding hydrogen gas bubble surrounds
the arc region and adjacent portions of the contacts. The arc extinction is
facilitated mainly by two processes. Firstly, the hydrogen gas has high heat
conductivity and cools the arc, thus aiding the de-ionization of the medium
between the contacts. Secondly, the gas set up turbulence in the oil and forces
it into the space between contacts, thus eliminating the arcing products from
the arc path. The result is that arc is extinguished and circuit current
interrupted.

Advantages:
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o It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases which have
excellent cooling properties.
o It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live
conductors and earthed components.
o The surrounding oil presents cooling surface in close proximity to the arc.

Disadvantages:

o It is inflammable and there is a risk of a fire.


o It may form an explosive mixture with air.

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breakers:

In such circuit breakers, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc
quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong
tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a
high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them. The
conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form
relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc
quickly builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc. The SF6
circuit breakers have been found to be very effective for high power and high
voltage service.
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Vacuum circuit breakers:

In such breakers, vacuum (degree of vacuum being in the range from 10^-7 to
10^-5) is used as the arc quenching medium. Since vacuum offers the highest
insulating strength, it has far superior arc quenching properties than any other
medium.

220 kV CIRCUIT BREAKER at MRS

MAKE : SIEMENS

TYPE : 3AP1F1

RATED VOLTAGE : 245KV

RATED LIGHTNING IMPULSE

WITHSTAND VOLTAGE : 1050KV

WITHSTAND VOLTAGE : 450KV

RATED FREQUENCY : 50HZ


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RATED NORMAL CURRENT : 3150A

RATED SC BREAKING CURRENT : 40KA

RATED SC DURATION : 3SEC

RATED OUT-OF PHASE

BREAKING CURRENT : 10KA

FIRST POLE-TO-CLEAR FACTOR : 1.3

RATED LINE-CHARGING

BREAKING CURRENT : 125A

RATED OPERATING SEQUENCE : 0-0.3S-CO-3MIN-CO

RATED PRESSURE SF6

AT+20DEG CENT (GUAGE) : 6.0 BAR

WEIGHT OF SF6 FILLING : 22KG (APPROX)

WEIGHT INCLUDING

SF6 (EXCLUDING STRUCTURE) : 30KG (APPROX)

NORMAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE OF AUXILIARY CIRCUITS:

A) CONTROL VOLTAGE : 220V DC

B) OPERATING MECHANISM : 240V AC

C) HEATING VOLTAGE : 240V AC


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 Isolators:
In electrical engineering, a disconnector or isolator switch is used to
make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energized for service
or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and
industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power
removed for adjustment or repair.

High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to


allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and
transmission lines, for maintenance.

These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of
dealing with small charging currents of bus bars and connections. The design of
isolators is closely related to the design of substations.

 Space Factor Insulation


 Security Standardization
 Ease of Maintenance
 Cost
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The major difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an


isolator is an off-load device intended to be opened only after current has been
interrupted by some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must
prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit.

220KV ISOLATOR

MAKE : SIEMENS

TYPE : DBR

VOLTAGE : 245KV

BIL LEVEL : 1050KV

FREQUENCY : 50HZ

CURRENT : 2500A
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CONTROL VOLTAGE : 220V DC

MOTOR VOLTAGE : 415V AC

TYPE OF DRIVE : MOTOR 0.5HP- 415V- AC- 50HZ

STC : 40 KA/3SEC

 Relay:
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented
by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of
higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered, in a broad sense, to
be a form of an electrical amplifier.

Operation:

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field
attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The
movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the
current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force
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approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position.


Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor
starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage
application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application,
this is to reduce arcing.

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which
would otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit
components. Some automotive relays already include that diode inside the
relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor
and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be
energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the
solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which
increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.
By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device,
a solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device.
To achieve electrical isolation an opt coupler can be used which is a light-
emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.

TYPES OF RELAYS:

Buchholz relay:
A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of
gas in large oil-filled transformers, which will alarm on slow accumulation of
gas or shut down the transformer if gas is produced rapidly in the transformer
oil.
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Overload protection relay:


Whenever an over current occurs in the system then the current
transformer indicates the respective relay to operate.

Protective relay:

Protective relays provide various types of electrical


protection by detecting abnormal conditions and isolating them from the rest
of the electrical system by circuit breaker operation. Such relays may be located
at the service entrance or at major load centers.

