The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein

Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

Link​ ​to​ ​Rubenstein​ ​Chapter​ ​7

Key​ ​Issue​ ​1:​ ​Where​ ​Are​ ​Ethnicities​ ​Distributed?
Pages​ ​226-231

***Always​ ​keep​ ​your​ ​key​ ​term​ ​packet​ ​out​ ​whenever​ ​you​ ​take​ ​notes​ ​from​ ​Rubenstein.​ ​As​ ​the​ ​terms​ ​come
up​ ​in​ ​the​ ​text,​ ​think​ ​through​ ​the​ ​significance​ ​of​ ​the​ ​term.

1. Define​ ​ethnicity​:
Ethnicity​ ​is​ ​a​ ​source​ ​of​ ​pride​ ​to​ ​people,​ ​a​ ​link​ ​to​ ​the​ ​experiences​ ​of​ ​ancestors​ ​and​ ​to​ ​cultural​ ​traditions,
such​ ​as​ ​food​ ​and​ ​music​ ​preferences.

2. Define​ ​race​:
Race​ ​is​ ​the​ ​identity​ ​with​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​people​ ​who​ ​share​ ​a​ ​biological​ ​ancestor

3. What​ ​is​ ​racism​?

Racism​ ​is​ ​the​ ​belief​ ​that​ ​race​ ​is​ ​the​ ​primary​ ​determinant​ ​of​ ​human​ ​traits​ ​and​ ​capacities​ ​and​ ​that​ ​racial
differences​ ​produce​ ​an​ ​inherent​ ​superiority​ ​of​ ​a​ ​particular​ ​race.

4. What​ ​are​ ​the​ ​three​ ​most​ ​numerous​ ​ethnicities​ ​in​ ​the​ ​United​ ​States?

Asian-American,​ ​African-American,​ ​and​ ​Hispanic​ ​American

5. What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​“problem”​ ​with​ ​the​ ​way​ ​the​ ​U.S.​ ​Census​ ​Bureau​ ​defines​ ​“Asian”?
Asian​ ​is​ ​recognized​ ​as​ ​a​ ​distinct​ ​race​ ​by​ ​the​ ​U.S.​ ​Census​ ​Bureau,​ ​so​ ​Asian​ ​as​ ​a​ ​race​ ​and​ ​Asian​ ​American​ ​as​ ​an
ethnicity​ ​encompass​ ​basically​ ​the​ ​same​ ​group​ ​of​ ​people.​ ​Additionally,​ ​Asian​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​people​ ​from​ ​many​ ​different
countries​ ​within​ ​Asia,​ ​from​ ​China​ ​to​ ​India,​ ​and​ ​so​ ​it​ ​encompasses​ ​a​ ​very​ ​broad​ ​group​ ​of​ ​people.

6. What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​difference​ ​between​ ​“African-American”​ ​and​ ​“black”?

African​ ​American​ ​identifies​ ​a​ ​group​ ​with​ ​an​ ​extensive​ ​cultural​ ​tradition,​ ​whereas​ ​the​ ​term​ ​black​ ​in
principle​ ​devotes​ ​nothing​ ​more​ ​than​ ​dark​ ​skin.​ ​An​ ​example​ ​of​ ​this​ ​would​ ​be​ ​Barack​ ​Obama,​ ​whose​ ​father
is​ ​from​ ​Kenya,​ ​making​ ​him​ ​black,​ ​but​ ​perhaps​ ​not​ ​African-American.

7. How​ ​does​ ​the​ ​U.S.​ ​Census​ ​Bureau​ ​consider​ ​Hispanic/Latino?

Hispanic​ ​or​ ​Latino​ ​is​ ​not​ ​considered​ ​a​ ​race,​ ​so​ ​on​ ​the​ ​census​ ​form​ ​members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Hispanic​ ​or​ ​Latino
ethnicity​ ​select​ ​any​ ​race​ ​they​ ​wish—​ ​white,​ ​black,​ ​or​ ​other.
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

8. Provide​ ​an​ ​example​ ​to​ ​illustrate​ ​that​ ​African-Americans​ ​or​ ​Hispanics​ ​in​ ​the​ ​U.S.​ ​are​ ​more
urbanized.

African​ ​Americans​ ​make​ ​up​ ​85%​ ​of​ ​the​ ​population​ ​of​ ​Detroit,​ ​and​ ​7%​ ​of​ ​Michigan
Hispanics​ ​make​ ​up​ ​1/4​ ​of​ ​the​ ​population​ ​of​ ​New​ ​York​ ​City.​ ​1/6​ ​of​ ​the​ ​State​ ​of​ ​New​ ​York.

