CHAPTER I

Meaning and Relevance of History

Distinction of Primary and Secondary Sources

External and Internal Criticisms

Repositories of Primary Sources

Different Kinds of Primary Sources

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to –

1. Define history and its relevance.

2. Discuss the major issues in writing and understanding history for all its worth.
3. Differentiate and appreciate the different primary and secondary sources.
4. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and provenance.

Meaning and Relevance of History

What is history? Why do we need it? What will you do if the “truth“ you seem to know for the longest time is actually a big
lie in the first place? What are the two major issues in writing history, and its significance to the Filipino people especially among
students today? These are just some of the few questions we are going to answer as we go along in this discipline.

Students vary in views when it comes to history. Some like it while others have antagonistic view of the discipline. I was
once guilty of this.

When I was younger, I didn’t like history. I was not interested in this subject because I wanted to become a civil engineer,
with Math and English as my favorite subjects, and maybe because I am a very practical person. I used to say in my heart, “why talk
about dead people… what’s the point when they would no longer be raised to life?” I was not interested on heroes… I just wanted the
application and connection of what I already knew to the real and material world right away. Well, perhaps one of the reasons that I
was reasoning in ignorance was because some of my history teachers had failed to motivate and show the significance of the discipline
to my world.

A new found faith has awakened and ignited my interest in history, for being a former skeptic I was trained to doubt
everything. However, a skeptic has better future than an atheist or an agnostic, because when s/he found the truth, his/her skepticism
shall end.

Thus, I have become interested in history only when I developed an intimate relationship with my Creator God. But as a
believer in Jesus, I am not a blind follower. I felt the need to find the roots not only of my new-found faith, but also the roots of my
race… the Filipino origin.

As a writer of history, I only pay attention on things with eternal value because I believe that life is too short to spend on
things that have no value and do not bring glory and honor to our Creator. I know that one day, when our life here on earth is over, we
shall give account to the God who created us on things we have done here on earth whether good or evil.

Our borrowed life will one day be taken away from us, but I want to leave a legacy to my students and readers that history
plays a very important role in understanding the present world and in making decisions that would affect not only our personal lives,
but also our family, our posterity, and the country as a whole. Nobody wants to be stupid or ignorant of his/her own national history
for the rest of his/her life.

So, let’s get straight to the point. Both the course and this textbook are entitled Readings in Philippine History. Experts give
different definitions of history. History is defined as the science of the past. It is the scientific reconstruction of the past events
involving the study of origins of almost everything under the sun including laws, concepts, ideologies, traditions, norms, culture,
inventions, etc…

No academic discipline has ever escaped the discipline of history. No one can ever claim that what we have today has no
history at all as if it has only existed yesterday.

Types of Sources

History has two types of sources namely – the primary and secondary sources.

Primary Sources -

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 Primary sources are firsthand evidence to support a historical claim or knowledge which may come in the form of
autobiography, memoirs, eyewitness accounts, diary, fossils, relics, letters, photographs, speeches, videos, legal documents,
ornaments, clothing, and tools/materials used or existed during the written events or accounts.

The repositories of primary sources are actually located in Metro Manila. These are the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines or the National Historical Institute, and the National Museum which are located along T.M. Kalaw,
while the University of Sto. Tomas can be found along Espana, Manila. The National Archives of the Philippines and the Paco
Cemetery in Manila are also rich in primary sources. Meanwhile, the University of the Philippines - Diliman Campus and the Ateneo
de Manila University are located in Quezon City.

Secondary Sources –

Secondary sources on the other hand are not firsthand evidence, but can also be considered as a reliable source if the author/s
have used primary sources. The works of historians and scholar writers are based on their interpretation of the primary sources. These
are usually in the form of biography, encyclopedia, textbooks, thesis, dissertations, interviews, news reports, movies, news articles,
scholarly journals, transcriptions, almanacs, dictionaries, etc. 1

External and Internal Criticisms

The process of analyzing primary sources

The process of analyzing the reliability of primary sources should involve the following criteria -content and contextual
analysis, cultural setting in the time of creation, citation, communication, connection, and conclusions.

The content and contextual analysis must include the main idea and organization of the writer’s thoughts, main goals or
purposes, and the time of writing. A constructive critic sees the cultural setting in the time of creation in order for him/her to be
able to interpret the primary source/s. One must be able to know and understand the world, the country, and the region or locality that
the primary source/s or the firsthand evidence was created.

