III.

Analysis
In physics, a wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or
space, with little or no associated mass transport (Mass transfer). Waves consist
of oscillations or vibrations of a physical medium or a field, around relatively fixed
locations. From the perspective of mathematics, waves, as functions of time and
space, are a class of signals. In simple means, wave can be depicted as the
disturbance that moves through a medium starting with one area then onto the next
area. In waves, medium conveys vitality without a net development of particles. It
may also take the form of an elastic deformation, a variation of pressure, electric or
magnetic intensity or temperature.
The essential descriptors of waves are the wavelength, amplitude (power),
frequency and the speed. Wavelength alludes to the separation between an
indistinguishable piece of the wave, abundancy is the most extreme removal from
the nonpartisan position, speaking to the energy of the wave. It is expressed that the
more noteworthy the amplitude, the more prominent the energy it conveys. Removal
is the situation of a specific point in the medium as it moves as the wave passes,
while the abundancy alludes to the most extreme relocation of the wave. Recurrence,
then again, characterized as the quantity of reiterations every second in HZ, s - 1
Period (T) is the ideal opportunity for one wavelength to pass a point. Ultimately,
the speed alludes to the speed that an explicit part passes a point.
Waves can be classified in two types, the transverse and longitudinal waves.
Transverse waves are waves that are oscillating perpendicularly (at a right angle) to
the direction of propagation. If you anchor one end of a ribbon or string and hold the
other end in your hand, you can create transverse waves by moving your hand up
and down. Notice though, that you can also launch waves by moving your hand side-
to-side. This is an important point. There are two independent directions in which
wave motion can occur. In this case, these motions are the Y and Z directions
mentioned above, while the wave propagates away in the X direction. The other type
of waves is the longitudinal wave, which oscillates in the direction of its
propagation. Transverse waves can propagate through solid and liquids but never in
gases, simply because gases do not have elastic properties. Vibration in strings,
ripples on water and electromagnetic waves are some examples of transverse waves.

Figure 1. Definition of Wave

A simple transverse wave can be represented by a sine or cosine curve, so
called because the amplitude of any point on the curve—i.e., its distance from the
axis—is proportional to the sine (or cosine) of an angle. In the Figure 2, sine curves
of various amplitudes are shown. These curves represent how a standing transverse
wave might look at consecutive (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) intervals of time. The time required
for a point on the wave to make a complete oscillation through the axis is called
the period of the wave motion, and the number of oscillations executed per second
is called the frequency. Wavelength is considered to be the distance between
corresponding points on the wave—i.e., the distance between two adjacent peaks or
troughs of the wave. Transverse waves may also be complex, in which the curves
representing them are composed of two or more sine or cosine curves.
 Figure 2. Transverse Wave
In a transverse wave, if the particles of the medium are moving in the x-
direction or opposite to the proliferation as appeared in Figure 3. Its motions are
climbing and down bearings and will happen in the y-z plane. The highest point of
the wave or the most extreme positive removal is called as the crest while the
absolute bottom of the negative greatest uprooting is called as the trough.
Subsequently, in a transverse wave peaks and troughs show up on the other hand.

Figure 3. Transverse Wave in x-direction

Transverse wave is isolated into two kinds: the electromagnetic waves and the
Polarized Waves. In electromagnetic wave, the presence of medium isn't basic for
proliferation. These waves are framed when an electric field and attractive
experiences one another, henceforth, they are known as electromagnetic wave. The
electric field and attractive field of an electromagnetic wave are opposite to one
another, their mean positions are in right points. They are additionally opposite to
the EM wave.
Electromagnetic wave has a consistent speed of 3.00x108 meter every second
in vacuum. It can go through anything – in air, strong material or vacuum. As
referenced before, medium isn't fundamental for proliferation, then again
mechanical waves, similar to sound waves or water waves require a medium to
travel. EM waves as transverse waves are estimated by their abundancy and
wavelength. These waves can likewise be part into a scope of frequencies called as
electromagnetic range. In addition, electromagnetic waves can be likewise
captivated and be transverse in nature.
A captivated wave is a two-dimensional wave, it is likewise called as wave
polarization. Captivated wave alludes to the declaration of the introduction of the
lines of electric flus in an electromagnetic field. It very well may be steady, which
means waves can exists in a specific introduction consistently, or it can turn with
each wave cycle.
In the experiment, we have observed the relationship of velocity, frequency,
and wavelength; despite the fact that, we utilized a standing wave design all together
to ponder the transverse wave on the grounds that, as a general rule, transverse wave
is hard to see. A standing wave design is a vibrational example made inside a
medium when the vibrational recurrence of the source causes reflected waves from
one end of the medium to meddle with episode waves from the source. Before talking
about the information gotten from the investigation, let us talk about the general
ideas of waves and transverse waves so as to make the examination a lot less
demanding.
As for its experiment’s objectives, it aims to (i) to determine the relationship
between tension on a string and the frequency of vibration, and (ii) to determine the
relationship between length of a string and the frequency of vibration. The materials
used for the experiment were a string vibrator, a sine wave generator, two iron stands
with clamp, a pulley, a set of weights, a mass hanger, a meter stick, and a set of 5
guitar strings. Thus, the relationship between the parameters acting on the vibrating
string can be determined. Such parameters are the linear mass density of the string,
tension, numbers of segments produced, and its length of string with complete
number of segments.