9. In​ ​the​ ​chart​ ​below,​ ​explain​ ​where​ ​each​ ​ethnic​ ​group​ ​is​ ​clustered​ ​in​ ​the​ ​United​ ​States.

Hispanics Hispanics​ ​are​ ​clustered​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Southwest,

African​ ​American
Asian​ ​American
African​ ​Americans​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Southeast,​ ​and
Asian​ ​Americans​ ​in​ ​the​ ​West.
African​ ​Americans​ ​are​ ​highly​ ​clustered​ ​in
urban​ ​areas,​ ​especially​ ​in​ ​inner-city
neighborhoods.​ ​Mostly​ ​in​ ​Southeast​ ​of
the​ ​US
Asian​ ​Americans​ ​are​ ​mostly​ ​clustered​ ​in
the​ ​west​ ​of​ ​US,​ ​specifically​ ​california​ ​and
hawaii.

Key​ ​Issue​ ​2:​ ​Why​ ​Do​ ​Ethnicities​ ​Have​ ​Distinctive​ ​Distributions?

Pages​ ​232-237

1. Complete​ ​the​ ​chart​ ​below​ ​to​ ​summarize​ ​the​ ​historic​ ​migration​ ​patterns​ ​of​ ​African​ ​Americans.
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity
Forced​ ​Migration
- Triangular​ ​slave
trade
- During​ ​the​ ​18th
century,​ ​the​ ​British
shipped​ ​over
400,000​ ​Africans​ ​to
13​ ​colonies​ ​that
later​ ​formed​ ​the
United​ ​States
- Slavery​ ​was
widespread​ ​about
2,000​ ​years​ ​ago​ ​-
the​ ​time​ ​of​ ​the
Roman​ ​Empire.
- Europeans​ ​are
responsible​ ​for
diffusing​ ​the
practice​ ​of​ ​slavery
to​ ​the​ ​Western
Hemisphere
- Europeans​ ​sold
slaves​ ​to​ ​the​ ​US​ ​in
order​ ​to​ ​make​ ​profit
- The​ ​Spanish
Portuguese,​ ​British,
Dutch​ ​and​ ​French​ ​all
participated​ ​in​ ​the
slave​ ​trade
2. Describe​ ​the​ ​following​ ​concepts​ ​dealing​ ​with​ ​the​ ​geography​ ​of​ ​race:
a. “White​ ​Flight”
Interregional​ ​Migration Intraregional​ ​Migration
- african​ ​Americans - when​ ​the​ ​african
were​ ​concentrated americans​ ​reached
in​ ​the​ ​rural​ ​south the​ ​big​ ​cities,​ ​many
- many​ ​located​ ​in clustered​ ​in​ ​one​ ​or
cities​ ​throughout two​ ​neighborhoods
the​ ​NE,​ ​Midwest, where​ ​the​ ​small
and​ ​West number​ ​who​ ​had
- freed​ ​slaves​ ​worked arrived​ ​earlier​ ​were
as​ ​sharecroppers, already​ ​living
but​ ​found - these​ ​areas​ ​were
themselves known​ ​as​ ​the​ ​ghetto
burdened​ ​with​ ​high
interest​ ​rates​ ​&
heavy​ ​debts
- as​ ​new​ ​farm
machinery​ ​was
introduced,​ ​many
were​ ​pulled​ ​by​ ​the
prospect​ ​of​ ​jobs​ ​in
the​ ​north
- Migrated​ ​north​ ​&
west​ ​in​ ​two​ ​main
waves,​ ​1st​ ​before​ ​&
after​ ​WWI,​ ​2nd
before​ ​&​ ​after​ ​WWII
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

The​ ​White​ ​Flight​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​emigration​ ​of​ ​whites​ ​from​ ​an​ ​area​ ​where​ ​blacks​ ​were​ ​suspected
to​ ​immigrate​ ​into.​ ​Rather​ ​than​ ​coexist​ ​in​ ​peace​ ​and​ ​harmony,​ ​the​ ​whites​ ​began​ ​fleeing​ ​in​ ​large
numbers.​ ​An​ ​example​ ​of​ ​this​ ​is​ ​when​ ​African​ ​Americans​ ​poured​ ​into​ ​Detroit​ ​in​ ​the​ ​early
twentieth​ ​century​ ​in​ ​search​ ​for​ ​jobs​ ​in​ ​the​ ​auto​ ​industry.​ ​Due​ ​to​ ​this​ ​heavy​ ​influx​ ​of​ ​African
American​ ​immigrants,​ ​Detroit’s​ ​white​ ​population​ ​declined​ ​sharply​ ​by​ ​about​ ​1​ ​million​ ​between
1950​ ​and​ ​1975​ ​and​ ​by​ ​another​ ​half​ ​million​ ​between​ ​1975​ ​and​ ​2000.

b. “Blockbusting”
Real​ ​estate​ ​agents​ ​convinced​ ​white​ ​homeowners,​ ​who​ ​were​ ​living​ ​in​ ​a​ ​black​ ​neighborhood,​ ​to
sell​ ​their​ ​houses​ ​at​ ​low​ ​prices.​ ​They​ ​taunted​ ​them​ ​with​ ​the​ ​fact​ ​that​ ​black​ ​families​ ​would​ ​soon
move​ ​into​ ​the​ ​neighborhood​ ​and​ ​cause​ ​property​ ​values​ ​to​ ​decline​ ​sharply.​ ​The​ ​agents​ ​sold​ ​these
houses​ ​to​ ​black​ ​families​ ​in​ ​higher​ ​prices,​ ​and​ ​over​ ​time​ ​this​ ​would​ ​cause​ ​a​ ​white​ ​neighborhood
to​ ​transform​ ​into​ ​an​ ​all​ ​black​ ​neighborhood​ ​in​ ​a​ ​very​ ​short​ ​period​ ​of​ ​time.