Citation is also an important component in analyzing the primary sources. We must be able to know and recognize the
creator of the document and the time it was created.

Personal biases or neutrality can also be communicated through the writer’s points of view. If the interpretation of a
historical account is out of context, then, biases are obvious and can be easily detected.

A reliable primary source provides connection to the missing links in what we already know. This is the problem in the
macro levels of the theory of evolution because it has failed to provide connection to the overwhelming missing links in the
presentation of this theory. There is no problem or argument in the micro level of this theory, but the emerging problems in the macro
levels have caused many evolutionists to dismiss and to reject this level.

For example, the results on the studies on the evolution of forty (40) species of animals show that the physical features of
dogs, cats, monkeys, and thirty-seven (37) others thousand years ago were still the same as they are today.

The conclusion provides the final assessment and evaluation of the primary source that made a significant contribution in the
discipline of history.

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CHAPTER I EVALUATION:
I. Define history, the two major issues in writing history, and its significance to your discipline.

II. Give 5 examples for Primary Sources and 5 for Secondary Sources.

III. Discuss the 6 Cs of analyzing primary sources and give examples.

IV. Submit an example of primary source from your area of locality that points to the Hebrew origin of the
Filipino people.

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 CHAPTER II
Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources
Identification of the Historical Importance of the Text
Examination of the Author’s Main Argument and Points of View
The Forgotten History of the Filipino People
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to –
1. Analyze the context, content, and perspective of different primary sources.
2. Determine the contribution of different primary sources in understanding Philippine history particularly the pre-
Hispanic Philippines.
3. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources.

Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

What is truth? How can we know the truth or the attributes of truth?
Previously, we discussed about the process of analyzing primary sources. However, it is important to know where we do
begin. Where are we coming from?
Since chronology and truth are the two major issues in history, it is particularly important that historians and teachers
alike know where they are coming from, because what we teach our students multiplies whether it has originated from
truth or error. Both historians and teachers must come from somewhere. They cannot afford to pick one piece of
evidence from another and try to make an interpretation of the evidence at hand out of context…and miss the point…
It reminds me of the statement of a medical practitioner that doctors and nurses cannot afford to make mistakes in the
prescription and administration of medicine because they save human lives next to God. One small mistake can endanger
the life of the patient. The same thing is true in civil engineering. Civil engineers have the moral responsibility to ensure
the strength of materials used in any construction projects because one small mistake and secret compromises… can put
many lives at stake… Natural disasters will test the strength of what one has built. Who will forget what happened to
Ruby Tower?
So where do we begin in studying Philippine history? Where are we coming from? What theory supports what we
teach concerning the roots and origin of the Filipino race and culture? Is it the Theory of Evolution or Theory of
Creation? Both theories actually support the micro-evolution theory, but creationists have disagreed and dismissed the
idea on the macro-evolution level because of its overwhelming missing links.
Thus, it is made clear to us that this work is coming from the Theory of Creation and not evolution. The author suggests
the readers to watch Part 6 and 7 Solomon’s Gold Series on You Tube channel for detailed explanation on the forgotten
history of the Filipino people. However, the author earnestly suggests that serious readers or students should patiently
and diligently explore the whole 12-Part Video Series for deeper understanding of the Filipino origin, because it is indeed
difficult to make criticisms of something one has never seen before because all of us are students of history. The
international researchers are 100% absolutely sure of the overwhelming historical facts they have presented on the video.
It will blow our minds to see all the evidences presented right under our nose... right there in our mouth….

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 Identification of the Historical Importance of the Text

Examination of the Author’s Main Argument and Points of View

The next question is…

Is the Bible a primary source? Can we trust its reliability, despite many translations and versions, as the basis and acid test of truth?
The answer is yes. Why? (Refer to brief history of Christianity in the Philippines) In the physical realm, there is strength in number,
but in the spiritual realm number is irrelevant when one does the will of God.

Why is it reliable?

1. Eyewitness Accounts

JOSEPHUS AND LUKE, THE HISTORIANS IN THE HIGHEST ORDER

1:1 Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among
us,
1:2 Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word;1:3 It seemed good
to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent
Theophilus,1:4 That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou hast been instructed. Luke

2. The Unity of Translations despite distance, space and time

The very existence of different Bible translations already bears testimony to the reliability of its content, that in the context of history,
it is history written in advance laying down the foundation of the forgotten history the Filipinos as a nation. Science and history
without the knowledge of Biblical history fall short of its purposes and goals. Hence, no one can lay down a foundation that has
already been laid.

