Quantum information processing based on NMR.

- Store quantum information in nuclear spin of a atoms in a molecule.

- Manipulate using EM radiation
o Electromagnetic pulses are applied to the sample, causing each molecule to
respond in roughly the same way.
- Difficulties:
o Not possible to treat individually, instead a huge number (typically around
10^15 of essentially identical molecules are stored in solution.)
o Difficult to observe and control due to small energy difference between different
spin.
- Solution (carefully crafted environment) :
o Ion trap
 isolating and trapping small numbers of charged atoms in
electromagnetic traps
 cooling the atoms until their kinetic energy is much lower than the spin
energy contribution. (zero phonon, ideal for initial state for storing
quantum info)
 After doing this, incident monochromatic light can be tuned to
selectively cause transitions which change certain spin states depending
on other spin states.
- Reason of being good qubit: long lasting superposition after aligned with or against
external magnetic field.

- Internal state of trapped ion: F = I(nuclear spin ) + S(electron spin)

- Spontaneous emission limits the lifespan of spin states
Proof that hyperfine structure have remarkably long time