● Red​ ​lining-​ ​it​ ​was​ ​easier​ ​in​ ​some​ ​areas​ ​to​ ​get​ ​home​ ​loans.​ ​The​ ​White​ ​people​ ​lived​ ​in
areas​ ​where​ ​it​ ​was​ ​easier​ ​to​ ​get​ ​their​ ​own​ ​homes,​ ​and​ ​live​ ​in​ ​a​ ​developed​ ​surrounding.
The​ ​minorities​ ​living​ ​in​ ​the​ ​African​ ​American​ ​area​ ​were​ ​not​ ​able​ ​to​ ​afford​ ​the​ ​property
and​ ​had​ ​to​ ​continue​ ​paying​ ​rents.​ ​They​ ​often​ ​lived​ ​in​ ​poverty​ ​as​ ​they​ ​do​ ​not​ ​have​ ​much
money.​ ​‘

c. “Separate​ ​but​ ​Equal”​ ​-​ ​Jim​ ​Crow​ ​Laws​ ​(Segregation​ ​Laws)

This​ ​law​ ​included​ ​that​ ​fact​ ​that​ ​black​ ​and​ ​white​ ​passengers​ ​had​ ​to​ ​ride​ ​in​ ​separate​ ​railway​ ​cars.
The​ ​Supreme​ ​Court​ ​stated,​ ​in​ ​1896,​ ​that​ ​the​ ​law​ ​was​ ​constitutional​ ​because​ ​it​ ​provided​ ​separate
but​ ​equal​ ​treatment​ ​of​ ​the​ ​two​ ​races.​ ​ ​Once​ ​this​ ​law​ ​was​ ​passed,​ ​Southern​ ​States​ ​started
enacting​ ​upon​ ​a​ ​whole​ ​new​ ​set​ ​of​ ​laws​ ​that​ ​discriminated​ ​heavily​ ​against​ ​the​ ​blacks.​ ​They​ ​had​ ​to
sit​ ​in​ ​the​ ​back​ ​of​ ​buses,​ ​shops,​ ​bathrooms,​ ​schools​ ​etc​ ​and​ ​weren’t​ ​served​ ​at​ ​many​ ​restaurants.
US​ ​segregation​ ​laws,​ ​due​ ​to​ ​civil​ ​rights​ ​activists,​ ​were​ ​eliminated​ ​during​ ​the​ ​1950s​ ​and​ ​1960s,
but​ ​their​ ​impacts​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​forgotten.

● Jim​ ​Crow​ ​laws​ ​were​ ​designed​ ​to​ ​discriminate​ ​against​ ​minorities​ ​and​ ​make​ ​them​ ​look​ ​inferior
from​ ​the​ ​White​ ​people.
● Laws:​ ​A​ ​black​ ​male​ ​and​ ​a​ ​white​ ​male​ ​cannot​ ​shake​ ​hands,​ ​blacks​ ​and​ ​whites​ ​cannot​ ​eat
together,​ ​under​ ​no​ ​circumstances​ ​was​ ​a​ ​black​ ​man​ ​to​ ​light​ ​a​ ​cigarette​ ​for​ ​a​ ​white​ ​female.

3. Define​ ​apartheid​:
Apartheid​ ​was​ ​the​ ​physical​ ​separation​ ​of​ ​different​ ​races​ ​into​ ​different​ ​geographic​ ​areas.​ ​The​ ​apartheid
laws​ ​determined​ ​where​ ​different​ ​races​ ​would​ ​live,​ ​study,​ ​work,​ ​shop,​ ​and​ ​own​ ​land.​ ​There​ ​were​ ​a​ ​148
apartheid​ ​laws​ ​in​ ​South​ ​Africa.​ ​They​ ​were​ ​classified​ ​into​ ​four​ ​racial​ ​categories-​ ​black,​ ​whites,​ ​colored​ ​and
Indian.​ ​These​ ​laws​ ​were​ ​repealed​ ​in​ ​1990s,​ ​but​ ​the​ ​impact​ ​of​ ​those​ ​policies​ ​will​ ​never​ ​be​ ​forgotten.
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

4. Explain​ ​the​ ​key​ ​components​ ​of​ ​the​ ​apartheid​ ​system:

South​ ​Africa​:​ ​Under​ ​Apartheid,​ ​newborn​ ​is​ ​classified​ ​under​ ​1​ ​of​ ​4​ ​races​ ​-​ ​black,​ ​white,​ ​mixed/colored​ ​or
Asian.​ ​Black-75%,​ ​White-14%,​ ​Mixed-9%,​ ​Asian-3%.​ ​Under​ ​Apartheid,​ ​each​ ​race​ ​has​ ​a​ ​different​ ​legal
status​ ​-​ ​lived,​ ​attended​ ​school,​ ​worked,​ ​shopped,​ ​and​ ​owned​ ​land.​ ​Blacks-​ ​no​ ​vote,​ ​no​ ​running​ ​for
office.

