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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

LESSON 01: BASIC CONCEPTS & PRINCIPLES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY

I. Definition of Terms:
A. Etymology –

B. Epidemiology –

C. Epidemiologist –

II. Types of Epidemiology:

A. Classical Epidemiology –

B. Clinical Epidemiology –

C. Syndromic Epidemiology –

D. Infectious Disease Epidemiology –

III. Scientific Study of Disease:


• The scientific study of disease can be approached at the following four levels:
1. Submolecular or molecular level (e.g. cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, and immunology)
2. Tissue or organ level (e.g. anatomic pathology)
3. Level of individual patients (e.g. clinical medicine)
4. Level of populations (e.g. epidemiology)

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

IV. Etiology and Natural History of Disease


A. Stages of Disease

B. Mechanisms and Causes of Disease


1. Biological Mechanisms vs Social, Behavioral, and Environmental Causes
2. Host, Agent, Environment, Vector

• Host Factors
• Host Resistance:
i. Genotype
ii. Nutritional status
iii. Body Mass Index
iv. Immune system
v. Social behavior
• Agents of Disease / Illness
i. Biologic agents
ii. Chemical agents
iii. Physical agents
iv. Social and psychological stressors

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

• Environment
• Vectors

3. Risk factors and Preventable Causes

C. BEINGS Model

1. “B” – Biological and Behavioral Factors

2. “E” – Environmental Factors

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

3. “I” – Immunologic Factors

4. “N” – Nutritional Factors

5. “G” – Genetic Factors

6. “S” – Services, Social Factors, and Spiritual Factors

V. Ecological Issues in Epidemiology

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

1. Vaccination and Patterns of Immunity

A. Diphtheria
• Causative agent: ______________________________
• Recommendation: _____________________________

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

B. Smallpox
• Causative agent: _____________________________
• Variolation:
• Vaccination:
• Two types:

C. Poliomyelitis
• Causative agent: _____________________________
• Two types of vaccines:

D. Syphilis
• Causative agent: _____________________________
• Three stages:

2. Effects of Sanitation

A. 19th century:

B. Sanitary revolution:

C. Demographic gap:

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

3. Vector Control and Land Use Patterns

4. River Dam Construction and Patterns of Disease

5. Synergism of Factors Predisposing to Disease


A. Synergism:

B. Malnutrition and Infection

C. Antigenic shift:

D. Antigenic drift:

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

VI. Contributions of Epidemiologists


1. Investigating Epidemics and New Diseases

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

2. Biologic spectrum of disease (Iceberg phenomenon)

3. Surveillance of Community Health Interventions


A. Field trials

B. Ongoing/continued surveillance programs

C. Syndromic surveillance

4. Setting Disease Control Priorities

• Examples:
o HIV/AIDS
o Type 2 Diabetes
o SARS
o Influenza

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

5. Improving Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Clinical Disease


A. Diagnosis

B. Effective treatment

C. Prognosis

D. Risk estimation

6. Improving Health Services Research

• Examples:
o Health planning

o Demographic projection techniques

o Analyses of disease pattern frequency

o Health program evaluation

o Cost-benefit analysis

• Swiss Cheese Model

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BE-LEC 100: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS | PRELIMS LESSON 01

7. Providing Expert Testimony in Courts of Law

A. Epidemiologists may testify in court:

• Product hazards

• Probable risks and effects

B. Lawsuits may rely on epidemiologic data:

• General environmental exposures

• Occupational illness claims

• Medical liability

• Product liability

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