3. Tested pre-science, pre-history, and moral authority

Archaeology has likewise proven the reliability of the Bible (though it doesn’t need archaeology to prove its reliability). The
relics of civilization retrieved and presented in the study of archaeology has also confirmed and authenticated the historical data and
culture of the Bible. In fact, to date, no archaeological discovery has ever denied any Biblical reference. 2 The absence of alternative
to the Bible, the accuracy in its composition, the trustworthiness in its transmission, and the overwhelming evidence from archaeology
will likewise blow your mind to deny the reliability and authenticity of this oldest existing historical book in the history of humanity.
As Nelson Gluecksaid,”It may be stated categorically that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a biblical reference.”3
The interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary evidential approach in the study of this document from historical evidence,
biomedical evidence, philosophy and logic, higher scientific criticisms, and many more have proven that the Bible is indeed the Word
of God.4 It is certainly the only historical document in the world that was able to survive thousand years of heavy persecutions, and
different translations of the Bible have not been able to destroy the powerful message and the true spirit of the Holy Scriptures.5

4. Transformed lives and witness of billion people

5. The historicity of the life, teachings, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ
The Diaspora in 70 A.D.6, the Holocaust in World War II, the ingathering of Israel, and the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948
are only some of Biblical prophecies that have been fulfilled for them (Deuteronomy 28, Jeremiah 8, and Isaiah 11) in the
contemporary world. Amazingly, 353 prophesies in the Old Testament have been fulfilled as well in the person of the Lord Jesus
Christ, and not one of them failed! It is certainly a height of absurdity to conclude that they are but co-incident.7 Experts and Bible
scholars both agree in the probability explained below that no religious or spiritual leaders of all times had ever fulfilled at least eight
(8) of the 353 prophecies about the coming Christ in his person except Jesus.

“Multiplying all these eight probabilities only (not to mention the remaining 345 prophecies)
together produces a number (rounded off) of 1× 1028. Dividing this number by an estimate of the
number of people who have lived since the time of these prophecies (88 billion) produces a
probability of all 8 prophecies being fulfilled accidently in the life of one person. That
probability is 1in 1017 or 1 in 100,000,000,000,000,000. That’s one in one hundred quadrillion!” 8

2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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 The Forgotten History of the Filipino People

PRE HISPANIC PHILIPPINES

FIRST MIGRATION AFTER THE GREAT FLOOD

5:1 This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of
God made he him. Genesis

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10:1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them
were sons born after the flood. Genesis

11:1 And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. Genesis

It is interesting to know that in his book, Baybayin Decoded, Dr. Richard Vincent Narag was able to
prove that the Baybayin language was used during the time Moses as the ultimate universal
confirmation. This was also confirmed by many well-known experts in the field including our very own
national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, Dr. Victor Paz, Dr. Marie Cruz, The God Culture, and others.

Shem' descendants are also recorded in Gen. 11:10-32.

Noah map the world. After the Great Flood, the descendants of his sons, Shem - Havilah, Ophir, and
Shebah, and of Japheth - Tarshish, inhabited the ancient Philippine Islands before the birth of Abram,

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c.3000-4000 BC (Genesis 10,11) The visit of Queen of Shebah to King Solomon probably led to the
spread of 10 Commandments to the land of Ophir (ancient name of the Philippines) c.1000BC.
(Solomon’s Gold Series, Part 1 and 5)

SECOND MIGRATION OF THE LOST TRIBES OF NORTHERN ISRAEL

It describes the migration of deported Israelites from Northern Israel because of idolatry. (Global SB,
pp.493-533) Around 600 BC, some of the Lost Tribes of Israel were already in the Philippine Islands
prior to the coming of Spaniards. (This was the result of the Assyrian invasion of the 10 Tribes in
Northern Israel prior to the Babylonian invasion of the remaining 2 tribes in Southern Israel all
because of their idolatrous activities. There was actually 400 years of silence in Israel before the birth
of Jesus on 2 June 9 B.C.) (Solomon's Gold Series, Part 11)

Their culture and laws are still alive today. It is very much similar with the Ifugao and Eskaya Tribe in
Northern Luzon. (Solomon's Gold Series,Part 2,6 and 7). They probably learned from the exile
experience. Other migrants like the Aetas, Chinese people and the Malays only learned from them.