5. Complete​ ​the​ ​following​ ​timeline​ ​of​ ​South​ ​African​ ​history​ ​and​ ​annotate​ ​the​ ​map​ ​of​ ​10​ ​homelands

Key​ ​Issue​ ​3:​ ​Why​ ​Do​ ​Conflicts​ ​Arise​ ​Among​ ​Ethnicities?

Pages​ ​238-245
1. Define​ ​nationality​:
Nationality​ ​is​ ​identity​ ​ ​with​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​people​ ​who​ ​share​ ​legal​ ​attachment​ ​and​ ​personal​ ​allegiance​ ​to
a​ ​particular​ ​country.

2. Though​ ​they​ ​are​ ​very​ ​similar,​ ​use​ ​the​ ​chart​ ​below​ ​to​ ​show​ ​how​ ​nationality​ ​differs​ ​from
ethnicity​.

Ethnicity Nationality
- Derives​ ​from: - Derives​ ​from:
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

- Religion - Voting
- Language - Obtaining​ ​a​ ​passport
​ ulture
- Material​ C - Performing​ ​civil​ ​duties

3. Explain​ ​the​ ​difference​ ​between​ ​ethnicity​​ ​and​ ​nationality​​ ​in​ ​the​ ​United​ ​Kingdom.

In​ ​the​ ​United​ ​Kingdom,​ ​a​ ​person’s​ ​ethnicity​ ​can​ ​be​ ​English,​ ​Welsh,​ ​Scottish,​ ​and​ ​Irish.​ ​Their​ ​nationality,
however,​ ​is​ ​British.

4. What​ ​is​ ​nationalism​?

Loyalty​ ​and​ ​devotion​ ​to​ ​a​ ​nationality.

5. How​ ​do​ ​nations​ ​and​ ​states​ ​foster​ ​it?

They​ ​promote​ ​symbols​ ​of​ ​the​ ​nation​ ​in​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​flags​ ​or​ ​songs.​ ​For​ ​example,​ ​the​ ​symbol​ ​of​ ​the​ ​sickle
and​ ​the​ ​hammer​ ​on​ ​a​ ​field​ ​of​ ​red​ ​is​ ​synonymous​ ​with​ ​communism.

6. What​ ​are​ ​centripetal​ ​forces​?

An​ ​attitude​ ​that​ ​unifies​ ​people​ ​and​ ​enhances​ ​the​ ​support​ ​for​ ​a​ ​state.

7. Read​ ​“Ethnic​ ​Competition​ ​in​ ​Lebanon”​ ​and​ ​complete​ ​the​ ​case​ ​study​ ​by​ ​listing​ ​the​ ​religions​ ​of
Lebanon​ ​and​ ​annotating​ ​them​ ​on​ ​the​ ​map​ ​provided​ ​(use​ ​map​ ​pg.​ ​240).​ ​(draw​ ​arrows​ ​into
the​ ​map​ ​from​ ​the​ ​boxes​ ​to​ ​show​ ​the​ ​areas​ ​where​ ​those​ ​religions​ ​are​ ​concentrated)
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

8. How​ ​did​ ​Lebanon’s​ ​1943​ ​constitution​ ​seek​ ​to​ ​solve​ ​the​ ​religion​ ​problem?
It​ ​required​ ​that​ ​each​ ​religion​ ​be​ ​represented​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Chamber​ ​of​ ​Deputies​ ​according​ ​to​ ​its​ ​percentage​ ​in
the​ ​1932​ ​census.

The​ ​president…
Was​ ​a​ ​Maronite​ ​Christian
The​ ​premier…
Was​ ​a​ ​Sunni​ ​Muslim
The​ ​speaker​ ​of​ ​the​ ​chamber​ ​of​ ​deputies…
Was​ ​a​ ​Shiite​ ​Muslim
The​ ​foreign​ ​minister…
Was​ ​a​ ​Greek​ ​Orthodox​ ​Christian
9. How​ ​has​ ​the​ ​make-up​ ​of​ ​the​ ​population​ ​changed​ ​since​ ​1943?
The​ ​groups​ ​have​ ​tended​ ​to​ ​live​ ​in​ ​different​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​the​ ​country​ ​(Maronites​ ​are​ ​in​ ​the​ ​west-central​ ​part,
Sunnis​ ​in​ ​the​ ​northwest,​ ​and​ ​Shiites​ ​in​ ​the​ ​south​ ​and​ ​east.)

