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Supervisor
Javeria Tehseen
Research Scholar
Session 2017-2018
Department of Psychology
Javeria Tehseen
Session 2017-2018
…………………………………………………
Supervisor
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External Examiner
………………………………………………
Chairman
III
Declaration
It is solemnly declared that the research work of my thesis entitled “Interacting Effects of Unmitigated
Communion, Coping Strategies and Thought Suppression among University Students” has been done by
me and not presented by anyone of this partial fulfillment of any degree. It is further declare that there is
Javeria Tehseen
IV
Certificate
It is certified that the thesis on the topic of “Interacting Effects of Unmitigated Communion,
Coping Strategies and Thought Suppression among University Students” has been compiled
and written by Javeria Tehseen, Reg. No. ADCP-011R17-5 and it is approved for submission
.No part of this thesis has been copied by him or reproduced somewhere else in any form, nor it
……………………………………….
Nazia Ishfaq
Supervisor
V
Dedicated to
My Father (late)
VI
Acknowledgement
I want to thank my supervisor, Nazia Ishfaq, for her continuous support and encouragement
throughout my Clinical Diploma program. She made me realize my full potential and provided
me with numerous opportunities to use my talents. She helped me to recognize the strengths that
I often overlooked.
Javeria Tehseen
VII
Table of Content
Declaration iii
Certificate Iv
Acknowledgement Vi
Abstract Xi
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1.4.1 Overinvolvement 6
1.1.4.2 Self-neglect 7
1.2.2.3.2 P (planning) 15
1.2.2.3.8 A (acceptance) 18
1.2.2.3.9 D (denial) 18
1.2.2.3.11 Humor 19
1.8 Hypothesis 38
Chapter 2
Literature Review 39
Chapter 3
Method 48
3.1 Study I 48
3.2 Study II 51
X
3.2.3 Participants 52
3.2.4 Instruments 52
3.2.5 Procedure 53
Chapter 4
Results 55
Chapter 5
Discussion 90
5.1 Conclusion 93
5.2 Implication 93
5.3 Limitations 93
5.4 Suggestion 94
References 95
Appendices 107
XI
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the interacting effects of Unmitigated
Communion, Coping Strategies and Thought Suppression among university students. Three
hundred students as participants (150 males, 150 females) were drawn from all the departments
of random universities to examine how students use coping strategies to reduce the thoughts
suppression and how both things interact with Unmitigated Communion. Unmitigated
Communion Scale (Fritz & Helgeson, 1998), the COPE inventory (Caver, Scheier & Weintraub,
1989) and WBSI (Wegner & Zanakos, 1994) questionnaire that is designed to measure thought
suppression were employed to assess Unmitigated Communion, Coping strategies and thought
suppression. Although the suppression of thoughts may seem to be an effective solution, this
strategy can lead to an exacerbation of the very thought that one is attempting to suppress.
However, the fact that suppression is an effortful process implies that, even when suppression
does not lead to an unwanted thought, it puts an insidious cognitive load on the individual
attempting to suppress.
Chapter I
Introduction
Unmitigated Communion
1.1.1 Background
Agency and communion were constructs urbanized by Bakan (1966) to reproduce two
basic modalities of human survival. Agency was connected to focal point on the self and
partition, while communion was associated to a center of attention on others and relationship.
Agency reproduces one‘s life as a human being, and communion reproduce the involvement of
attention on the self and helping others to accomplish their objective—spread through the
psychological literature. These services are confine in Bakan‘s (1966) constructs of agency and
communion as glowing as Parson and Bales‘ (1955) features between instrumental opposed to
expressive roles, the need for accomplishment (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, & Lowell, 1976),
the necessitate for intimacy (McAdams & Vaillant, 1982), the authority and nurturance
dimensions of the Interpersonal disk (Wiggins & Trapnell (1996), the diagnostic versus
introjective orientations (Blatt & Shichman, 1983), and the instrumentality and expressiveness
scales from the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) and the Personal Attributes
Questionnaire (PAQ; Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974). We admit that Bakan‘s thoughts about
agency and communion as wide-ranging organizing values of human being cannot be fully
2
constructs is dependable with some feature of Bakan‘s ideas about agency and communion.
Even though the constructs of agency and communion have been talk about for more than
a few decades, the two related constructs—unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion—
have not established nearly as much notice until in recent times. Bakan (1966) dispute that it was
important for agency to be mitigated by communion and that ‗‗unmitigated agency‘‘ would show
the way to a broad range of health vulnerability, such as infanticide, cancer, and suicide.
Unmitigated agency is a focal point on the self to the barring of others. It takes account of being
hostile, cynical, greedy, and arrogant. This individual has a downbeat view of the world and of
other community. Hostility is one element of unmitigated agency and an immense literature
exists demonstrating the health exposure of hostility. In exacting, hostility has been linked with
On the other hand, hostility may be one element of a broader tendency to place one‘s own
desires before individuals of others. In the current article, we discover the health suggestion of
this common category of traits described unmitigated agency. In the same way, another
imbalance of focal point—focusing on others to the leaving out of the self or unmitigated
others‘ desires before one‘s own, worrying extremely about others‘ troubles, and helping others
to one‘s own loss. Bakan (1966) disguised that communion should to be mitigated by agency but
make clear a differing literature on the links of agency and communion, as operationalized by the
PAQ and BSRI, to bond and health outcomes. For paradigm, the relations of agency to social
support are not in agreement. Agency has been correlated to bigger support fulfillment (Zeldow,
Clark, & Daugherty, 1985) and more social contacts (Helgeson, 1990), but also has been not
related to support fulfillment (Krames, England, & Flett, 1988), not related to support receiving
(Butler, Giordano, & Neren, 1985), and inversely associated with apparent support (Burda,
Vaux, & Schill, 1984). We consider this is due to the breakdown to disentangle agency from
unmitigated agency. The theoretical predictions for the associations of agency to social support
outcomes are not clear, while the predictions for unmitigated agency are comprehensible.
An individual who is alert on the self to the barring of others is not likely to have pleasing
relationships with other community. In the same way, the relationships of communion to
psychological distress are not consistent. We consider this is due to the crash to disentangle
distress nor has a tiny depressing relation to distress (Helgeson, 1994). By contrast, unmitigated
communion is associated to higher distress, to a certain extent because such people become
excessively involved in others‘ troubles, taking on others‘ distress as their own (Fritz &
The put up of unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion are discrete from agency
and communion and cannot be compact to some mishmash of agency and communion. That is,
unmitigated agency is not only high agency and low communion. An individual who scores
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elevated on agency and short on communion could be self-governing and self-confident but not
principally emotional or helpful. This is not comparable to the features of unmitigated agency—
arrogant, greedy, and hostile. While agency and communion is expansive dimension of
personality, unmitigated agency is a precise personality trait that integrates some features of
agency (focus on the self) whereas keenly releasing communal traits (focusing on others). In the
same way, unmitigated communion is not only high communion and low agency. For example,
high communion and low agency involve an emotional and helpful individual who is not self-
governing or self-assured. This is not the same to someone who places others‘ desires sooner
than one‘s own or gets excessively involved in others‘ problems. Do not get the wrong
impression our point: someone who scores high on communion and low on agency could score
Unmitigated communion (UC) is a personality trait that is clear as a focus on others to the
elimination of the self (Helgeson, 1994; Helgeson & Fritz, 1998). Unmitigated Communion is
describing by two most important components. First, the Unmitigated Communion personality
reveal a forceful focus on others and relationships. Second, the Unmitigated Communion
individual neglects the self and has complexity asserting his or her desires, maybe as a result of
personality dimensions first put forward by Bakan (1966), that is to say communion and agency.
5
relationships and reproduces a center of attention on others while agency symbolizes concerns
about autonomous achievement and reproduce a focus on self (Helgeson, 1994). Unmitigated
are the leaning to subject matter oneself to the demands of others and the leaning to neglect
oneself. In adding up, Unmitigated Communion was exposed to be separate from communion in
self-esteem and high levels of depressive symptoms (Helgeson, 2003b; Helgeson & Fritz, 1998).