THIRD MIGRATION

Many historians believe that the early Filipinos came from the blessed descendants of Javan, the son
of Japheth, one of the three sons of Noah, who grew in number after the Great Flood as described in
Genesis 10:4 onwards.9“ Apparently, early Christian presence in the Malay Archipelago and the
Philippine Islands may be traced to Arab Christian traders from the Arabian Peninsula. They had
trade contacts with early Malayan Rajahs and Datos that had ruled these various Islands. Tradition
9
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believes that early Arabians had heard the gospel from Peter the apostle at Jerusalem (Acts 2:11), as
well as evangelized by Paul's ministry in Arabia (Galatians 1:17) and also by the evangelistic ministry
of St Thomas. Later, these Arab traders along with Persian Nestorians, stopped by the Philippines on
their way to Southern China for trade purposes. However no solid efforts were made to evangelize
the native population. Much of the Christian heritage of Arabia had ended with the spread of Islam in
Arabia. Its founder, Muhammad, was actually born in 632 A.D. Eventually, the Arab travelers focused
more on spreading Islam to Mindanao, through which they transmitted the knowledge of Jesus as a
prophet to the Moro people.”10

However, the research outputs presented in the 12-Part Solomon’s Gold Series give clarity to the
vague areas in the forgotten history of the Filipino people. The 2nd migration was most likely followed
by the migration of other Filipino ancestors, the Negritos, Indones, Malays, and Chinese people
recorded between 90-900AD that explains the reflection of non-Hebrew culture that we see today.
(Phil History and Govt).

But what probably made it easier for the natives to accept the Christianity offered by the Americans is
the person of Jesus Christ that the two colonizers share in common. History tells us that some of the
Spanish authorities then have failed to display the practical love of Jesus to the people, but used
Christianity and the Word of God instead to brainwash and to oppress the natives that had resulted to
bloody revolution.

However, we cannot deny the fact that the Americans have allowed open Bible in May 1898, which
was strictly prohibited during Spanish period. The same is reflected in the Declaration of Philippine
Independence on 12 June 1896 in Kawit, Cavite. (See Textbook Historiography and History of
Christianity in the Philippines, and T. A. Agoncillo’s History of the Filipino People).

The United States of America is actually the first colonizer that has yielded its sovereignty over a
colony. Although we cannot deny the atrocities committed by some American officials then, however
the principles and the Constitution of the American government speak otherwise, and such evils were
likewise condemned by the American public, and punished by the same government.

TRACKS/TRAILS OF HEBREW/JEWISH CULTURE IN THE.PHILS –

1. Barangay Set Up

Political/Human Organization
18:21 Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth,
hating covetousness; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds,
rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens: Exodus

2. Language

"Culture is associated with language." It is the primary determinant and indicator of culture. It is
likewise the very foundation of the development of human culture handed down from one generation
to the other. (Panopio and Rolda, Sociology and Anthropology: An Introduction, pp. 35-44, 1988,
GOODWILL TRADING CO., INC.)

Being so, the presence of Hebrew language in the Baybayin/Tagalog or Filipino language tells us that
we have Hebrew blood, although not all Filipinos are Hebrews. The Hebrew language in the Filipino
culture was not totally eradicated by the country's previous colonizers because we have been
preserved by God. The Filipinos have special place in His heart.

The Hebrew/ Aramaic languages developed earlier than or around c.2166 BC, in 1446 BC the 10
Commandments that we know today was handed down to the Hebrews (Logically it is written in
Hebrew.)while the Arab language developed only in 538 AD with Islam religion in 632AD.

10
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The Jewish Hebrews are the first 12 disciples of Jesus Christ, but it was only in Antioch that they
were called Christians because they were Jews (from the religion of Judaism). (Global Study Bible,
p.31)

3. Male circumcision

17:10 This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; Every
man child among you shall be circumcised. Genesis

2:29 But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not
in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God. Romans

4. Women, children, and human rights,

5. The Hebrew Bible

Have you seen government officials and professionals taking oath of office? How would you
describe the position of their hands? What does it mean to you? What is in the preamble of our
constitution?

The Bible is the very foundation of our past and present society, our government and our constitution.
Because the very freedom that we are enjoying today came from the wisdom found within its pages.
Foreigners should not define or dictate our royal Filipino heritage, but we should discover it
ourselves. This means that our history should be founded in it for our posterity, our children and
children's children will judge all of us whether the Filipino race have followed its principles or not.