10. What​ ​happened​ ​in​ ​1975?​ ​ ​How​ ​has​ ​it​ ​been​ ​resolved?

A​ ​civil​ ​war​ ​broke​ ​out​ ​between​ ​the​ ​groups,​ ​and​ ​each​ ​group​ ​formed​ ​its​ ​own​ ​militia​ ​to​ ​guard​ ​its​ ​territory,
which​ ​would​ ​change​ ​depending​ ​on​ ​battles​ ​with​ ​other​ ​religious​ ​groups.

11. Complete​ ​the​ ​chart​ ​that​ ​compares​ ​the​ ​two​ ​ethnicities​ ​of​ ​Sri​ ​Lanka​ ​in​ ​terms​ ​of​ ​language​ ​and
religion.
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

Ethnic​ ​Group​ ​and​ ​% Language​ ​(family,​ ​etc.) Religion Where?

Sinhalese Indo-european​ ​language, Buddhism Northern​ ​India​ ​,

74% in​ ​the​ ​Indo-Iranian​ ​branch occupying​ ​the
southern
two-thirds​ ​of​ ​the
island
Tamils Tamil​ ​language,​ ​in​ ​the Hindus Migrated​ ​across​ ​the
16% Dravidian​ ​family narrow​ ​80km​ ​wide
Palk​ ​Strait​ ​from
India,​ ​occupying
the​ ​northern​ ​part
of​ ​the​ ​island

12. How​ ​has​ ​violence​ ​between​ ​these​ ​two​ ​groups​ ​(which​ ​goes​ ​back​ ​2,000​ ​years)​ ​been
suppressed​ ​during​ ​the​ ​past​ ​300​ ​years?
- It​ ​was​ ​suppressed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​300​ ​years​ ​of​ ​European​ ​control

13. What​ ​occurred​ ​in​ ​1948?

- Sri​ ​Lanka​ ​gained​ ​its​ ​own​ ​independence

14. Which​ ​group​ ​is​ ​unhappy?​ ​ ​Why?

- After​ ​gaining​ ​independence,​ ​Sinhalese​ ​have​ ​dominated​ ​the​ ​government,​ ​military,​ ​and​ ​most​ ​of
the​ ​commerce.
- Tamils​ ​feel​ ​that​ ​they​ ​suffer​ ​from​ ​discrimination​ ​at​ ​the​ ​hands​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Sinhalese-dominated
government​ ​and​ ​have​ ​received​ ​support​ ​for​ ​a​ ​rebellion​ ​that​ ​began​ ​in​ ​1983​ ​from​ ​Tamils​ ​living​ ​in
other​ ​countries

15. Annotate​ ​the​ ​map​ ​of​ ​the​ ​religious-ethnic​ ​geography​ ​of​ ​the​ ​island​ ​of​ ​Ceylon,​ ​the​ ​country​ ​of
Sri​ ​Lanka
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

16. When​ ​the​ ​British​ ​ended​ ​colonial​ ​control​ ​of​ ​South​ ​Asia​ ​in​ ​1947,​ ​how​ ​was​ ​the​ ​region​ ​divided
politically,​ ​and​ ​how​ ​was​ ​the​ ​region​ ​divided​ ​ethnically​ ​(religiously)?
- they​ ​divided​ ​the​ ​colony​ ​into​ ​two​ ​irregularly​ ​shaped​ ​countries​ ​-​ ​pakistan​ ​and​ ​india
- pakistan​ ​divided​ ​into​ ​two​ ​areas,​ ​west​ ​pakistan​ ​and​ ​east​ ​pakistan
- east​ ​pakistan​ ​became​ ​bangladesh​ ​in​ ​1971
- the​ ​people​ ​living​ ​in​ ​pakistan​ ​were​ ​predominantly​ ​Muslim
- those​ ​in​ ​india​ ​were​ ​predominantly​ ​Hindu
17. How​ ​many​ ​people​ ​found​ ​themselves​ ​on​ ​the​ ​“wrong​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the​ ​boundary”​ ​in​ ​the​ ​1940s?
- approximately​ ​17​ ​million
18. How​ ​many​ ​Muslims​ ​migrated​ ​from​ ​India​ ​to​ ​West​ ​Pakistan​ ​(Pakistan,​ ​today)?
- 6​ ​million
19. How​ ​many​ ​Muslims​ ​migrated​ ​to​ ​East​ ​Pakistan​ ​(Bangladesh,​ ​today)?
- 1​ ​million
20. How​ ​many​ ​Hindus​ ​migrated​ ​from​ ​East​ ​and​ ​West​ ​Pakistan​ ​into​ ​India?
- 6​ ​million​ ​from​ ​West​ ​Pakistan​ ​and​ ​3.5​ ​million​ ​from​ ​East​ ​Pakistan
21. What​ ​happened​ ​to​ ​many​ ​of​ ​the​ ​refugees​ ​as​ ​they​ ​traveled?
- Hindus​ ​in​ ​Pakistan​ ​and​ ​Muslims​ ​in​ ​India​ ​were​ ​killed​ ​by​ ​people​ ​of​ ​the​ ​rival​ ​religion
- Extremists​ ​attacked​ ​small​ ​groups​ ​of​ ​refugees​ ​traveling​ ​by​ ​road​ ​and​ ​halted​ ​trains​ ​to​ ​massacre​ ​the
passengers
22. Why​ ​is​ ​the​ ​region​ ​of​ ​Kashmir​ ​a​ ​problem?
Pakistan​ ​and​ ​India​ ​never​ ​agreed​ ​on​ ​the​ ​location​ ​of​ ​the​ ​boundary​ ​separating​ ​the​ ​two​ ​countries​ ​in​ ​the
northern​ ​region​ ​of​ ​Kashmir.
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