Based on Unmitigated Communion‘s distinctiveness, we will disagree that enacted support will
be negatively connected with depressive symptoms in low Unmitigated Communion but not high
three causes to be expecting that Unmitigated Communion may transform the connection
1.1.4.1 Overinvolvement
One key characteristic of unmitigated Communion people is that they have a tendency to
become excessively concerned in others‘ issues and take others‘ issues as their own. According
the price of caring hypothesis (Kessler, McLeod, & Wethington, 1985), providing support could
also be distressing if the supplier is showing emotion overinvolved with the recipient.
happens to somebody else could also be construed by high unmitigated Communion people as
their own personal event. The upper the extent of unmitigated Communion, the lot
of probably it's that people excessively have interaction in others‘ events and therefore the lot
of powerfully they'll be tormented by others‘ issues. Indeed, a strong positive association exists
too accountable for serving to another person and having intrusive and frequent
thoughts regarding others‘ issues (Aube´, 2008; Fritz & Helgeson, 1998; Helgeson & Fritz,
1999).
predisposed by stressful events that happen to others than individuals low in Unmitigated
Communion (Helgeson, 2003b; Helgeson & Fritz, 1998). Taken collectively, in high
counteracted by the intrusiveness of other‘s troubles. Therefore, we expected support terms not
distinguish; low Unmitigated Communion individuals are less leaning to take others‘ troubles as
their own. Therefore, in the midst of support providers low in Unmitigated Communion, we
Unmitigated Communion report higher stages of anxiety and depression in equally cross-
sectional (Fritz & Helgeson, 1998) and longitudinal studies (Fritz, 2000, Helgeson, 1993;
Helgeson & Fritz, 1996). There are little facts that high levels of distress are a result of
relationships mediated the relation of Unmitigated Communion to depression (Fritz & Helgeson,
1998). A longitudinal study of adolescents with diabetes bring into being that the force of
1.1.4.2 Self-neglect
The second reason to expect that Unmitigated Communion might modify the association
between support provision and providers‘ depressive symptoms is drawn from another feature of
Unmitigated Communion, particularly self-neglect. The lot of people area unit characterized by
Unmitigated Communion, the stronger they feel to blame for others‘ desires and also the a lot
of seemingly they fail to note, attend to, or rank their own desires and symptoms (Helgeson,
2003b; Helgeson& Fritz, 1998). Indeed, many studies have shown positive associations between
one‘s desires, being exploitable, inhibiting expressive style to avoid conflict with others, acting
against ones desires and withdrawal (Buss, 1990; Fritz & Helgeson, 1998; Helgeson & Fritz,
1999).
activities, together with poor health behavior in viscus patients (Fritz, 2000; Helgeson & Fritz,
1999) and in ladies with breast cancer (Helgeson, 2003a), and missing categories and
not learning enough owing to serving to a lover in faculty students (Helgeson & Fritz, 2000).
Such neglecting of self represents another value of caring (Kessler, 1985), in this the interference
of taking care of others with taking care of oneself might adversely have an effect
on support suppliers. Hence, in high Unmitigated Communion people, the positive impact of
providing support may additionally be counteracted by the neglect of their own desires.
In different words, this method too results in the expectation of support provision to be unrelated
providing support to be negatively related with depressive symptoms in support suppliers low
The third reason to expect the moderating role of Unmitigated Communion bears in its
cognitive features that are key to self-esteem. As mentioned above, Unmitigated Communion has
been found to be characterized by relatively low esteem of the self (Fritz, 2000; Fritz &
Helgeson, 1998; Helgeson, 2003b; Helgeson & Fritz, 1998, for a review see Helgeson, 1994).
9
According to Helgeson (2003b), this lack of a positive sense of self stems from
Unmitigated Communion persons‘ tendency to base their self-evaluation on what others think of
them (labeled externalized self-perception by Jack and Dill, 1992). Indeed, studies of adolescents
attending a pre-college programme and undergraduate students have provided empirical evidence
indicating that Unmitigated Communion was associated with judging the self against others‘
opinions (Fritz & Helgeson, 1998; Hennig & Walker, 2008). Such use of externalized standards
the belief that others view the self negatively (Fritz & Helgeson, 1998). The combination of an
externalized self-evaluation and the belief that others hold negative opinions of the self may
For example, negative events within one‘s personal relationships had more emotional
Unmitigated Communion (Nagurney, 2008; Reynolds, 2006). Such events (e.g. being criticized
by a friend) can be interpreted as disapproval and rejection of the self, and thus confirm the idea
that one is perceived negatively by others. This can be expected to cause depressive symptoms
especially in those who use others‘ opinions for self-evaluation (i.e. high Unmitigated
Communion individuals). Individuals high in Unmitigated Communion may view their helping
behavior as a way to enhance others‘ views of themselves (Helgeson, 1994). However, exactly
because of their strong focus on others‘ opinions for self-evaluation and the belief that these
others think negatively of them, this is unlikely to be successful. Our argument draws a parallel
with the sentiment override process proposed with respect to the interpretation of spousal
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behaviour (Weiss, 1980). That is, the interpretation of the behaviour of one‘s partner depends on
one‘s global affection or disaffection for him or her, rather than the partner‘s objective behaviour
(For example, Hawkins, Carrere, & Gottman, 2002). In a similar vein, high Unmitigated
Communion individuals‘ positive supportive behaviour may have little success in increasing
their self-esteem, and subsequently, in decreasing their depressive symptoms, because their
overall belief those others think negatively of them will override the positive effect of their
support provision.
Even though a supportive act may initially reduce depressive symptoms, this is not
expected to have a long lasting effect. As Helgeson (1994) has put it ‗. . . the unmitigated
because their expectations are so high, however, their goals are unattainable, and self-esteem
remains low‘. Individuals low in Unmitigated Communion, who by definition is not focused so
much on the opinions of others, will focus more on internal standards of evaluation. Phrased
differently, they will be inclined to judge themselves on the basis of their own behaviour rather
than on what others think of them. For them, doing something good for others (i.e. supporting
others) signals that they are a nice and social person. In sum, only among low Unmitigated
depressive symptoms.
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Coping strategies
Coping is defined as thoughts and behaviors that people use to manage the inner and
external needs of conditions which might be appraised as worrying (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).
Coping research is important because it may help provide an explanation for why a few people
fare better than others while encountering pressure in their lives. Factors including persona, way
of life, earlier enjoy and environment make a contribution to a person‘s response. Not like these
different elements, but, coping lends itself to cognitive and behavioral intervention (Folkman &
Moskowitz, 2004). This lets in the person to develop strategies and strategies to cope with
Lazarus and Folkman (1981) have defined coping as the behavioral and cognitive efforts
people use to manipulate needs related to disturbing situations. Consistent with these authors, the
coping strategies decided on via a character are precise to conditions and may alternate over the
years. Problem targeted coping, taken into consideration an adaptive coping strategy, consists of
direct efforts to alter or control the supply of the hassle (e.g. planning approaches to remedy the
problem, locating fantastic ways to remedy the problem Folkunan & Lazarus, 1980). In
evaluation, emotional coping consists of efforts to adjust emotions via approaches such as
rumination, blaming oneself, and venting of negative feelings. avoidant coping consists of efforts
to lessen emotional touch with the demanding state of affairs (e.g. denial, avoidance,
disengagement previous research with young and middle-aged adults has indicated that hassle-
targeted coping strategies are associated with mental fitness, whereas emotional and avoidance
12
coping techniques are related to psychological distress (ben-zur,2005: Ben-Zur, Gilhar, & Lev,
2001), high tiers of melancholy (Li, Leluzer& Greenberg, 1999) and bad have an effect on (Ben-
Zur, 2002).
Coping refers to non-stop cognitive and behavioral method addressing in addition inner
and outside demands perceived as disturbing and/or exceeding a person‘s coping sources
(Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Coping Strategies are thought to mediate the connection among
stress and adjustment, with some strategies helping the man or woman to overcome a stressor,
ensuing in progressed adjustment and results (Cooper, Katona, Orrell, & Livingston, 2008;
While coping strategies were up to that time classified into two dimensions, ‗problem-
focused‘ strategies frequently connected with more positive conclusion and ‗emotion focused‘
strategies linked to more negative result (Cooper, 2008; Lazarus and Folkman, 1984;
Papastavrou, 2011), a new move toward of engagement and disengagement coping has
additionally been cautioned (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; Connor-Smith & Flachsbart, 2007).
as inherently maladaptive. It is cautioned that engagement strategies, together with active and
engaged strategies, additionally encompass emotional coping techniques, together with lively
processing and expression of emotion (e.g., advantageous reframing, recognition, seeking assist,
trouble-fixing, and expressing emotions), may additionally serve an adaptive value beneath
certain pressure instances. Disengaged coping strategies, in assessment, are possibly to disengage
13
the man or woman from the individual or environment transaction (e.g., wishful thinking,
avoidance, self-criticism, social withdrawal) (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; Connor-Smith &
techniques addressing strain have been related to multiplied anxiety, burden, and melancholy in
caregivers of people with dementia (Garcia-Alberca, Cruz, Lara, Garrido, Gris, 2012). Scholars
found that engagement/lively and disengagement/passive coping techniques have been extensive
mediators in the caregiver burden and the depression rating dating (Garcia-Alberca, Cruz, Lara,
A recent meta-analysis examining the relation among coping efforts und psychological
and bodily health in young and middle-elderly adults indicated that signs of depression are
exceptionally correlated with self-reports of emotional coping (e.g. ctiucizeur blame myself,
'rake my frustrations. out at the human beings closest to me: penley, tomaka, & wiebe, 2002).
That is constant with studies suggesting that middle-elderly individuals experiencing mood
disorders i.e. foremost depression, dysthymia) are susceptible to file the usage of emotional
coping techniques to deal with existence stressors (Folkman & Lazarus, 1986). Some
investigators have discovered that personality sickness prognosis is related to much less trouble-
targeted and greater avoidant and emotional coping (Watson & Sinha, 1999); but, this line of
research has now not been prolonged to older adults. Studies also have indicated that reports of
using emotional coping strategies are positively correlated with suicidal ideation suicide tries and
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D'Zurilla, Chang, Nottingham, & Faccini, 1998; Edwards& Holden, 2001). In a current study of
center-age and older grownup male clinical inpatients, Marusic and Goodwin (2006) found that
suicidal ideation become associated with self-reports of excessive emotional coping and decrease
In addition, avoidance coping (i.e. pretending that not anything is inaccurate, day
dreaming, etc.) has been found to be extra often endorsed than problem-targeted coping
Catanzaro Horaney and Creasey (1995) assessed older adults to determine whether or not
particular coping techniques (e.g. avoidance coping) are associated with poor temper regulation
expectations (i.e. the expectation that a selected behavior or thought will relieve bad temper).