Watch the Solomon’s Gold Series to study how the Hebrews came to the Philippine islands, with its
ancient name Havilah/Ophir. But all of Asians are basically Shemites.(Solomon's Gold Series 2017)

Theistic and non-theistic scholars through centuries believe beyond reasonable doubt the
historical Christ, His resurrection, and the Bible. The testimonies of the eyewitnesses and billions of
changed lives serve as the primary sources to believe the reliability and authenticity of what we
believe, what we have been instructed, and what Jesus claims to be. The Ten Commandments or the
Law that we know were handed down to the Hebrews, through prophet Moses, in cc.1456 B.C., 11 and
the Bible was completed between 95 to 100 A.D.12

6. Maritime people, agriculture and fisheries economy

7. Social and close family values - respect for the elders and leaders
8. Judeo- Christian values, Abba Father call to God,
9. Love for God, nation,and others including enemies,
10. Monogamy,
11. Monotheism and the10 Commandments – Exodus 20

2:14 For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law,
these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: Romans

12. Capital punishment

13. Decency
14. Trade and commerce - navigation, pottery and gold industry
15. Sanitation. (Book of Leviticus)

How did our early ancestors come to know this prior to colonization by the Spaniards if this culture
was not brought about by the descendants of Shem - Joktan - Havilah, Ophir, Shebah and Tarshish
thousand years before the coming of the Messiah?

11
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TRACKS OF NON-HEBREW /PAGAN /GENTILE CULTURE OF THE FILIPINOS –

1. Body Piercing/ Tattooing (Malay heritage),

19:28 Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you: I
am the LORD. Leviticus

2. Female circumcision – Only males are circumcised

3. Idolatry – Exodus 20:4-5

20:4 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven
above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 20:5 Thou shalt not bow
down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity
of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; Exodus

4. Gambling
5. Slavery

25:17 Ye shall not therefore oppress one another; but thou shalt fear thy God for I am the LORD your
God. Leviticus

25:42 For they are my servants, which I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: they shall not be sold
as bondmen. Leviticus

6. Violation of human rights,

7. Polygamy,

8. Homosexuality and other forms of sexual immoralities

1:27 And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one
toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves
that recompense of their error which was meet. Romans

9. Child bride
10. Prayer for the dead – Hebrews 9:27
11. Worship of nature like moon, sun, stars and trees.

The migration theory will help us understand why some Filipinos have embraced this culture since
early records show that as early as 100A.D. the early Filipinos already have the thriving culture of
their own although they were divided that made them an easy subject to conquer.

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 Comparative Analysis of Sources

PRIMARY SOURCES

Pre-Hispanic Philippines

Language Paradigm of Maharlika and Pilipinas

Site of the First Mass

1872 Cavite Mutiny

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(http://malacanang.gov.ph/7050-andres-bonifacios-pag-ibig-sa-tinubuang-lupa/ n.d.)

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 The Teachings of the Katipunan
Realizing the importance of a primer to indoctrinate the members of the society in its ideals, Jacinto prepared one which he
called Kartilla, a word adopted from the Spanish cartilla which at the time meant a primer for grade school students.
The Kartilla consisted of thirteen "teachings" which the members of the society were expected to follow. The primer follows:
Filipino version from a handout of the Centennial Commission. Strangely, it consisted only of twelve teachings.