23. Note​ ​the​ ​following​ ​regions​ ​on​ ​the​ ​map​ ​below​ ​(use​ ​labels​ ​or​ ​arrows):

24. Discuss​ ​some​ ​of​ ​the​ ​issues​ ​that​ ​the​ ​Kurds​ ​suffer​ ​from.
- 30​ ​million​ ​of​ ​them​ ​are​ ​split​ ​among​ ​several​ ​countries
- 14​ ​million​ ​live​ ​in​ ​eastern​ ​Turkey
- 5​ ​million​ ​in​ ​northern​ ​Iraq
- 4​ ​million​ ​in​ ​western​ ​Iran
- 2​ ​million​ ​in​ ​Syria
- the​ ​rest​ ​are​ ​scattered
- Turks​ ​have​ ​repeatedly​ ​tried​ ​to​ ​suppress​ ​Kurdish​ ​culture
- Kurdish​ ​languages​ ​were​ ​illegal​ ​in​ ​Turkey​ ​until​ ​1991
- They​ ​are​ ​forced​ ​to​ ​live​ ​under​ ​the​ ​control​ ​of​ ​the​ ​region’s​ ​more​ ​powerful​ ​nationalities​ ​(no
corresponding​ ​Kurdish​ ​states)
25. In​ ​the​ ​chart​ ​below,​ ​bullet​ ​key​ ​points​ ​about​ ​ethnic​ ​diversity​ ​in​ ​Western​ ​Asia.

Iraq Iran Afghanistan Pakistan

- 3/4s​ ​of​ ​Iraq​ ​are - most​ ​numerous - most - most
Arabs ethnicity​ ​is numerous numerous
- Split: Persian ethnicities: ethnicity​ ​is
2/3 - Azeri​ ​and - Pashtu Punjabi
Shiite Baluchi n - Punjabi
- Tajik converted​ ​to
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

and​ ​1/3 represent - Hazara Islam​ ​when

Sunni minorities - rebellion​ ​by they​ ​were
- 1/6​ ​are​ ​Kurds - Persians several​ ​ethnic conquered
- After​ ​the​ ​US contribute​ ​the groups​ ​to​ ​the by​ ​the
removed world's​ ​largest environment Muslim​ ​army
Hussein​ ​from ethnic​ ​group - - Second
power,​ ​Iraq that​ ​adheres​ ​to largest
began​ ​complex Shiite​ ​Islam ethnicity​ ​is
and​ ​violent Pashtun
struggle -
between
ethnic​ ​groups
-

Key​ ​Issue​ ​4:​ ​Why​ ​Do​ ​Ethnicities​ ​Engage​ ​in​ ​Ethnic​ ​Cleansing​ ​and​ ​Genocide?
Pages​ ​246-255

1. Define​ ​ethnic​ ​cleansing​:

A​ ​process​ ​where​ ​a​ ​dominant​ ​ethnic​ ​group​ ​removes​ ​an​ ​unpopular​ ​or​ ​less​ ​dominate​ ​ethnic​ ​group
to​ ​make​ ​that​ ​region​ ​homologous​ ​to​ ​their​ ​ethnic​ ​group.

2. How​ ​is​ ​ethnic​ ​cleansing​ ​different​ ​than​ ​normal​ ​warfare?

normal​ ​warfare​ ​is​ ​based​ ​on​ ​defeating​ ​the​ ​enemy,​ ​where​ ​in​ ​ethnic​ ​cleansing​ ​the​ ​point​ ​isn’t​ ​only​ ​that

3. List​ ​the​ ​countries​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Balkan​ ​Peninsula​.

The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

Albania,​ ​Bulgaria,​ ​Greece,​ ​Romania,​ ​Croatia,​ ​Bosnia​ ​&​ ​Herzegovina,​ ​Serbia,​ ​Montenegro,​ ​Kosovo,​ ​&
Macedonia

4. List​ ​important/interesting​ ​facts​ ​regarding​ ​the​ ​creation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​post-WWI​ ​country​ ​of
Yugoslavia​.
It​ ​was​ ​created​ ​by​ ​the​ ​allies

It​ ​was​ ​also​ ​created​ ​to​ ​unite​ ​many​ ​balkan​ ​ethnicities​ ​because​ ​they​ ​spoke​ ​similar​ ​south​ ​slavic​ ​langauges.