Waves on a string spread in only one measurement. In any case, the thoughts
of recurrence, wavelength, and sufficiency apply similarly well to waves that
proliferate in two or three measurements. Similarly, as with waves on a string,
wavelength is the separation from one peak to the following, and the sufficiency is
the stature of a peak over the harmony level. In numerous critical circumstances
including waves on a string, the wave speed v is decided totally by the mechanical
properties of the medium. For this situation, expanding causes λ to diminish with the
goal that the item wave speed continues as before, what's more, floods of all
frequencies spread with a similar wave speed. Beside intermittent transverse waves,
there is likewise an occasional longitudinal wave that won't be talked about any
longer since it will be out of the point of transverse waves. Also, the dialog of the
wave work and scientific portrayal of a wave will be left immaculate on the grounds
that it will be talked about amid the address legitimate of the co-requisite course of
this research center course. Be that as it may, the wave work is one of the most vital
conditions in all of material science. It gives essential establishment to the
investigation of Quantum Mechanics particularly Time Dilation and demonstrating
the thought of Schrodinger's Equation, and other vital thoughts in Quantum
Mechanics.
The relationship between the velocity, frequency and wavelength is given by
the equation 1, known as the general wave equation:
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 (eqn. 1)

When the velocity of propagation is known, the frequency of vibration created

by the string can determined the velocity for the transverse wave as a component of
the strain and the direct mass thickness of the medium which is:
𝑇
𝑣=√ (eqn. 2)
𝜇

As we combine the two equations, formula for the frequency of vibration can
be generated as:
1 𝑇
f= √ (eqn. 3)
ƛ 𝜇

The wavelength 𝜆, must be expressed in terms of other measurable quantities

like the number of segments formed (n) and the length of vibrating string (L). The
length of one segment is equal to one half wavelength and the length of the vibrating
string is divided into equal number of segments.
Thus, the frequency of the vibration is
𝑛 𝑇
f= √
2𝐿 𝜇
(eqn. 4)

In performing the experiment, as it was performed in an air-cooled classroom

was divided into two parts. For the first part, the relationship of the frequency and
tension was classified. Starting with the first part, we put the sine wave generator
and the string vibrator on an iron stand. At that point, we associated the string
vibrator to the yield jacks of the sine wave generator to a couple of banana patch
cords and fitting the instrument to the power supply. We chose the 0.020 in. string
and attach its one end to the stylus of the string vibrator and ignore it a pulley. We
ensure that it shaped a straight line. At the opposite end of the guitar string, we
connected a mass hanger and include 50 grams it and balanced the frequency knob
to 89.9 Hz as an ideal frequency of vibration. At that point, we gradually balanced
the sufficiency the handle to make a specific portion that is obviously characterized.
From that point forward, we check the quantity of fragments created of the string by
utilizing a white foundation such a white bond paper to plainly observe the fragment
developments. In checking the fragments framed, we didn't think about the section
close to the stylus, thus, we considered and began tallying the portion close to the
pulley which had a finish development of portion. At that point estimated its length
utilizing a meter stick. We accumulated the information and recorded it on Table 1
and fathomed for the test esteem of frequency of vibration utilizing Equation 4. We
played out a few preliminaries to register for the triangulation of information for the
end and guide questions, and to get the normal frequency of vibration that was
expected to contrast with the genuine estimation of the frequency of vibration that
was determined to the sine wave generator.
For the second part, the procedure followed was similar with the first part
however for the second part, the tension was kept constant and used different
diameter of wire. Same equation as the first part was used to determine the values
needed and it was recorded to the Table 2.