The outcomes of this take a look at indicated that poor temper regulation expectancies were
inversely correlated with use of avoidance coping strategies. This suggests that folks who file
keeping off problems also are much more likely to consider that they cannot adjust their temper
in an adaptive manner. several studies additionally have determined that, amongst older adults,
individuals who suggest mind of suicide or planned self harm are more likely to apply escape or
avoidance coping strategies compared to people who did not report mind of suicide self harm
(Kalichman, Heckman ,Kochman, Sikkema & Bergholte 2000; Marusic &Goodwin, 2006).
15
Now that we've examined common styles of coping, let us take a look at specific coping
strategies:
Taking steps to attempt to put off the stressor to improve its outcomes by way of
beginning direct action, increasing one‘s efforts and looking to cope in a scientific way. As an
instance checks stress for college students they actively accumulate the notes for education of
checks. On this manner they seeking to cope and conquer the stressor. Many students do very
energetic things to lessen the pressure or tension with the assist of active coping. Energetic
coping is the method of taking energetic steps to try to remove or dodge the stressor or to
ameliorate its outcomes. Active coping includes beginning direct movement, growing one's
efforts, and trying to execute a coping try in stepwise fashion. What we time period lively coping
may be very much like the middle of what Lazarus and Folkman (1984) and others term hassle
centered coping. We are, but, making numerous additional differences within the standard
1.2.2.3.2 Planning
Considering the ways to address a stressor by means was of drawing motion strategies,
considering what steps to take and the way nice to address the hassle. Here college students or
person seeking to deal with planning, they made a plan or step smart action to conquer the
anxiety and remedy the actual problem that effecting them. Planning is thinking about a way to
deal with a stressor. Planning involves coming up with action techniques, considering what steps
to take and how pleasant to address the problem. This hobby simply is problem centered, but it
16
differs conceptually from executing a hassle-targeted motion. Moreover, planning happens for
the duration of secondary appraisal, while active coping occurs in the course of the coping phase.
Occurs all through secondary appraisal, whereas that is energetic coping occurs at some stage in
Suppressing includes competing activities with the view of concentrating more fully on
the task or threat handy. Suggest that person take additional movements to attempt to remove the
hassle and absolutely pay concentration to managing this hassle even if they necessary let
different things slide a touch. This coping approach may be very powerful and beneficial in
college students. Suppression of competing activities way putting other tasks apart, seeking to
keep away from becoming distracted by means of different events, even letting different things
Waiting till an appropriate opportunity to act provides itself, protecting oneself returned,
and no longer acting in advance. Here human being pressure himself to watch for the right time
to do something associated with trouble. They are looking to maintain off doing anything
approximately hassle till the state of affairs permits. Although restraint is regularly overlooked as
In search of advice, help or records on the hassle to hand. Here individual attempts to get
solution approximately the hassle from others which have comparable studies. They are
attempting to learn from different enjoy and reduce the tension or strain.
locating emotional assist from circle of relative‘s participants or buddies, may be a powerful
Handling distress emotions rather than coping with the stressor per semester.
light; put definitely, locating something accurate from something horrific. For that reason, the
targeted coping strategy which makes a specialty of handling the emotion associated with a
stressor, as opposed to handling the stressor in step with se. Sunzerath, Connelly, Albert and
Knebel (2001, p. 339) describe effective reinterpretation because the ‗highest quality subjective
outlook‘, that ‗acknowledges the realities of the illness, at the same time as focusing on the
1.2.2.3.8 Acceptance
Accept the truth of a worrying situation. Here human begin accept the truth and prevent
looking to doing anything. The alternative of denial is popularity. it is arguable that popularity is
a practical coping response, in that someone who accepts the truth of a disturbing situation would
appear to be someone who is engaged inside the try to address the state of affairs. Attractiveness
impinges on element of the coping system. Recognition of a stressor as real takes place in
wherein the stressor is something that ought to be accommodated to, rather than situations
1.2.2.3.9 Denial
Refuse to accept as true with that the stressor exists or trying to act as even though the
stressor isn't always real. Avoidance of the issue altogether may cause denying that a trouble
even exists. Denial is generally maintained via distractions, such as excessive alcohol
frequently suggested that denial is beneficial, minimizing misery and thereby facilitating coping
(Breznitz, 1983; E Cohen & Lazarus, 1973; Wilson, 1981). Alternatively, it is able to be argued
that denial only creates additional troubles until the stressor can profitably be neglected. that is,
denying the fact of the occasion allows the occasion to become greater severe, thereby making
more hard the coping that eventually need to occur (Matthews, Siegel, Kuller, Thompson, &
Varat, 1983)
19
Using alternative sports, such as games, sporting events, watching movies and consuming
alcohol to take one‘s mind off a problem. Mental disengagement occurs via a huge kind of sports
that serve to distract the character from thinking about the behavioral measurement or aim with
which the stressor is meddling. Strategies that mirror mental disengagement include using
opportunity sports to take one's thoughts Offa problem (an inclination opposite to the
suppression of competing sports), daydreaming, escaping via sleep, or break out by immersion in
television. It ought to be referred to that those techniques are greater numerous than those that
make up the opposite coping classes underneath dialogue. It consequently can be useful to
consider the conceptual class of mental disengagement as forming a "more than one act
criterion" (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1974) in place of as being a unitary magnificence of conduct.
1.2.2.3.11 Humor
Humor is a form of communication that is judged to be amusing and makes others laugh.
Pointing out the amusing aspects of the problem at hand, or "positive reframing," is thought to
Keeping stuff bottled up never makes things higher and may cause heavy stress or even a
frightened breakdown. There are some blessings of venting your feelings, feelings, and thoughts
like as less bottled up anger, sadness, & frustration, feelings of relief, let‘s others in & in most
20
cases. They can help, get advice from Support, express yourself and clear your conscience.
Venting is a first-rate way to alleviate built up anxiety and could make you experience
higher instantly. Except you vent in a few shape or any other you may most effective be bottling
up feelings and feelings that can lead to extra troubles down the road. Venting doesn‘t usually
should be to every other individual. It may without difficulty be written down on paper or stated
out load whilst no one is round. I‘ll inform you greater afterward in this article about strategies
There are categories of faith coping one is fine spiritual coping and 2nd is terrible non
secular coping. Those who use fine spiritual coping are in all likelihood to be searching for
spiritual assist and look for that means in a stressful state of affairs. Poor non secular coping
expresses battle, question, and doubt regarding problems of God and faith.
Strategy that try and avoid annoying situations as opposed to solve them and reduce the
efforts to deal actively with a stressor. Here individual decreasing one‘s effort to cope with the
stressor, even giving up the try and achieve desires with which the stressor is meddling.
phrases including helplessness. In theory, behavioral disengagement is most likely to occur when
It is supposed that people are starting to make use of drugs to cope with stress on a daily
basis for the reason that they do not found any other alternative. On the other hand pressures
promote the use of drugs and trim down the motivation to stop drug use. There are dissimilar
viewpoint model of stress-coping araised (Wills & Shiffman, 1985) and planned that people
frequently use alcohol as a coping response to pressure of stress, where it is used to get better
In line with Anspaugh (2003), all occasions in life introduced about a response, but there
have been various methods via which humans reacted or replied to them. To them, coping with
pressure is the try and manage or address pressure of their view, coping does not always result in
success. They remark that successful coping consists of turning into aware about incidents and
conditions that one perceives as being traumatic and recognizing stressors approach being aware
about how your frame responds to stress to Anspaugh (2003) dealing successfully with pressure
may require the use of specific sorts of techniques. In studying the technique of coping with
pressure, a measure, referred to as ―methods of coping‖ turned into evolved (Folkman &
Lazarus, 1985). Embedded within the ―ways of coping‖, in step with Carver, Scheier, and
Weintraub, (1989), is a distinction among two main kinds of coping specifically, hassle-centered
coping and emotion-targeted coping. Hassle-targeted coping seeks to remedy problems or change
the supply of pressure. However, emotion-targeted coping pursuits to reduce or manage the
emotional distress associated with the situation. Folkman and Lazarus (1980) as referred to in
22
Carver (1989) are of the opinion that despite the fact that maximum stressors elicit both sorts of
coping, problem-targeted coping tends to predominate while people feel that something
Moos (1986) as cited in Carver (1989) talked about that the hobby in the technique of
coping with strain had grown dramatically. Lazarus and Folkman (1984) as referred to in Carver
(1989) argued that stress changed into made up of three strategies, particularly, primary
appraisal, which was the manner of perceiving a chance to oneself, secondary appraisal which
became the process of bringing to thoughts a potential response to the danger, and coping, which
mentioned the manner of executing that reaction. In the view of Lazarus and Folkman (1984):
even though these 3 procedures are easily described as linear sequence, they do no longer occur
in an unbroken move.
For that reason, the final results of one process may also result in a preceding method and
that the whole set of strategies may additionally again and again cycle in a disturbing transaction.