5. Regarding​ ​the​ ​Yugoslav​ ​refrain​ ​that​ ​was​ ​common​ ​during​ ​the​ ​rule​ ​of​ ​Josip​ ​Tito,​ ​identify​ ​the
following​ ​of​ ​Yugoslavia’s:

FIVE​ ​NATIONALITIES…
Croats,​ ​Macedonians,​ ​Montenegrins,​ ​Serbs​ ​and​ ​Slovenes

FOUR​ ​LANGUAGES…
Croatian,​ ​Macedonian,​ ​Serbian,​ ​Slovene

THREE​ ​RELIGIONS…
Roman​ ​catholic​ ​which​ ​was​ ​in​ ​the​ ​north,​ ​Orthodox​ ​which​ ​was​ ​in​ ​the​ ​east,​ ​and​ ​Islam​ ​in​ ​the​ ​south

TWO​ ​ALPHABETS…

Roman​ ​alphabet​ ​and​ ​Cyrillic

6. What​ ​ethno-political​ ​problems​ ​did​ ​the​ ​country​ ​face​ ​after​ ​the​ ​death​ ​of​ ​Tito​ ​in​ ​the​ ​80s​ ​and​ ​the
fall​ ​of​ ​Communism​ ​in​ ​the​ ​90s?
Some​ ​rivalries​ ​against​ ​ethnicities​ ​in​ ​Yugoslavia​ ​resurfaced

7. Why​ ​did​ ​Serbs​ ​and​ ​Croats​ ​in​ ​Bosnia​ ​(aka​ ​Bosnia-Herzegovina)​ ​ethnically​ ​cleanse​ ​themselves
of​ ​Bosnia​ ​Muslims?
To​ ​strengthen​ ​their​ ​reasoning​ ​and​ ​purpose​ ​of​ ​breaking​ ​away​ ​and​ ​becoming​ ​their​ ​own​ ​country​ ​from
Bosnia​ ​&​ ​Herzegovina

8. What​ ​was​ ​agreed​ ​upon​ ​at​ ​the​ ​accords​ ​signed​ ​between​ ​these​ ​rival​ ​ethnicities​ ​in​ ​Dayton,​ ​Ohio
in​ ​1996?
Divided​ ​Bosnia​ ​and​ ​Herzegovina​ ​into​ ​three​ ​regions​ ​dominated​ ​by​ ​Bosnian​ ​Croats,​ ​Muslims,​ ​and
Serbs.

9. Who​ ​got​ ​the​ ​best​​ ​deal?​ ​ ​Who​ ​got​ ​the​ ​worst​​ ​deal?​ ​ ​Explain.
The​ ​Bosnian​ ​Serbs​ ​got​ ​the​ ​best​ ​deal,​ ​operating​ ​with​ ​complete​ ​independence​ ​and​ ​receiving​ ​nearly
half​ ​the​ ​country​ ​even​ ​though​ ​they​ ​are​ ​only​ ​one​ ​third​ ​of​ ​the​ ​population.​ ​The​ ​Bosnian​ ​Muslims​ ​got​ ​the
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

worst​ ​deal​ ​because​ ​they​ ​only​ ​received​ ​one​ ​fourth​ ​of​ ​the​ ​land​ ​even​ ​though​ ​they​ ​comprised​ ​one​ ​half
of​ ​the​ ​population.

10. What​ ​country​ ​controlled​ ​Kosovo​?

Serbia

11. What​ ​ethnic​ ​group​ ​lives​ ​in​ ​Kosovo​ ​(and​ ​%)?

Albanians​ ​-​ ​90%​ ​of​ ​the​ ​population

12. With​ ​the​ ​breakup​ ​of​ ​Yugoslavia,​ ​what​ ​began​ ​to​ ​happen​ ​in​ ​Kosovo?
Ethnic​ ​cleansing​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Albanian​ ​majority.

1. moving​ ​large​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​military​ ​equipment​ ​and​ ​personnel​ ​into​ ​a​ ​village​ ​that​ ​has​ ​no​ ​strategic
value
2. Rounding​ ​up​ ​all​ ​the​ ​people​ ​in​ ​the​ ​village​ ​(segregating​ ​men,​ ​women,​ ​children,​ ​and​ ​old​ ​people)
3. force​ ​people​ ​to​ ​leave​ ​the​ ​village​ ​(to​ ​the​ ​Albanian​ ​border)
4. set​ ​the​ ​village​ ​on​ ​fire

13. How​ ​did​ ​the​ ​U.S.​ ​and​ ​U.N.​ ​respond?

They​ ​launched​ ​an​ ​air​ ​attack​ ​against​ ​Serbia

14. Define​ ​balkanized​:

a​ ​small​ ​geographic​ ​areas​ ​that​ ​could​ ​not​ ​successfully​ ​be​ ​organized​ ​into​ ​one​ ​or​ ​more​ ​stable​ ​states
because​ ​it​ ​was​ ​inhabited​ ​by​ ​many​ ​ethnicities​ ​with​ ​complex,​ ​long-standing​ ​antagonisms​ ​toward​ ​each
other.