Table 1. Frequency of Vibration and Tension

Diameter of wire: 0.2m
Linear mass density of wire: 0.015 g/cm
TRIAL Tension (mass Number of Length of Frequency of Frequency of % Error
added + mass Segments String Vibration Vibration
of pan (experimental) (computed)
1 49,000dynes 4 40.1cm 89.9Hz 90.1443Hz 0.0272%
2 58,800dynes 4 44.1cm 89.9Hz 89.7913Hz 0.121%
3 68,600dynes 4 47.2cm 89.9Hz 90.6159Hz 0.796%
4 78,400dynes 4 50.5cm 89.9Hz 90.5422Hz 0.714%
5 88,200dynes 4 54.5cm 89.9Hz 88.9861Hz 1.02%

Table 1 shows the summary of the data gathered for the first part of the
experiment. With this, the average percent error was calculated to be 0.5846% in
performing 5 trials. And for the table 2, it shows the data gathered from the second
part of the experiment and its percent error was calculated individually depending
on the different size of the string that was used.

Table 2. Frequency of Vibration of Linear Mass Density

Tension: 49,000dynes
TRIAL Linear Mass Number of Length of Frequency of Frequency of % Error
Density Segments String Vibration Vibration
(experimental) (computed)
1 0.0039g/cm 3 60.2cm 89.9Hz 88.3203Hz 1.757%
2 0.0078g/cm 3 42cm 89.9Hz 89.5143Hz 0.429%
3 0.0112g/cm 4 46.7cm 89.9Hz 89.5782Hz 0.358%
4 0.0150g/cm 5 49.9cm 89.9Hz 90.5507Hz 0.724%
5 0.0184g/cm 6 55cm 89.9Hz 89.0118Hz 0.988%

A few issues were experienced all through the trial appropriate like the
elements of the catches of the sine wave generator, estimating the sections shaped in
the string, and the way toward account and assembling information. First thing that
we experienced was the hard time utilizing the sine wave generator. At first, we were
most certainly not ready to recognize for what reason did the string on the string
vibrator did not vibrated as quick as like the other string of the gatherings. To work
out with this issue, we requested the help of our individual cohorts and they could
clarify everything the elements of the catch in the sine wave generator. From that
point onward, we balanced the frequency of vibration and the sufficiency to have the
capacity to decide the fragment developments delivered by the string. Estimating the
fragments framed was troublesome since estimating utilizing meter stick was hard
and the estimation couldn't be as a matter of fact exact to the genuine estimation of
the length of the portions shaped. Finding out the beginning stage of the portion that
ought to be estimated was likewise experienced what's more, estimating the portion
shaped close to the pulley tackled this issue. In conclusion, wrong estimations and
calculations had likewise experienced by our gathering. The structure of the
examination was great such that it helped us to apply the ideas we learned. The
instruments utilized were great, however it was better on the off chance that we
utilized the most recent materials to completely comprehend the ideas about
frequency of vibration.
IV. Conclusion
Wave can be depicted as the disturbance that moves through a medium
starting with one area then onto the next area. Thus, transverse wave is a kind of
wave in which particles of the medium moves in a direction perpendicular to the
direction that the wave moves. We recognized the diverse parameters like tension
and number of segment shaped and the reliance of frequency to the direct mass
thickness utilizing the given materials and by adhering to the given guidelines.
Based on the data we gathered and obtained, the objectives were attained in
this experiment. For the first part of the experiment, we conclude the first objective
that was to determine relationship between tension on the string and the frequency
of the vibration which states that the frequency of vibration is directly proportional
to the tension of the string so as the frequency increases, the tension will also
increase. And for the second part of the experiment, the second objective,
determining the relationship between length of the string, its linear mass density and
the frequency of vibration was attained. Linear mass density is directly proportional
to the number of segments but indirectly proportional to the frequency of the
vibration.
As for the errors, main source of it was to be the wrong calculations and
estimation of the data that can affect the result whole experiment. Also, the condition
of the materials and equipment that were used can also be a source of error that can
give an inaccurate data that will be used in performing the experiment.