Miller (1982) in suggesting ways of managing strain indicated that relaxation, respiration,
refuting illogical or irrational thoughts, assertiveness, time control, keeping good nutrition,
workout, recreational sports and converting ordinary routines should go an extended manner to
assist people manage traumatic situations they went through. Ansah (2006) additionally talked
about that expert counseling have to be introduced to reduce pressure and tension which
located out that B.ED TESL (coaching English as a 2d language) foundation cohort three college
Underneath the hassle-centered style, they realized that the approach maximum used
changed into accepting obligation, even as the least used became confrontive coping. They
concluded that the students coped with stress by using acknowledging their roles inside the
trouble. Beneath the emotion-targeted style, Amran observed that nice reappraisals approach
changed into the most used even as the least method used turned into break out-avoidance. it
turned into concluded from their observe that scholars managed pressure through creating a
positive meaning in phrases of personal increase and feeling that the stress they went via should
One factor of the studies stated here changed into a try to discover the viable existence of
character variations in desired coping patterns by means of the use of the cope gadgets in a
dispositional layout. We regard the findings provided on that question to be a beneficial starting,
despite the fact that they simply do no longer represent a definitive announcement at the function
of man or woman difference inside the coping technique. There are, but, extra issues to take into
account as well. An essential problem is how pleasant to construe man or woman variations in
coping strategies.
24
As we referred to on the outset, some theorists have assumed that differences in coping
fashion are intrinsically tied to persona variations. The technique taken right here, alternatively,
assumes best that humans have a tendency to adopt certain coping procedures as relatively stable
possibilities. Solid preferences may derive from persona, or they will expand for different
certainly, we've got studied the role of one such trait ourselves (Scheier 1986). We do endorse,
however, that there may be merit in studying coping options aside from character tendencies.
Whether developments or coping tendencies will become greater crucial, or whether or not each
Thought Suppression
1.3.1 Definition
For over twenty years researchers have exposed that there are unforeseen consequences
when a human being actively tries to avoid certain thoughts. First, you will start thinking on the
subject of the thought you are demanding to avoid more. Second, if the thought is on the subject
of a behavior, you increase the possibility of appealing in that behavior. In short, escaping makes
you less able to control what you assume and what you perform. Additional research is required
to explore why thought escaping is such a fertile self-control strategy when all presented facts
spots to it‘s contradict perceptive consequences. (James Erskine and George Georgiou)
How many periods have you refuse to accept thinking on the subject of something
because you were anxious you might do it? A bit possible was unthinkable or merely mildly
needless. For example, you can attempt not to think on the subject of an attractive colleague in
try to avoid difficult catch up, or you can try not to think on the subject of crème brûlée when on
a diet. But what is the penalty of these avoidances? Do they work, or do they in some way drive
us towards the very take action we are attempting to avoid? This question has been exposing
within the appearance of classic literature. For example Dostoyevsky‘s work is replete with
samples of standard folks that felt the urge to act in a convinced way – the young man walking in
the city centre alone at night entertaining thoughts of visiting a prostitute that he finds abhorrent.
He suppresses these thoughts in an attempt to avoid the do something, yet moments later on he
come across himself at the coquette‘s door. These phenomena form the center of attention of this
article: we will assess how thought suppression may possibly guide us to become our own worst
The suppression with targeted distraction strategy is similar with the technique hired to
suppress inside the ―think-no think‖ challenge, which turned into currently developed by using
Anderson and Collaborators (Anderson & Inexperienced, 2001; Anderson 2004) to examine the
inhibition of undesirable reminiscences. In the first segment of this challenge, topics are
instructed to take a look at a listing of phrase pairs which can be emotionally impartial. then, in
the course of the assume-no think section, individuals are provided with one member of a pair
and asked either to keep in mind and think about the related reaction (reply circumstance) or to
prevent the related phrase from coming into focus at all (suppression condition). In the end,
Anderson and associates confirmed that suppression triggered widespread forgetting, that
is, do not forget of suppressed gadgets changed into worse than baseline gadgets (baseline
objects are studied pairs that are not offered for the duration of the think-no think phase). These
findings recommend that people can inhibit an unwanted memory at the same time as
confronting reminders of the memory they are seeking to suppress. Some next studies employing
the think-no think paradigm have provided only partial guide for the findings of Anderson
(Algarabel, Luciano, & Martínez, 2006; Joorman, Hertel, Brozovich, & Gotlib, 2005; Wessel,
In a current examine, Hertel and Calcaterra (2005), employing the think-no think
paradigm have shown that once substitute goals are supplied at some stage in the suppression (no
suppose) section, the extent of forgetting is higher. Those authors instructed a collection of
administered as cues for recalling 1/2 of the nouns and cues for the suppressing the alternative
1/2. There were two suppression situations. a few topics have been informed to see the cue (the
reminder), but to keep away from saying or considering the associated response phrase (unaided
Ultimately, all participants have been asked to consider the original response noun for
each cue. Results revealed a sizeable inhibitory impact most effective inside the aided
suppression circumstance. additionally, the ones individuals from the unaided suppression
circumstance who spontaneously hired focused distraction then suggested tiers of forgetting
similar to the ones acquired within the aided circumstance, which is also an crucial indicator of
the effectiveness of thought substitution, that is, suppression focusing the attention in a reminder
is feasible, however the availability of a single distracter increases the suppression effects. The
first try to adapt the type of suppression proposed with the aid of Anderson and collaborators to
concept suppression research became currently made by means of Luciano and Algarabel (in
press).
Thought suppression normally refers back to the act of deliberately looking to rid the
mind of unwanted thoughts (Wegner, 1989). In early investigations researchers confirmed that
the suppression of a particular concept regularly resulted in the subsequent increased go back of
the unwanted thought, a phenomenon termed the ‗rebound effect‘ (Wegner, 1987). This basic
28
effect has been replicated on many activities, and a extra latest meta-analysis indicates the
rebound impact is powerful (Ambramowitz, 2001; Wenzlaff & Wegner, 2000). Therefore, there
is currently a fashionable recognition of the view that notion suppression does now not paintings
as a approach for controlling one‘s mind, and if anything makes one extra vulnerable to
For instance, after looking a disturbing news item, I can also try to suppress mind
approximately this disturbing photos. however, the in all likelihood outcome of this will be that
I‘m able to think about the photos greater now not much less, and that I can also even begin to
experience obsessed (Markowitz & Purdon, 2008). Certainly, due to the common intrusiveness
of officially suppressed thoughts, suppression has been implicated inside the potential upkeep
and causes of a wide type of mental health troubles such as submit-disturbing pressure ailment,
obsessive compulsive disorder, tension and despair (Erskine, 2007; Purdon, 1999; Wegner &
Zanakos, 1994). In an associated vein, Freud (1901/1990) in his traditional EBook the
psychopathology of regular existence described moments when humans blurt out matters that
they're trying to suppress. Critically he noticed that the suppression (or repression in his
No longer all people believes within the effectiveness of suppression, of route, but many
do, for instance, the ones scoring excessive on the thought manage ideals factor of a
questionnaire designed to assess ideals approximately the technique and outcome of wondering
(Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire; MCBQ; Clark, Purdon, & Wang, 2003). Usual gadgets on
29
the questionnaire include ―i need to be able to advantage whole control over my thoughts if i
exercising enough will power.‖ but as the white undergo studies discovered, that is normally not
the case. Alternatively, suppression can result in an exacerbation of the very thoughts one is
trying to suppress. Wegner (1994) offered an idea of ―ironic techniques‖ to account for this
effect. The concept holds that tactics are involved in suppression: an effortful and conscious
working process that diverts interest far from unwanted mind, and an handy and subconscious
ironic monitoring system that both keeps vigilance for occurrences in recognition of the
unwanted notion, and triggers similarly action of the running method if the undesirable concept
seems in consciousness. These two processes work hand in hand to make sure that undesirable
Paradoxically, however, by way of maintaining vigilance for the unwanted thought, the
monitoring machine facilitates guarantee that the undesirable thought never turns into dormant.
psychopathology: first, for the reason that working process is effortful, suppression is
psychologically expensive (Barrett, Tugade, & Engle, 2004), and 2nd, if suppression is
attempted underneath conditions of competing cognitive load, the effortful running manner is
impaired and for this reason the handy tracking technique begins to usher within the very
thoughts which are targeted by the suppression try, thereby resulting in an ironic go back of the
undesirable notion.
30
There may be now sizable evidence for the ironic go back of undesirable thoughts.
Within the original notion suppression experiments, Wegner et al. (1987) determined that once
duration of concept suppression, humans advised to stop suppressing the idea and instead to start
considering it said more intrusions of the concept that happened without earlier suppression. This
―rebound effect‖ has in view that been found repeatedly (Abramowitz, Tolin, & Avenue, 2001;
Rassin, 2005; Wenzlaff & Wegner, 2000). Subsequent research revealed, in accord with the
ironic process principle, which this effect is mainly probably to occur beneath conditions of
mental load. In both medical and non-scientific populations, the undesirable idea is faster to
return to recognition at the same time as its far being actively suppressed.
Further to empirical support for the ironic, intrusive, go back of unwanted mind, there
also exists proof indicating issue disengaging from these thoughts. As an instance, Wegner and
Erber (1992) discovered that people suppressing a concept below cognitive load showed
Remarkably, this interference become even more than the interference located when human
beings were been concentrating on the thought under load. Those effects imply that humans
couldn't disengage interest to get away from the unwanted idea, and this problem became extra
mentioned with the imposition of cognitive load. This hyper accessibility of suppressed mind has
also been discovered again and again with clinical and non-medical samples (Arndt, Greenberg,
Solomon, Pyszczynski, & Simon, 1997; Klein, 2007; Newman, Duff, & Baumeister, 1997; Web
The aggregate of an ironic, intrusive, return of undesirable thoughts and issue of get away
from them represents a sure asymmetry in the manner unwanted thoughts are related to different
thoughts in our associative networks: we find ourselves being reminded of a selected undesirable
concept by way of maximum the whole thing that involves thoughts, however the concept itself
seems to remind us of not anything extra than our desire to get rid of it from recognition. This
uncommon asymmetry in the manner undesirable mind are related to other thoughts become
tested in a recent study (Najmi & Wegner, 2008). Participants who had been requested to
Consequences indicated that suppression below cognitive load produced uneven priming:
priming with the accomplice of a suppressed word speeded response time to the suppressed
phrase, however priming with a suppressed word did no longer velocity reaction time to related
words.
wherein movement of activation closer to the suppressed notion from friends is facilitated
however motion of activation far from the suppressed thought to friends is undermined.
