Aklan Catholic College

Kalibo, Aklan

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Inorganic Chemistry

Chemistry – a physical science that deals with the study of matter – its properties, its composition its
structure its changes and the energy accompanying such changes.

Scientific Method – systematic approach in solving problem

Matter – materials with mass (the amount of substance) and volume (the space that the material
occupies)

STATES OF MATTER
 Solid is characterized by resistance to any change in shape, caused by a strong attraction
between the molecules of which it is composed
 Liquid does not resist forces that act to change its shape, because the molecules are free to
move with respect to each other. However, they have sufficient molecular attraction to
resist forces tending to change their volume.
 Gases are widely dispersed and move freely, offers to resistance to change of shape and
little resistance to change of volume. As a result, a gas that is not confined tends to diffuse
infinitely, increasing in volume and diminishing in density.
 Plasma is a collection of charged gaseous particles containing nearly equal numbers of
negative and positive ions.
 Bose-Einstein condensate does not contain individual atoms because the original atoms
would overlap one another (condensed), leaving no space in between.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
 Physical Properties – characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance
into another substance.
 Intensive Properties – do not depend on the amount of matter being studied
 Melting point – the temperature at which a substance begins to change from solid
to liquid
 Boiling point – the temperature at which a substance begins to change from liquid
to gas
 Color
 Odor
 Taste
 Density – the ratio of the mass of a substance over volume
 Hardness – ability of a solid to resist compression or scratching
 Luster
 Solubility – ability of a solid to dissolve in a liquid
 Volatility
 Ductility – the ability of the metal to be deformed without breaking; ability to be
drawn into a wire
 Malleability – ability of a metal to be flattened into sheets
 Viscosity – the property of the fluid that tends to prevent it from flowing easily
 Physical state
 Heat conductivity
 Electrical conductivity
 Miscibility – ability of a liquid to dissolve another liquid

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  Extensive Properties – depend on the amount of matter being studied
 Mass – amount of matter
 Volume – space occupied by matter
 Length
 Shape
 Chemical Properties – characteristics that can be observed when the substance
undergoes a change in its composition; ex. Combustibility, ability to oxidize and
inertness

MATTER

Pure
Mixture
Substance

element compound homogeneous heterogeneous

metal acid

non-metal base

metalloid salt

KINDS OF MATTER
 Pure Substance – have fixed characteristic composition and distinct set of properties
 Element – composed of one type of atom that cannot be separated into simpler
substance by chemical means
Metals Non-Metals Metalloids
Malleable Brittle Non-malleable, brittle
Ductile Not ductile
Luster
High tensile strength
Good conductor of heat & Conductor of heat and Poor conductor of heat &
electricity electricity electricity
 The only liquid metal is mercury (Hg)
 The only liquid non-metal is bromine (Br)
 Group I A – The Alkali Metals
 Elements are soft silvery metals. They react strongly with water. The further
down you go, the more violent the reaction is. These alkali metals are usually
stored under oil to protect them from moisture and oxygen.
 Because of their reactivity, they are never found free in nature.
 Group II A – The Alkaline Earth Metals
 This group consists of all metals that occur naturally in compound form. They
are obtained from mineral ores and form alkaline solutions. These are less
reactive than alkali metals.
 Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are most abundant in the earth’s crust.
 Radium, the heaviest alkaline metals, used for cancer treatment.
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  Calcium is one of the important elements in teeth and bones.
 Group III A – The Aluminum Group
 The elements in this group are fairly reactive. The group is composed of four
metals and one metalloid which is boron.
 Group IV A – The Carbon Group
 This group is composed of elements having varied properties because their
metallic property increases from top to bottom meaning the top line, which is
carbon, is a nonmetal while silicon and germanium are metalloids and tin and
lead are metals.
 Carbon is the major constituent of most chemical compounds.
 Group V A – The Nitrogen Group
 Like the elements in group IV A, this group also consists of metals, nonmetals
and metalloids.
 Group VI A – The Oxygen Group
 Oxygen is the top line element. It is composed of three nonmetals, namely
oxygen, sulfur, and selenium, one metalloid, (tellurium) and one metal
(polonium)
 Group VII A – The Halogens
 This group is composed entirely of nonmetals. The term “halogens” comes from
the Greek word hals which means salt and genes which means forming.
Halogens group are called salt formers.
 Group VII A – The Noble Gases
 This group is composed of stable gases otherwise known as non-reactive or
inert elements.
 The Transition Elements
 The elements in the middle of the periodic table. They are all metals and so they
are also called transition metals.
 If two metals are just physically combined, it will result to the formation of alloy.
Alloy is not a compound; it is just a mixture because it is just a physical combination
of two pure substances, in this case – elements.

