Extraction of Indicators

from

Beetroot and
Onion

By: Fuzel
Salim
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XII-B

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 CONTENTS
No Subject
Page No
1 Contents
3
2 Certificate
5
3 Acknowledgement
7
4 pH Indicator
9
5 Beetroot
11
6 Beetroot as an Indicator
13
7 Preparation of the Indicator
15
8 Detection of pH Range
17
9 Onion
19
3
 10 Onion as an Indicator
21
11 Olfactory Indicators
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 Certificate
This is to certify that Fuzel
Salim of class XII-B has
completed this project
under my supervision for
the academic year 2015-
2016.

………………
….
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 (Internal
Examiner)

Seal:

Date:

………………
…..
(External
Examiner)

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 Acknowledge
ment
I wish to express my sincere
gratitude to Dr. Alim Khan for
providing me an opportunity to
do my project work on
“Extraction of Indicators
from Onions and Beetroot”.
This project bears an imprint of
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many people. I sincerely thank
my project partner for guidance
and encouragement in carrying
out his project work and co-
operating with me. I thank my
brother for his kind co-operation
to the completion of my project
work. Last but not the least I
wish to express a sense of
gratitude and love to my
beloved parents for their help,
manual support and strength.

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 pH Indicator

A pH indicator is a halochromic
chemical compound added in
small amounts to a solution so the
pH (acidity or basicity) of the
solution can be determined
visually. Hence, a pH indicator is a
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chemical detector for hydronium
ions (H3O+) or hydrogen ions
(H+) in the Arrhenius model.
Normally, the indicator causes the
color of the solution to change
depending on the pH. Indicators
can also show change in other
physical properties; for example,
olfactory indicators show change
in their odor.

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Beetroot
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The beetroot is the taproot
portion of the beet plant, usually
known in North America as the
beet, also table beet, garden
beet, or red or golden beet. It is
several of the cultivated varieties
of Beta vulgaris grown for their
edible taproots and their greens.
These varieties have been
classified as B. vulgaris subsp.
vulgaris Conditiva Group.

Other than as a food, beets have

use as a food coloring and as a
medicinal plant. Many beet
products are made from other
Beta vulgaris varieties,
particularly sugar beet.

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Beetroot as an
Indicator
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Beetroot Red, is a glycosidic
food dye obtained by
hydrolyzing the glucose
molecule, Betanin.

The colour of Betanin depends

on pH. It is bright bluish-red,
becoming blue-violet as the pH
increases. Once the pH reaches
alkaline levels Betanin
degrades by hydrolysis,
resulting in a yellow-brown
colour.

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15
 Preparation of
the Indicator
1). 300.0 g of chopped Beetroot
was added to 50.00cm3 of
boiling water in a beaker and
was boiled continuously for 45
minutes.

2). After allowing the beaker to

cool for 15 minutes, boiled
Beetroot were squashed and the
liquid was filtered.

3). The residues were squeezed

once again and the liquid was
evaporated to get a highly
concentrated portion of the
indicator.

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17
 Detection of pH
Range

•A series of solutions in the range pH

1.0-13.0 was prepared by using 1.0
M NaOH and 1.0 M HCl acid.

• When the indicator was added to the

prepared series of solutions the
colour was changed from red to
yellow in between pH 10.0-12.0.

• Inorder to get the exact pH range,

another series of solutions was
prepared by diluting the pH 10-12
solution range into 10.10, 10.20,
……,12.00 and 0.05 ml of the
indicator was added to each
solution.

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• A colour change was observed in the
pH range 10.80-11.20, which is the
working pH range of Beetroot.

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 Onion

The onion (Allium cepa L.) (Latin cepa =

onion), also known as the bulb onion or

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common onion, is a vegetable and is the
most widely cultivated species of the
genus Allium.

This genus also contains several other

species variously referred to as onions
and cultivated for food, such as the
Japanese bunching onion (A. fistulosum),
the Egyptian onion (A. ×proliferum), and
the Canada onion (A. canadense). The
name "wild onion" is applied to a
number of Allium species, but A. cepa is
exclusively known from cultivation and
its ancestral wild original form is not
known, although escapes from
cultivation have become established in
some regions. The onion is most
frequently a biennial or a perennial
plant, but is usually treated as an
annual and harvested in its first growing
season.

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22
 Onion as an
Indicator
Onion is an olfactory indicator.
They have a characteristic odour
but when chopped onions are kept
in a dilute solution of sodium
hydroxide, they lose their
characteristic odour. However, on
keeping the chopped onions in a
dilute acidic solution, the
characteristic odour of onions is not
lost. This experiment can help in
identifying acidic or alkaline
solution. Red onion can act as a
visual indicator at the same time. It
changes from pale red in acid
solution to green in basic solution.

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 Clove Oil Vanilla
Extract

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 Onions
Olfactory

Indicators

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An Olfactory indicator is a
substance whose smell varies
depending on whether it is mixed
with an acidic or basic solution.
Olfactory indicators can be used in
the laboratory to test whether a
solution is a base or an acid, a
process called olfactory titration.
Onion , clove oil and vanilla extract
are examples. They lose their smell
with bases but not with acids.

Olfactory indicators can be used to

engage visually impaired students
in laboratory work.

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