Accordingly, suppression of an undesirable idea ironically will increase its go back whilst
precluding different associated thoughts from getting into recognition. This belief that
suppressed thoughts are a cognitive dead-quit of types would possibly properly provide an
explanation for the phenomenon of perseverative wondering that characterizes a big selection of
There are numerous causes of notion suppression someday it turned into happen any
demanding or annoying event. Suppressing thoughts regularly ends in their hyper accessibility in
mind, and people who suppress thoughts of stressful events enjoy depression and anxiety. Enjoy
of mental sickness is often associated with painful mind and feelings and as a result will
normally inspire suppression as a reaction (Najmi & Wegner, in press; Wegner, 1989).
Maximum early studies on intrusive and obsessive mind operated under the assumption
that suppression is constantly reactive on this way, and so did not develop the complementary
opportunity—that suppression may itself set off the intrusive return of the suppressed thought.
interest changed into attracted to this paradoxical impact of suppression via the ―white undergo‖
studies in our lab—wherein humans couldn‘t stop taking into account a white endure in five
One final observe needs to be made of thought suppression effects and time. Broadly
speaking, you suppress a thought and then get on with something else and the suppressed idea
returns later. The outcomes with behaviour reflect this pattern – you suppress a concept related to
behaviour and the behaviour rebounds later. This is in particular pernicious, as it does no longer
permit individuals to note the causal significance of idea suppression inside the later occurrence
of the rebounded behaviour. As an instance, if I close a door and on the same time a mild comes
on in the room, I may additionally understand my final of the door to have caused the light to go
on, despite the fact that I recognize that the 2 items aren't usually causally associated. but with
33
notion suppression the go back of the suppressed concept or behaviour occurs after the
suppression has finished, which does no longer allow me to look how my earlier act of
suppression has ‗caused‘ the later return. (Wegner and Erskine 2003)
A further locating of be aware within the thought suppression literature suggests that
thought suppression can also affect what humans perceive as having caused the action that they
have achieved. as a consequence, Wegner and Erskine (2003) had members carry out simple
regular movements, which include lifting a brick, at the same time as either considering the
action, suppressing thinking about the movement, or considering whatever they wished.
Seriously whilst individual‘s idea about the action whilst doing it they felt like that they had
acted more willfully and brought on the movement to a extra degree. Once they suppressed
considering what they have been doing they reported feeling just like the motion became now
not resulting from them however simply befell. There lies the rub of concept suppression: it
People range in their natural tendency to suppress undesirable mind. Wegner & Zanakos
(1994) advanced the white undergo suppression stock as a self-record degree of the tendency to
suppress thoughts. The degree suggests accurate inner and temporal reliability and correlates
dissociation, and anxiety (Muris & Merckelbach 1997, Muris et al 1996, Van den Hout
Even though correlation ambiguities prevent conclusions about causality, those studies
show that folks who report a particularly robust choice for suppression are especially apt to be
afflicted by recurrent intrusive mind. There are some warning signs that this tendency to rely on
idea suppression may also have its origins in youth, in which sure parental practices are apt to
sell avoidant coping (Cooper 1998, Eisenberg 1998, Fraley & Shaver 1997,Wenzlaff &
Eisenberg 1998). In a related vein, recent work suggests that the capability to inhibit undesirable
Kelly & Nauta (1997) diagnosed any other person distinction applicable to the final
made individuals high in reactance feel especially out of manage and disturbed by their intrusive
thoughts. The investigators recommend that being motivated to restore one‘s freedom may
additionally ironically leave one feeling extra out of control following tried suppression. a
suppression-relevant man or woman distinction of every other sort has emerged from latest
studies related to hypnosis. Bowers &woody (1996) informed excessive- and low-hypnotizable
The outcomes confirmed that each excessive- and coffee-hypnotizable individuals skilled
tremendous suppression-associated intrusions after they have been in a normal, waking state.
While hypnotized, but, the range of intrusions mentioned by distinctly hypnotizable members
remained high. Investigators discovered a similar pattern of outcomes with a cognitive load
manipulation (King & Council 1998) and with pain tolerance because the structured variable
35
(Eastwood 1998). This studies indicates that distinctly suggestible individuals can be capable of
suppress intellectual states with impunity while induced to accomplish that beneath hypnosis.
The motives for this superior suppression potential are doubtful and will include factors together
techniques.
Importantly, the study does advise numerous promising avenues for minimizing the
capability poor behavioral outcomes of thought suppression. First of all, one needs to avoid the
usage of notion suppression in times in which one is making an attempt to govern behaviour.
This is specifically pertinent whilst attempting to manipulate behaviors which includes smoking,
excessive alcohol or food intake, as these are probably areas wherein concept suppression will
characteristic as a control approach. as an instance Erskine and Georgiou (2010) and Erskine
(2010) established that considering chocolate or smoking (respectively) did no longer lead to
experience. Secondly, the fact that suppression seems to engage with one‘s pre-present
motivational tendencies appears to imply that one ought to turn out to be greater privy to their
threat areas. For instance, the studies from Klein (2007) and Johnston, Hudson and ward (1997)
advise that simplest people who are motivationally predisposed to a specific behaviour will
display hyper accessibility following suppression. Consequently, it is crucial that those findings
36
are investigated similarly as they pick out which individuals (and under what situations) are more
Once one turns into aware of one‘s threat areas it is vital to again are searching for to
keep away from the usage of suppression. Importantly, research is starting to examine ability
methods to enable people to lessen their reliance on idea suppression as a coping method.
Maximum promising among those strategies is mindfulness meditation that makes a specialty of
accepting in place of warding off certain thoughts. Studies have already validated that using
mindfulness meditation leads to reductions within the use of idea suppression and better manage
over sure behaviors (Bowen, 2007). In summary, research is converging at the view that thought
suppression can lead you to adopt movements that you have been intentionally looking for to
avoid. Worse nevertheless, it can make you sense as although the act took place without ‗you‘
intending. We agree with that this essential research area needs in addition emphasis because of
its high capacity to explain the numerous events of everyday existence wherein we seem to act
This research examines coping styles, thought suppression and unmitigated communion
among university students. The purpose of present research is to examine self reported coping
researchers have been conducted on these variables but this research will help to understand
students avoidance and emotional coping ability during thought suppression and also help to
understand which unmitigated communion personality developed that base on higher emotional
and avoidance coping, as well as higher thought suppression. Not so much researches are seen
37
yet on the present research. Research has identified several variables that can influence the
effects of thought suppression, including the coping strategies and unmitigated communion. In
this study also examine the relationship of in these variables and how it‘s affected on gender
differences.
Previously these variables not used in single research or not work done on this combination
of variables. In previous studies of related variables was focused on different aspects and
interacts. Not much work done in Pakistan on this combination of variables. The other research
gap is sampling technique and total number of sample. In this research convenient sampling used
and only those students are selected which are easily accessible. In previous researches was
1.8 Hypotheses
Strategies.
Communion.
Communion.
Thought Suppression.
39
Chapter II
Literature Review
to manage or modify them (Horowitz, 1976), mostly those related to traumatic events (e.g., Amir
et al., 1997). Individual differences in the use of several types of modulation strategies have been
coping.
Thought suppression is thought control techniques that try to keep unwanted thoughts.
It‘s occur lots of times students face stressful events those made them suppress and actively tries
to keep away from certain thought, they create ways to cope by this suppression. Coping
strategies can be generally categorized at the same time as emotional and avoidance strategy and
further categories assist to solve this thought suppression. Coping studies basically suggest that
avoidant coping is maladaptive and be associated with thought suppression similar to PTSD
symptom severity (e.g., Bryant & Harvey, 1995; Burgess & Holmstrom, 1978).
On the other hand, move toward coping has been associated with less psychological
distress in college samples (e.g., Valentiner, Holahan, & Moos, 1994) and trauma samples (e.g.,
Frazier & Burnett, 1994). Previous coping results have in general been specific to single type of
harmful event or trauma, like as bereavement or motor vehicle accidents. The current study adds
to the literature through examining whether previously established relationships between coping
40
and thought suppression resembling OCD and PTSD symptom stage are replicated in a mixed
trauma category sample and extends the literature as a result of elucidating the relationships
Further to empirical support for the ironic, intrusive, go back of undesirable thoughts,
there additionally exists evidence indicating difficulty disengaging from those thoughts. As an
instance, Wegner and Erber (1992) discovered that humans suppressing a concept below
cognitive load showed interference with the mission of coloration-naming in a changed Stroop
(1935) paradigm. Remarkably, this interference was even extra than the interference located
when humans had been concentrating at the concept beneath load. These results suggest that
humans couldn't disengage attention to get away from the undesirable thought, and this difficulty
have become more pronounced with the imposition of cognitive load. This hyper accessibility of
suppressed thoughts has additionally been determined time and again with medical and non-
scientific samples (Arndt, Greenberg, Solomon, Pyszczynski, & Simon, 1997; Klein, 2007;
Newman, Duff, & Baumeister, 1997; Web page, Locke, & Trio, 2005).