Over current relay:

An "Overcurrent Relay" is a type of protective relay. The ANSI Device


Designation Number is 50 for an Instantaneous OverCurrent (IOC), 51 for a
Time OverCurrent (TOC). In a typical application the overcurrent relay is used
for overcurrent protection, connected to a current transformer and calibrated
to operate at or above a specific current level.

 Lightening arrestors:

The earthing screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical
system against direct lightning strokes but they fail to provide protection
against travelling waves which may reach the terminal apparatus. The
lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such surges. A
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lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device which conducts the


high voltage surges on the power system to the ground. non-linear resistor.

One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the


equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively grounded. The
length of the gap is so set that normal line voltage is not enough to cause an
arc across the gap but a dangerously high voltage will break down the air
insulation and form an arc. The property of the non-linear resistance is
that its resistance decreases as the voltage (or current) increases and
vice-versa. This is clear from the *volt/amp characteristic of the resistor.
Action. The action of the lightning arrester or surge diverter is as under :

(i) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts
no current to earth or the gap is non-conducting.

(ii) On the occurrence of overvoltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks
down and an arc is formed, providing a low resistance path for the surge
to the ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is
harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent
back over the line.

(iii) It is worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the


operation of arrester. As the gap sparks over due to overvoltage, the arc would
be a short-circuit on the power system and may cause power-follow current in
the arrester. Since the characteristic of the resistor is to offer high resistance to
high voltage (or current), it prevents the effect of a short-circuit. After the
surge is over, the resistor offers high resistance to make the gap non-
conducting. There are several types of lightning arresters in general use. They
37

differ only in constructional details but operate on the same principle viz.
providing low resistance path for the surges to the ground

MCOV : 168.3 KV

Rated voltage : 198 kV

Normal discharge current : 10ka

Long duration discharge class :3

Frequency : 50 Hz
38

 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Central to all of the AC power transducers is the measurement of
current. This is accomplished using a current transformer (CT), a "donut"
shaped device through which is threaded the wire whose current is to be
measured. A current transformer is a type of "instrument transformer" that is
designed to provide a current in its secondary which is accurately proportional
to the current flowing in its primary. Current transformers are designed to
produce either an alternating current or alternating voltage proportional to the
current being measured. The current transformers used with the Watt node
transducers produce a 333 mV alternating voltage when the rated current is
measured (either 30A, or 50A). The OSI power transducers employ CT's that
produce 5V output at rated value.
Current transformers measure power flow and provide electrical
inputs to power transformers and instruments. Current transformers produce
either an alternating current or alternating voltage that is proportional to the
measured current. There are two basic types of current transformers: wound
and toroidal. Wound current transformers consist of an integral primary
winding that is inserted in series with the conductor that carries the measured
current. Toroidal or donut-shaped current transformers do not contain a
primary winding. Instead, the wire that carries the current is threaded through
a window in the toroidal transformer. Current transformers have many
performance specifications, including primary current, secondary current,
insulation voltage, accuracy, and burden. Primary current, the load of the
current transformer, is the measured current. Secondary current is the range of
current outputs. Insulation voltage represents the maximum insulation that
current transformers provide when connected to a power source. Accuracy is
the degree of certainty with which the measured current agrees with the ideal
39

value. Burden is the maximum load that devices can support while operating
within their accuracy ratings. Typically, burden is expressed in volt-amperes
(VA), the product of the voltage applied to a circuit and the current. There are a
variety of applications for current transformers. Some devices are used to
measure current in electronics equipment or motors. Others are used in street
lighting. Current transformers with small footprints mount on printed circuit
boards (PCBs) and are used to sense current overloads, detect ground faults,
and isolate current feedback signals.

Larger devices are used in many three-phase systems to measure


current or voltage. Commercial class current transformers that monitor low-
power currents are also available. Some current transformers are weatherproof
or are rated for outdoor use. Others meet MIL-SPEC, ANSI C-12, or IEC 1036
40

standards. Generally, ANSI class devices are intended for power monitoring
applications where high accuracy and minimum phase angle are required.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS :
MAKE : BHEL
TYPE : NPOVLVZ
FREQUENCY : 50HZ
MASS : 1160KG
HIGH SYSTEM VOLTAGE : 245KV
SHORT TIME CUURRENT : 40KA/35
RATED CURRENT : 200A
RATED COTINUOUS THERMAL CURRENT : 20%