KartilyangKatipunan
ni Emilio Jacinto

1. Angbuhaynahindiginugugolsaisangmalaki at banal nakadahilanan ay kahoynawalanglilim,

kundidamongmakamandag.
2. Anggawangmagalingnanagbuhatsapaghahambog o pagpipitasasarili, at
hinditalagangnasanggumawangkagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Angtunaynakabanalan ay angpagkakawang-gawa, angpag-ibigsakapwa at angisukatangbawat kilos,
gawa'tpangungusapsatalagangKatuwiran.
4. Maitim man o maputiangkulayngbalat, lahatngtao'ymagkakapantay; mangyayaringangisa'yhihigtansadunong,
sayaman, saganda...; ngunit di mahihigtansapagkatao.
5. Ang may mataasnakalooban, inuunaangpurikaysapagpipitasasarili; ang may hamaknakalooban,
inuunaangpagpipitasasarilikaysasapuri.
6. Sataong may hiya, salita'ypanunumba.
7. Huwagmongsayanginangpanahon; angyamangnawala'ymangyayaringmagbalik; ngunitpanahongnagdaan ay di
namuli pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggolmoanginaapi; kabakahinangumaapi.
9. Angmgataongmatalino'yang may pag-iingatsabawatsasabihin; matutongipaglihimangdapatipaglihim.
10. Sadaangmatinikngbuhay, lalakiangsiyangpatnugotngasawa at mgaanak; kung angumaakay ay tungosasama,
angpagtutunguhannginaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Angbabae ay huwagmongtingnangisangbagaynalibanganlamang, kundiisangkatuwang at
karamaysamgakahirapannitongbuhay; gamitinmonangbuongpagpipitaganangkanyangkahinaan, at alalahaninanginangpinagbuharan
at nag-iwisaiyongkasanggulan.
12. Ang di moibiggawinsaasawamo, anak at kapatid, ay huwagmonggagawinsaasawa, anak at kapatidngiba.
(http://filipino.biz.ph/history/kartilya.html n.d.)

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DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

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(https://www.google.com/search?q=facsimile+of+the+declaration+of+philippine+independence+in+Ka
wit n.d.)

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CHAPTER II EVALUATION:

1. Analyze the context, content, and perspective of different primary sources.

Supply the table below to make a comparative analysis of the primary sources. (20 points)

POINTS OF VIEW
CRITERIA PAG-IBIG KARTILYA DECLARATION
SA NG OF PHILIPPINE
TINUBUANG KATIPUNAN INDEPENDENCE
LUPA
SPEAKER

OCCASION

AUDIENCE

PURPOSE

SUBJECT/CONTENT

CONTEXT

PERSPECTIVE/EMOTION

2. Determine the contribution of different primary sources in understanding Philippine history

particularly during the pre-Hispanic Philippines. Choose one (1) only.

a. Herodotus, Josephus and Other Early Historians

b. Geography, Anthropology, Oceanography, and Etymology
c. The Holy Scriptures
d. Solomon’s Gold VideoSeries – Part 6 and 7

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Chapters 1 and 2 Bibliography:
Agoncillo, Teodoro, History of the Filipino People, pp. 184-187
De Plasencia, Juan, Customs of the Tagalog (Friar Account), (Garcia 1979, pp. 221-234)
De Tavera, Trinidad Pardo. Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, (Zaide 1990, Vol 7, pp. 274-280
Fox, Robert, TheTabon Caves (Human Remains and Artifacts), pp. 40-44; 109-119
Garcia, Ricardo P., The Great Debate: the Rizal Retraction, pp. 9-19, 31-43
Gottschalk, Louis, Understanding History, pp. 41-61; 117-170
Halili, C. (2010). Philippine History. REX Book Store. Manila City.
Howell and Prevenier, From Reliable Sources, pp. 17-68
Izquierdo, Rafael, Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, (Zaide 1990, Vol 7, pp. 281-286
Jacinto, Emilio, KartillangKatipunan (Declaration of Principles), (Richardson, 2013, pp. 131-137)
Ma. Cavanna, Jesus, Rizal’s Unfading Glory, pp. 1-52
Masangkay, Guillermo. Cry of Balintawak, Zaide 1990, Vol.8, pp. 307-309
Montero, Jose y Vidal, Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, (Zaide 1990, Vol 7, pp. 269-273
National Historical Institute (1997) Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence, Pascual, Ricardo
R. Rizal Beyond the Grave, pp. 7-36
Pigafetta, Antonio. First Voyage Around the World (Chronicle), pp. 23-48
Raiders of the Sulu Sea (Film)
Scott, William Henry, Pre-hispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, pp.90-135
Valenzuela, Pio, Cry of Pugadlawin, (Zaide 1990, Vol. 8, pp. 301-302)

Internet:

http://filipino.biz.ph/history/kartilya.html. n.d.

http://malacanang.gov.ph/7050-andres-bonifacios-pag-ibig-sa-tinubuang-lupa/. n.d.
https://www.google.com/search?q=facsimile+of+the+declaration+of+philippine+independence+in+Kawit,
+Cavite1898+full+text&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAzujs27ffAhUFfCsKHTtUBE8Q_AUIDigB&biw=1600&b
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Solomon's Gold Series. www.thegodculture.com, 2017.

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