Coping refers to continuous cognitive and behavioral method addressing in addition inner
and external needs perceived as worrying and/or exceeding a man or woman‘s coping resources
(Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Coping strategies are thought to mediate the connection between
stress and adjustment, with a few strategies aiding the individual to triumph over a stressor,
ensuing in progressed adjustment and consequences (Cooper, Katona, Orrell, & Livingston,
In line with this approach, emotion-focused coping styles should no longer be categorized
as inherently maladaptive. It's miles cautioned that engagement strategies, including active and
engaged strategies, also encompass emotional coping techniques, such as energetic processing
and expression of emotion (e.g., high quality reframing, attractiveness, looking for support,
problem-solving, and expressing emotions), may also serve an adaptive value under sure strain
instances. On these manners man or woman attempts to suppress the mind with coping
techniques.
Students face traumatic situations fall into damage-and-loss situations, danger conditions
or undertaking situations. Instances of harm-and-loss conditions are the demise of a loved one,
loss of personal assets, bodily assault and damage, and extreme loss of self-esteem. Risk
conditions can be actual or perceived and may range from being caught in site visitors to being
not able to understand an occasion. Threatening activities reside at the capacity of the character
to cope with everyday activities. Risk stressors bring about anger, hostility, frustration or despair.
Project situations promote both boom and pain, and those stressors mostly contain main life
modifications which encompass taking a brand new process, attending a new college, graduating
from college, leaving home and getting married. Project conditions are commonly seen as being
precise but involve strain, because they disrupt homeostasis and require sizeable mental and
bodily adjustment. All these sort of Situations College students may suppress and coping
approach suggest a set of cognitive and behavioral tries of a man or woman which are utilized in
became a cause of unmitigated communion. They both directly affected every other, sometime
better stage of idea suppression trade man or woman character into over involvement, self-forget
about and externalized self-evolution maybe it changed into occur with traumatic event.
Unmitigated communion has additionally been located to play a prime position in social
interaction processes and relationship conflict. Most of the people of unmitigated communion
studies have focused on how the supply of aid influences the high-unmitigated communion
character; especially in terms of how becoming overloaded with assembly others‘ needs is
associated with terrible fitness results. Unmitigated communion is definitely associated with help
provision (Helgeson, 1994), even as on the equal time continuously unrelated or negatively
associated with reports of help receipt. it for that reason seems that high-unmitigated communion
human beings are worried in a single-sided relationships in which they offer aid to others, but do
now not appear to get hold of something in go back. high-unmitigated communion humans are
also perceived as intrusive, self-neglecting, exploitable, no longer expressive of their very own
needs as a way to keep away from interpersonal conflict (Fritz & Helgeson, 1998), and tolerating
All of the previous paintings examining how Unmitigated Communion humans behave in
traditional in maximum correlation research, members are requested to describe how they
generally behave or how they have behaved over the past several weeks. There are boundaries to
the accuracy of these retrospective reviews. In the contemporary take a look at, we want to look
at greater proximal reviews of courting conduct for folks that have been high in Unmitigated
Communion. To this quit, we performed nighttime interviews with members for 7 consecutive
days and asked approximately their day by day social interactions. Our essential goal was to
determine whether certain aspects of day by day social interactions could be connected more
strongly to negative temper and bodily symptoms for Unmitigated Communion individuals than
We select conflict because negative social interactions contain a strong impact lying on people.
In all-purpose, broad dealings of negative social interactions to contain conflict and further types
of negative interactions include coupled with greater psychological distress and increases in
distress in the fullness of time (Lakey, Tardiff, & Drew, 1994; Pagel, Erdly, & Becker, 1987;
Rook, 2001). Conflict deliberate as a distinct construct also include connected with greater
distress (Lepore, 1992; Schuster, Kessler, & Aseltine, 1990). In addition, interpersonal conflicts
are more distressing than further types of stressors, as well as stress at work, overloads at home,
economic problems, and transportation problems (Bolger, DeLongis, Kessler, & Schilling,
1989). In the laboratory, interpersonal stressors are more effective than further category of
A human being which belong toward any face of Unmitigated Communion had sometime
stop or stay away from this suppression. Thought suppression and Unmitigated Communion
both link with each other in different situation with different level.
Unmitigated communion (UC) is personality qualities that are defined since a focus on
others to keeping out of the self (Helgeson, 1994; Helgeson & Fritz, 1998). Unmitigated
Communion individual demonstrates an extreme focus on others and relationships. Second, the
Unmitigated Communion individual ignores the self and contains difficulty asserting his or her
control self neglecting and Overinvolvement, they try to suppress this kind of communion but
more they try to stay away from than more they involve in it.
because they derive their vanity from others‘ critiques of them. Unmitigated communion has
been related to an externalized self-belief (Fritz & Helgeson, 1998), which means that that they
base their views of themselves on how they're perceived with the aid of others. That is especially
difficult because they accept as true with that others view them negatively. An externalized self-
notion and a terrible perceived regard via others are connected to the low vanity of unmitigated
communion people (Fritz & Helgeson, 1998). Presenting help to others may be a try and beautify
their worth within the eyes of others (Helgeson & fritz, 1998).
45
Moreover, this observes shows that students can be more sensitive to the effects of any
strain or burden, at the least whilst controlling for unmitigated communion. Coping techniques is
manner to therapy the unmitigated communion specifically at college students. Most of students
with over involvement unmitigated communion they without delay or circuitously intrude in
different troubles and stuck with them very badly. in other facet, they start self neglecting or
externalize self evolution with excessive self esteem, then maybe they became aggressive,
abusive, suicidal, remote e.g. in this case coping approach is most effective thing that man or
woman use to manage the internal and external demands of conditions which are appraised as
traumatic. A high-unmitigated communion character might also have very extraordinary coping
Commonly, students in any respect tiers experience some styles of pressure relying on
their instructional workload and surroundings. College students frequently complain about heavy
academic paintings load, in particular once they have to integrate educational and extra-
curricular activities. Aside from this, students, specifically those who are away from home for
the first time, revel in a whole lot of pressure in their attempt to conform to college lifestyles.
Commonly, students show pressure prompted behaviors in the center of the semester while
instructional paintings coupled with different needs cause them to break down bodily and
emotionally. The sort of scenario requires a research to perceive the coping strategies that
communion is a persona orientation this is described as a focus on others to the exclusion of the
self, putting others‘ needs before one‘s personal (Helgeson & Fritz, 1999). Its miles associated
with decrease self-esteem, over involvement with others and self-forget. individuals who rating
of them, which leads them to fear bad evaluation by way of others. They're overly nurturing,
intrusive and self-sacrificing and they may offer support to others to beautify self confidence
(Helgeson, 1998). Character with higher levels of unmitigated communion have trouble
maintaining them and can even revel in pain receiving assist or undertaking self-disclosure (Fritz
& Helgeson, 1998). Not rather, scores on measures of this gender-associated trait are higher in
girls than in men and are related to greater sensitivity to interpersonal stressors (Nagurney, 2007;
Reynolds, 2006) in addition to tension and depressive symptoms in network samples (Fritz &
Helgeson, 1998).
well documented as a a success coping strategy extra efficiently utilized by girls than guys
(Stanton, Kirk, Cameron, & Danoff-Burg, 2000a). emotional Approach coping (EAC) is an
expression, or communicating one‘s emotional enjoy to others (Austenfeld & Stanton, 2004).
Coping through these procedures allows habituation to and labeling of emotions, cognitive
reappraisal of stressors, rationalization and pursuit of dreams and bolstered social relationships
(Annette l. Stanton & Low, 2012). The two tiers of emotional approach coping (EAC) are
47
concept to be most effective whilst utilized in collection, and whilst utilized in reaction to
Stanton, 2000b). Although research could not be determined that take a look at this specially in
the context of disorder-related interpersonal pressure, good sized research has documented
emotional approach coping (EAC) effectiveness among women university college students.
Particularly, emotional technique coping (EAC) has been related to decrease affective ache and
depression symptoms in university students dealing with pressure and academic burden.
48
Chapter III
Method
3.1 Study I
Communion Scale
A standardized translation procedure was followed (Waters et al., 2006). The translation
The scales were given to 3 bilingual Clinical Psychologists with expertise in research
and test development. They were asked to translate the scales keeping in mind the contextual
meaning and precision of the statements and the category of the respondents for which the scale
The Urdu translations were reconciled by a subsequent discussion about meaning and
expression of items, between the team of researchers. The selected reconciled forward translation
consisted of the best fitted translations of the items on the basis of conceptual equivalence,
To assess the conceptual equivalence of the reconciled forward translation and the
English Scales, backward translation of the items was carried. This was again conducted by two
In order to provide a final forward translation, a review was designed to assess the entire
forward-backward process. Final forward translation document was obtained by reviewing the
translation item-by-item. This was done by comparing the back-translated items to English
source items on the basis of conceptual equivalence, clarity as well as colloquial language.
To show whether all items can be understood and are acceptable, the translated scale was
about what the scale was assessing, to repeat statements in their own words, their understanding
of the items and to explain how they chose their responses. The participant‘s responses were
compared to respondent‘s actual responses to the instrument for consistency. The alternative
words or expressions were asked from the respondents, which better confirmed to their usual
language. These suggestions were incorporated in finalizing the translation of the scale.