 Compound – is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically

combined in fixed proportions and can be decomposed by chemical means into simpler
substances. A chemical combination results to formation of new substances.
Compounds may be further classified as an acid, base or neutral.
 3 Types of Chemical Bonds
 Ionic – the electrostatic force holding two opposite charge ions
 Covalent – formed between two atoms that share electrons
 Metallic – formed between metal atoms
 Naming Compounds

Binary Nonmetals Name Chemical Formula

Compounds:
Metal Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride NaCl
Transition Metals Iron(II) Oxygen Iron(II) oxide/ ferrous oxide Fe2O3
Non-Metals nitrogen oxygen Dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5
Acids hydrogen Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid HCl

Ternary Anions
Compounds:
Oxyacids hydrogen Chlorate Chloric Acid HClO3
hydrogen Chlorite Chlorous Acid HClO2
With Metals sodium Chlorate Sodium Chlorate NaClO3
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 Mixture – consists of two or more substances that are physically combined; their
composition varies. Solutions are homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances in variable
composition. Solutions can be unsaturated (contains less solute than it has the capacity to
dissolve), saturated (contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given
solvent at a specific temperature) and supersaturated (contains more solute than is present
in a saturated solution. The substance dissolved in a solution is solute and the dissolving
agent is the solvent.
 Homogeneous Mixture – shows only one phase
 Heterogeneous Mixture – show several distinct phases

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

1. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner classified elements in sets of three. He called it the
“law of triads”
2. John Alexander Reina Newlands arranged the elements according to increasing
atomic mass and suggested that every eighth element has similar properties called
the “law of octaves”
3. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev devised the first periodic table, which he used to
predict three new elements. He proposed the “periodic law” which states that
when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their properties
show periodic pattern.

DEVELOPMENT IN PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS

 The properties of elements are the following: atomic size, metallic property, ionization
energy, electronegativity and electron affinity.
 Two distinct trends are noticeable in the atomic size or atomic radius;
1. Atoms get larger going down a group
2. Atoms get smaller moving from left to right across each period
 Ionization energy is the energy required to the outer electron from an isolated atom.
 Electron affinity is the energy released when a neutral atom gains an electron to form a
negatively charged ion.
 Electronegativity is the electron attracting of an atom.
 Atomic number – the number of protons that the atom contains
 Atomic weight/mass – the number of protons and neutrons together

CHANGES OF MATTER
 Physical change happens when the change in a substance keeps its chemical identity or no
new substances are formed. Shows a change in shape, size, or volume. Phase changes are
physical changes.
 Chemical change always results to the formation of a new substance. Indicators of a
chemical change are as follows:
 Change of color
 Evolution of gas
 Formation of precipitate

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 Combination Reaction – happens when two or more reactants from only one product. Also
known as composition reaction or synthesis reaction.
A+B AB
 Decomposition Reaction – happens when one reactant forms two or more products. Also
known as decay reaction.
AB A+B

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  Single Replacement – happens when a reactant made of one element reacts with a
compound replacing one of the elements in the compound.
AB + C AC + B
 Double Replacement – happens when the elements in one of the reactants “exchange
partners” with the other reactant
AB + CD AD + CB

A special type of double replacement reaction is called neutralization, a reaction

between an acid and a base producing salt and water.

 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

 Exothermic – heat is released; a reaction where heat is evolved of given off
 Endothermic – heat is absorbed

THREE FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL LAWS

 The Law of Conservation of Mass by Lavoisier
Mass is neither created nor destroyed. In a chemical reaction, the number of atoms of each
kind on the left and right side of the arrows must be equal.
 The Law of Definite Proportions by Proust
A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. That is
why it is prohibited to change the subscripts of the formula in balancing equations.
 The Law of Multiple Proportions
When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second
element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small
whole numbers.

Avogadro’s number – the mass of one mole of a substance is numerically equal to the atomic
weight of an atom of an element, the molecular weight of a compound or the formula weight of
an ionic compound. The mass of one mole of a substance is called the molar mass.
The relationship between mass, number of moles, and number of particles is essential in
chemical calculations which is termed as stoichiometry. Mass-mass calculations help chemists
determine limiting reagent and excess reagent in the reaction.
Limiting reagent – the reactant that is totally consumed in the reaction; Excess reagent –
reactant that was not entirely consumed during the reaction
Empirical formula – the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present in the compound based
on the percentage of its elements
Molecular formula – the true formula of the compound. It gives the actual number of atoms of
each element in a compound.

Prepared by:

Mrs. Amalia F. Pioquid

Chair, Science Discipline

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