15. Define​ ​balkanization​:

the​ ​process​ ​by​ ​which​ ​a​ ​state​ ​breaks​ ​down​ ​through​ ​conflicts​ ​among​ ​its​ ​ethnicities.

16. If​ ​peace​ ​comes​ ​to​ ​the​ ​Balkan​ ​Peninsula​ ​in​ ​the​ ​next​ ​few​ ​years,​ ​why​ ​will​ ​it​ ​be​ ​“in​ ​a​ ​tragic​ ​way”
according​ ​to​ ​the​ ​author​ ​of​ ​the​ ​textbook?
- Because​ ​in​ ​a​ ​way​ ​the​ ​ethnic​ ​cleansing​ ​worked,​ ​homogeneity​ ​may​ ​be​ ​the​ ​price​ ​of​ ​peace​ ​in​ ​areas
that​ ​were​ ​once​ ​multi​ ​ethnic
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

17. Make​ ​notes​ ​on​ ​major​ ​issues​​ ​in​ ​each​ ​of​ ​these​ ​ethnic​ ​conflicts​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​shade​ ​and​ ​annotate
the​ ​map​ ​as​ ​necessary.

Case​ ​Study:​ ​ ​Africa​ ​(include​ ​details​ ​about​ ​the​ ​ethnic​ ​conflicts​ ​and​ ​maps​ ​to​ ​illustrate​ ​issues)

Ethiopia​ ​&​ ​Eritrea

- Eritrea​ ​given​ ​to​ ​Ethiopia​ ​after​ ​WWII

- Eritrean​ ​legislature​ ​dissolved​ ​&​ ​use​ ​of​ ​Tigrinya​ ​language​ ​banned
- Eritrea​ ​rebelled​ ​in​ ​30​ ​year​ ​fight​ ​&​ ​gained​ ​independence​ ​in​ ​1993​ ​but​ ​still​ ​disputed​ ​border
- Eritrea​ ​has​ ​Christians​ ​&​ ​Muslims​ ​and​ ​2​ ​ethnic​ ​groups​ ​(Tigrinya​ ​&​ ​Tigre)
- Ethiopia​ ​is​ ​multiethnic​ ​2​ ​major​ ​groups:​ ​Amharas​ ​(Christians)​ ​&​ ​Oromo​ ​(Muslim​ ​fundamentalists)

Sudan Somalia

- Arab-Muslim​ ​gov’t​ ​in​ ​north​ ​&​ ​other
ethnicities​ ​in​ ​south,​ ​west​ ​&​ ​east
- S:​ ​black​ ​Christians​ ​and​ ​animists​ ​(war​ ​with
North​ ​resulted​ ​in​ ​forming​ ​South​ ​Sudan)
- W:​ ​black​ ​Muslims​ ​in​ ​Darfur​ ​fought​ ​with
North
- E:​ ​many​ ​ethnicities​ ​fought​ ​gov’t​ ​with
support​ ​from​ ​Eritrea​ ​over​ ​disbursement​ ​of
oil
- Mostly​ ​Sunni​ ​Muslims​ ​that​ ​speak​ ​Somali
- Population​ ​is​ ​divided​ ​among​ ​several​ ​clans
and​ ​subclans
- Declared​ ​independent​ ​states​ ​of​ ​Somaliland
(N),​ ​Puntland​ ​(NE),​ ​Galmudug​ ​(center),
Southwestern​ ​Somalia​ ​(S)
- Islamic​ ​militias​ ​took​ ​control​ ​in​ ​2000s
The​ ​Cultural​ ​Landscape​ ​by​ ​Rubenstein
Chapter​ ​7:​ ​Ethnicity

18. Give​ ​the​ ​historical​ ​background​ ​of​ ​the​ ​two​ ​rival​ ​groups​ ​in​ ​Central​ ​Africa’s​ ​countries​ ​of
Rwanda​ ​and​ ​Burundi.

Hutus
● Hutus​ ​were​ ​settled​ ​farmers​ ​in​ ​the​ ​fertile
hills​ ​and​ ​valleys​ ​of​ ​present​ ​day​ ​Rwanda
and​ ​Burundi
Tutsis
● Tutsis​ ​were​ ​cattle​ ​herders​ ​who​ ​migrated
to​ ​present​ ​day​ ​Rwanda​ ​and​ ​Burundi
from​ ​the​ ​Rift​ ​Valley​ ​of​ ​western​ ​kenya
beginning​ ​400​ ​years​ ​ago.

19. What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​situation​ ​in​ ​Rwanda​ ​and​ ​Burundi​ ​today?
- Rwanda​ ​and​ ​Burundi​ ​remain​ ​calm.
- Most​ ​refugees​ ​have​ ​returned​ ​to​ ​the​ ​countries.
- Democratic​ ​elections​ ​have​ ​been​ ​held.