The final forward translation was validated by administering the original Scales forward
translation with a gap of one week, respectively. Then, item by item and item total correlation
was carried out. The items which had correlation 0.5 or higher were finalized and the items with
50
correlation below 0.5 were revised by the researchers. Most of the items had highly significant
results. The validation process was again carried with revised items until they had significant
item by item correlation. Finally, an empirical translation of White Bear Suppression Inventory,
COPE Inventory and Unmitigated Communion scale into Urdu was obtained.
51
3.2 Study II
Thought Suppression
Thought suppression commonly refers to the act of deliberately trying to rid the mind of
Coping Strategies
Coping is defined as thoughts and behaviors that people use to manage the internal and
external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).
According to Carver, Scheier, and Weintraub, (1989), is a distinction between two main
focused coping seeks to solve problems or change the source of stress. On the other hand,
emotion-focused coping aims to reduce or manage the emotional distress associated with the
situation.
Unmitigated Communion
the exclusion of the self (Helgeson, 1994; Helgeson & Fritz, 1998).
3.2.3 Participants
The sample of the study was consisted of 300 students. 150 of them were boys and 150
girls were selected on the basis of convenient sampling was use to collect the data in this study.
convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher from universities in Multan. Participants
were selected from the following departments; B.A/ B.sc, Bs engineering, BBA/MBA, B.S and
3.2.4 Instruments
(Wegner & Zanakos, 1994). The scoring of the WBSI is based on a 5 point scale from Strongly
disagree (1) to Strongly agree (5). The total score is obtained by summing up the responses that
are provided by respondents. The total score can range from 15 to 75. Higher scores on the
WBSI indicate greater tendencies to suppress thoughts. The WBSI has very good internal
consistency, with alphas ranging from .87 to .89. The WBSI has also been found to have good
stability with a 1 week test-retest correlation of .92, and a 3 week to 3 month test-retest
correlation of .69. The two factors included a WBSI Suppression subfactor (item 1, 10 and 13)
The COPE inventory is comprised of 15 four-item scales that assess a variety of coping
strategies (Caver, Scheier & Weintraub, 1989). Using the dispositional response format,
53
participants indicated how frequently they used each coping strategy on a four-point scale
anchored by ‗‗usually do not do this at all‘‘ and ‗‗usually do this a lot‘‘.such as Positive
reinterpretation and growth (1, 29, 38, and 59), Mental disengagement (2, 16, 31, 43), Focus on
and venting of emotions (3, 17, 28, 46), Use of instrumental social support (4, 14, 30, 45), Active
coping (5, 25, 47, 58), Denial (6, 27, 40, 57), Religious coping (7, 18, 48, 60), Humor (8, 20, 36,
50), Behavioral disengagement (9, 24, 37, 51), Restraint (10, 22, 41, 49), Use of emotional
social support (11, 23, 34, 52), Substance use (12, 26, 35, 53), Acceptance (13, 21, 44, 54),
Suppression of competing activities (15, 33, 42, 55), Planning (19, 32, 39, 56).
This is a 9 items self report measure of Unmitigated Communion (Fritz & Helgeson,
1998). To determine your score, reverse score item number 2. Then add all nine answer values
together. The higher your score, the more you tend to subjugate your own needs to needs of other
people.
3.2.5 Procedure
First of all the scales were translated into Urdu language through backward forward
method (Waters et al., 2006). And then permission to collect data was granted from the
University Authority, through official permission letter. Students were given the brief
introduction of the purpose of the study and their consent to participant‘s research was taken.
They were also guided regarding ethical consideration such as confidentiality and right to
withdraw. The booklet including consent form with demographic variables combined with scales
was given to students. They were asked to fill out the forms according to their perspective and
any queries during data collection were answered. After completion of administration, they were
54
thanked individually for their cooperation and participants were also discussed about sharing
Chapter IV
Results
The main purpose of study was to speculate the relationship between Coping Strategies,
demographic variables was carried out along with reliability estimates of measure on current
sample. Correlation coefficient and regression analysis was run to test study main hypothesis.
Table 4.1
Item Analysis of the total Items for Unmitigated Communion Scale (UCS) N=20, Items=09)
Item No R Α
1 .61 .75
2 .71 .79
3 .54 .75
4 .62 .79
5 .59 .77
6 .63 .78
7 .53 .76
8 .55 .76
9 .50 .77
56
Table 4.2
Item Analysis of the total Items for Coping Strategies Scale (CSS) (N=20, Items=60)
Item No R Α
1 .61 .83
2 .60 .84
3 .60 .83
4 .69 .83
5 .62 .83
6 .68 .83
7 .66 .83
8 .63 .83
9 .62 .83
10 .68 .83
11 .69 .85
12 .64 .83
13 .67 .83
14 .63 .83
15 .62 .83
16 .68 .84
17 .66 .83
18 .60 .83
57
19 .66 .83
20 .65 .83
21 .69 .83
22 .60 .83
23 .66 .83
24 .67 .83
25 .61 .83
26 .62 .83
27 .65 .84
28 .68 .84
29 .62 .83
30 .60 .84
31 .66 .83
32 .66 .83
33 -.61 .85
34 .60 .84
35 .62 .84
36 .61 .83
37 .69 .83
38 .62 .83
39 .69 .83
58
40 .62 .83
41 .68 .83
42 .63 .83
43 .63 .83
44 .67 .83
45 .66 .83
46 .60 .84
47 .64 .83
48 .65 .83
49 .64 .83
50 .61 .83
51 .69 .83
52 .61 .84
53 .65 .83
54 .65 .83
55 .65 .83
56 .66 .83
57 .65 .84
58 .63 .84
59 .65 .84
60 .69 .84
59
Table 4.3
Item Analysis of the total Items for Thought Suppression Scale (TS) (N=20, Items=15)
Item No R Α
1 .74 .88
2 .78 .87
3 .79 .87
4 .71 .86
5 .71 .86
6 .72 .87
7 .74 .87
8 .77 .88
9 .79 .87
10 .77 .87
11 .72 .86
12 .70 .87
13 .72 .86
14 .77 .87
15 .77 .87
60
Table 4.4
error error
CSS
Scale, AC= Active Coping, P= Planning, SCA= Suppression for competing activities, RC=
Restraint Coping, SSSIR= Seeking Social Support for instrumental reason, SSSER= Seeking
social Support for Emotional Reason, PRG= Positive reinterpretation and Growth, A=
Acceptance, D= Denial, MD= Mental Disengagement, H=Humor, RC= Religious Coping, FVE:
Focus on and Venting of Emotions, BD= Behavioral Disengagement, SU: Substance Use.
62
Table 4.5
Variables F ( %) M (SD)
Gender
Class
Bs 229 (76.3)
Msc/Ma 43 (14.3)
Mphill/Ms 28 (9.3)
Departments
Table 4.6
K α
In Table 4.6 reliability analysis result shows that estimated Cronbach alpha level of all the
Table 4.7
Variables 1 2 3
2. Coping
Strategies
AC .130* --- .260**
Note: AC= Active Coping, P= Planning, SCA= Suppression for competing activities, RC=
Restraint Coping, SSSIR= Seeking Social Support for instrumental reason, SSSER= Seeking
social Support for Emotional Reason, PRG= Positive reinterpretation and Growth, A=
Acceptance, D= Denial, MD= Mental Disengagement, H=Humor, RC= Religious Coping, FVE:
Focus on and Venting of Emotions, BD= Behavioral Disengagement, SU: Substance Use.
**p<.01
Table 4.7 presents descriptive statistics for all variables. Significant positive relationships (p <
Table 4.8
Simple regression analysis for Unmitigated Communion in predicting Active Coping (N=300)
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 21.63
R2 .07
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that Unmitigated Communion significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.9
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 36.83
R2 .11
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that Unmitigated Communion significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.10
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 12.11
R2 .04
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that Unmitigated Communion significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.11
Simple regression analysis for Unmitigated Communion in predicting Restraint Coping (N=300)
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 31.95
R2 .01
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.12
Simple regression analysis for Unmitigated Communion in predicting Seeking Social Support for
Instrumental Reasons (N=300)
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 8.24
R2 .03
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.13
Simple regression analysis for Unmitigated Communion in predicting Seeking Social Support for
Emotional Reasons (N=300)
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 5.13
R2 .02
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.14
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 45.73
R2 .13
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.15
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 13.97
R2 .05
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.16
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 12.08
R2 .04
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.17
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 15.18
R2 .05
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.18
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F .94
R2 .003
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.19
Simple regression analysis for Unmitigated Communion in predicting Focus on And Venting of
Emotions (N=300)
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 16.90
R2 .05
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.20
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 6.60
R2 .02
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.21
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F .09
R2 .00
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.22
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F .25
R2 .00
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.23
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B Β SEB LL UL
F 34.00
R2 .10
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Simple linear regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of depression.
Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes significantly predict the development scores of
depression. The model was significant (F(3, 26) = 20.31, p< .001). Total R2explains the .06%
variation in the development scores, where as social support (β = .25, p< .001) have moderate
Table 4.24
Coefficients 95 % CI
Variable B β SEB LL UL
F 6.58**
R2 .25
82
Note. β = standardize coefficient of regression. SEB = standard error of beta. LL = lower limit.
Linear multiple regressionswere carried out to find the significant predictors of thought
suppression with respect to multiple factors. Results indicated that mental disengagement, Denial
and acceptance significantly predict the development scores of thought suppression, and
moreover none of other factor predicting relationship found among all other predictors. The
model was significant (F = 6.58, p< .001). Total R2explains the .25% variation in the
development scores, whereas denial (β = .14, p< .05) have small size regression coefficient and
acceptance (β = .11, p< .05) similarly observed small size regression coefficient. The positive
sign in both standardize beta coefficients means that development scores would increase with
respect to predictors.