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
Voltage transformers (VT) or potential transformers (PT) are
another type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in
high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply
being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down
high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be operated
at a lower potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated
for 69 V or 120 V at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of
protective relays.
The transformer winding high-voltage connection points are typically
labelled as H1, H2 (sometimes H0 if it is internally grounded) and X 1, X2 and
sometimes an X3 tap may be present. Sometimes a second isolated winding (Y 1,
Y2, Y3) may also be available on the same voltage transformer. The high side
41

(primary) may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The low side
(secondary) is usually phase to ground.
The terminal identifications (H1, X1, Y1, etc.) are often referred to as
polarity. This applies to current transformers as well. At any instant terminals
with the same suffix numeral have the same polarity and phase. Correct
identification of terminals and wiring is essential for proper operation of
metering and protective relays.
Some meters operate directly on the secondary service voltages at or
below 600 V. VTs are typically used for higher voltages (for example, 765 kV for
power transmission) , or where isolation is desired between the meter and the
measured circuit. The primary terminals can be connected either in line-to-line
or in line-to-neutral configuration. Fused transformer models are designated by
a suffix of "F" for one fuse or "FF" for two fuses.
A Potential Transformer is a special type of transformer that allows
meters to take readings from electrical service connections with higher voltage
(potential) than the meter is normally capable of handling without at potential
transformer.
42

 Earth switch:

The purpose of Earthing Switches is to enable one to securely and safely


earth a cable or transformer so that work can be carried out on it. You mention
11 kV, so the system is presumably based on UK practice, in which case the
Earthing Switches will probably be fault making. The equipment makers label
should enable you to confirm which standard is applicable to the equipment. If
you are referring to a major switchboard the arrangements for circuit-breakers
in such a switchboard have changed significantly with time.

Then Earthing was achieved either by:


 Fitting an earthing device on to the isolating contacts of the circuit-
breaker
 Moving the circuit-breaker carriage to an alternative earthing position
and earthing through the circuit-breaker
 Fitting a special earthing switch in place of the withdrawn circuit-breaker
Since this time fixed circuit-breakers have been introduced using
Vacuum and SF6 technology, and with this has come a number of different
ways
of providing the necessary earthing facilities.
43

220KV EARTH SWITCH

MAKE : SIEMENS

TYPE : DBR

VOLTAGE : 245KV

BIL : 1050KV

SWITCHING [KV] : NA

P1 : 460KV

STC KA/SEC : 40KA/3SEC

WEIGHT OF EARTH : 150KG

UNIT NO : NA

FREQUENCY : 50HZ
44

CURRENT : NA

TYPE OF DRIVE : MANUAL

MOTOR VOLTAGE : AC

CONTROL VOLTAGE : 220V

WEIGHT OF DRIVE : 40Gr

Need of DC Control Supply:


An electrical power system having Power Supply for feeders and
control supply for its day to day operations. 220V D.C. is the control voltage
for any substation or switching station irrespective of power system voltage .

Control supply is required for operation of Circuit Breakers at Indoor & Out
door yards , Isolators, operation of Protection Relays , fault annunciation and
indication panels . HT CBs are required to operate on normal closing and
trippings , on system fault trippings without any fail.

Why D.C. Voltage and Battery Banks required at Power Stations

All protective relays are to be available always for service and especially
in any critical situations .When ever power failure occurs it is required to
operate Incomer CBs for restoration power to down stream system and other
CBS as per system configuration. If the control voltage is A.C. it is not possible
to operate the CBs and check the protection circuit if faults exists in system.
Battery Banks are reliable equipment and less maintenance as control supply
for system requirement.
45

CONCLUSION:
This report provides the basic information regarding the
electrical power distribution in the VSP. It also provides information regarding
the protection of the electrical equipment used in electrical power distribution.
This report introduces us to the state of art technology employed in electrical
power distribution in VSP. This report also gives an insight of the safe
transmission of power with the use of different types of relays and the
distribution of power for different purposes without any interruption.

It can be concluded that VSP is on par with the changing technology


and in the use of advanced methods like the use of modern equipments like
relays, circuit breakers etc. With the changing needs and the expansion of VSP,
the DNW department is also under expansion mode. Work to increase the
generation capacity of the TPP is under rapid progress and so the LBSS coming
under TPP is also under expansion mode.

The MRS is being expanded in this regard so that it can effectively serve the
purpose of distributing increased power requirement which will result with the
addition of new units which will be added as part of expansion mode.

With all these and many more developments taking place in VSP, the
scope to learn more about the electrical power distribution and
implementation of advanced technology in the electrical power distribution
will be increased in the near future.

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