83
Table 4.25
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model Predictor B SE Β P R2 R2 F P
Change
Note: AC= Active Coping, P= Planning, SCA= Suppression for competing activities, RC=
Restraint Coping, SSSIR= Seeking Social Support for instrumental reason, SSSER= Seeking
social Support for Emotional Reason, PRG= Positive reinterpretation and Growth, A=
Acceptance, D= Denial, MD= Mental Disengagement, H=Humor, RC= Religious Coping, FVE:
Focus on and Venting of Emotions, BD= Behavioral Disengagement and SU: Substance Use.
**p<.01*p< .05
84
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model Predictor B SE Β P R2 R2 F P
Change
Note: AC= Active Coping, P= Planning, SCA= Suppression for competing activities, RC=
Restraint Coping, SSSIR= Seeking Social Support for instrumental reason, SSSER= Seeking
social Support for Emotional Reason, PRG= Positive reinterpretation and Growth, A=
Acceptance, D= Denial, MD= Mental Disengagement, H=Humor, RC= Religious Coping, FVE:
Focus on and Venting of Emotions, BD= Behavioral Disengagement, SU: Substance Use and
UCS=Unmitigated Communion scale. **p<.01*p< .05
85
Hierarchical multiple regression was carried out to find the significant predictors of thought
suppression with respect to multiple factors. Results indicated that mental disengagement, Denial
and acceptance significantly predict the development scores of thought suppression, and
moreover none of other factor predicting relationship found among all other predictors. The
model was significant (F = 6.58, p< .001). Total R2explains the .25% variation in the
development scores, whereas denial (β = .14, p< .05) have small size regression coefficient and
acceptance (β = .11, p< .05) similarly observed small size regression coefficient. The positive
sign in both standardize beta coefficients means that development scores would increase with
respect to predictors.
86
Table 4.26
Independent sample t test for gender difference in Unmitigated Communion Scale (UCS)
(N=300)
Male Female 95 % CI
UCS 32.8 6.06 30.84 6.25 2.80 .005 .59 3.39 0.32
Communion between male and female students. The mean differences shows that male students
(M = 32.8, SD = 6.06) have significantly high (p< .05) level of Unmitigated Communion than
female students (M = 30.84, SD = 6.25). While, the Cohen‘s d value suggests medium effect size
Table 4.27
Male Female 95 % CI
SCA 11.69 4.57 10.42 2.63 2.92 .35 .413 2.11 0.35
(298)
SSSIR 11.92 2.80 11.48 3.05 1.29 .24 -.226 1.10 0.15
(298)
SSSER 10.06 3.20 8.86 3.05 3.32 .40 .448 1.91 0.38
(298)
PRG 13.26 2.13 12.95 2.40 1.19 .16 -.203 .83 0.13
(298)
FVE 10.49 2.93 10.12 3.02 1.08 .77 -.304 1.05 0.12
(298)
Note: AC= Active Coping, P= Planning, SCA= Suppression for competing activities, RC=
Restraint Coping, SSSIR= Seeking Social Support for instrumental reason, SSSER= Seeking
social Support for Emotional Reason, PRG= Positive reinterpretation and Growth, A=
Acceptance, D= Denial, MD= Mental Disengagement, H=Humor, RC= Religious Coping, FVE:
Focus on and Venting of Emotions, BD= Behavioral Disengagement, SU: Substance Use.
**p<.01
Communion between male and female students. The mean differences shows that male students
(M = 32.8, SD = 6.06) have significantly high (p< .05) level of Unmitigated Communion than
female students (M = 30.84, SD = 6.25). While, the Cohen‘s d value suggests medium effect size
Table 4.28
Independent sample t test for gender difference in Thought Suppression (TS) (N=300)
Male Female 95 % CI
(289)
Communion between male and female students. The mean differences shows that male students
(M = 32.8, SD = 6.06) have significantly high (p< .05) level of Unmitigated Communion than
female students (M = 30.84, SD = 6.25). While, the Cohen‘s d value suggests medium effect size
Chapter V
Discussion
The aim of the present study was to investigate the interacting effects of thought
suppression, coping strategies and unmitigated communion among university students and also
investigate the relationship between these variables. The result shows Unmitigated Communion
level significantly high in males rather than females. We propose that generalized thought
reliance on others for self-esteem. However, we also expect that Overinvolvement because
suppression and unmitigated communion were positively correlated. In other side self-neglect
lead to increased psychological distress. Overinvolvement with others, in particular, may create
situation-specific sources of distress, such as intrusive thoughts about others' problems, which
would then contribute to greater generalized distress. Finally, the neglect of the self, which may
stem from a negative self-view or from Overinvolvement with others, may have direct effects on
physical health.
suppression level increased. Unmitigated Communion has also been found to play a major role in
social interaction processes and relationship conflict. The majority of Unmitigated Communion
research has focused on how the provision of support affects the high-Unmitigated Communion
individual, specifically in terms of how becoming overloaded with meeting others‘ needs is
Additionally, this study indicates that Students may be more sensitive to the effects of
any stress or burden and use to manage demands associated with any stressful situation
(Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S,1981), at least when scheming for Unmitigated Communion. Coping
Strategies is way to cure the Unmitigated Communion especially at university students. Most of
students with Overinvolvement, self neglecting or externalize self evolution with high self
esteem of Unmitigated Communion they directly or indirectly interfere in other problems and
stuck with them very badly. In this case Coping Strategy is only thing that helped students to
decreased Unmitigated Communion level and also manage the internal and external demands of
situations. These all things show the indirect relationship between Unmitigated communion and
thoughts. It‘s happen many times students face stressful events that made them suppress and
actively tries to avoid certain thought, they found ways to cope by this suppression. Coping
strategies can be mostly classified as emotional and avoidance strategy and many further
categories help to resolve this thought suppression. Like as when students are so depressed
because of overloaded burden of study then they follow ways of coping to get rid of this
suppression. All circumstances in life bring in concerning a response, but there have been
various methods by way of which students reacted or respond to these circumstances. To these
circumstances, coping force to try and manage or address pressure of it. That thing indicated
negative relationship between coping strategies and thought suppression because when coping
strategies increased then thought suppression decreased. These both variables are opposite from
each other. (Bryant & Harvey, 1995; Burgess & Holmstrom, 1978).
92
would vary on gender. The result of study shows gender differences are differ in every situation
like as male and female use different ways of coping strategies. For example, male use Humor
and Substance (drugs, smoking e.g.) whereas females mostly use religious coping, seeking social
support for emotional reasons or instrumental reasons coping to overcome the stress. These
variables were also show gender difference level like as unmitigated communion more in male
rather than female, thought suppression more in female rather than male and coping strategies
excessive in females than male. In our study have some predictions like as thought suppression
predict if any individual have good coping strategies to compress the suppression then he had a
good survival power and also had chances to change the stuffed circumstances.
However, lf be short of coping style in any individual then have many chances of
occurring OCD and PTSD. Same as unmitigated communion predict lack of coping skills
became the reason of personality problems that create the issues in communication whereas good
problem focusing skills put aside from psychopathic issues. Conversely, approach coping has
been associated with less psychological distress in college samples (Valentiner, Holahan, &
Moos, 1994) and trauma samples (Frazier & Burnett, 1994). Thus, the findings of studies
provided evidence that the COPE inventory assesses self-sufficient and socially-supported styles
of coping that are relatively approach-oriented and positive, along with a generally negative,
avoidant-coping style; all of these coping styles involved combinations of problem- and emotion-
focused strategies, which it should be noted, did not consistently define separate factors. To
clarify whether problem- and emotion-focused strategies are meaningfully distinct, it would be
93
interesting to separately assess each strategy‘s impact on stressors and on associated emotions,
5.1 Conclusion
This study is important because it allows realizing and evaluating the range of coping
strategies ways for students to deal with stressful situations. The findings of this study led us to
conclude that female students suppress thoughts more and applied more coping strategies than
male students. The effect of thought suppression on student‘s well-being was far reaching, as
nearly two thirds were not sleeping well, and half were stressed by interpersonal conflicts. Half
were reporting unmitigated communion found to be low self esteem as a reason of externalized
self evolution. Self-blame and self-criticism were often the reactions to stressful situations that
became the reason lack of a positive sense of self esteem from unmitigated communion
individual was associated with judging the self against others opinion.
5.2 Implication
The coping strategies were assisting to students and with immediate consequences which can be
implemented directly. All coping strategies may be seen as giving up on the attempt to compress
thought suppression and unmitigated communion that generate troubles at university side which
interfering student‘s daily routine. Reducing attempts to continue with work may lead to feelings
5.3 Limitations
There are a few following key limitations to bear in mind when interpreting the results of this
study.
94
Secondly, the present study examined a relatively small number of outcomes over a very
possible that perceptions of intense student‘s suppression lead to the adoption of certain
The participants involved in this research were university students who tended to be quite
5.4 Suggestion
Future work should include larger samples, paying special attention to the balance of men
and women.
In closing, despite these admitted weaknesses, the present research does provide a good
Future work examining participants outside of this population, including those suffering
from chronic conditions such as OCD, PTSD or Social Phobias, will provide interesting
Future work should also seek to address the identified weaknesses and explore the
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