ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS IS FUN

NAME : IVY CHIEW XIN RU

CLASS : 5 GALILEO
TEACHER : MR. BERNARD LING
IC NO : 020902-13-1244
Part 1
Part 1.1
Cartesian coordinate system and Rene Descartes
By: Ivy Chiew Xin Ru

A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies

each point uniquely in a planeby a set of numerical coordinates, which are
the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines,
measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a coordinate
axis or just axis (plural axes) of the system, and the point where they meet is
its origin, at ordered pair (0, 0). The coordinates can also be defined as the
positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes,
expressed as signed distances from the origin.
One can use the same principle to specify the position of any point in three-
dimensional space by three Cartesian coordinates, its signed distances to three
mutually perpendicular planes (or, equivalently, by its perpendicular projection
onto three mutually perpendicular lines). In general, n Cartesian coordinates (an
element of real n-space) specify the point in an n-dimensional Euclidean
space for any dimension n. These coordinates are equal, up to sign, to distances
from the point to n mutually perpendicularhyperplanes.
The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by René
Descartes (Latinized name: Cartesius) revolutionized mathematics by providing
the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the
Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as curves) can be
described by Cartesian equations: algebraic equations involving the coordinates
of the points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of radius 2, centered at
the origin of the plane, may be described as the set of all points whose
coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x2 + y2 = 4.
Cartesian coordinates are the foundation of analytic geometry, and provide
enlightening geometric interpretations for many other branches of mathematics,
such as linear algebra, complex analysis, differential geometry,
multivariate calculus, group theory and more. A familiar example is the concept
of the graph of a function. Cartesian coordinates are also essential tools for
most applied disciplines that deal with geometry,
including astronomy, physics, engineering and many more. They are the most
common coordinate system used in computer graphics, computer-aided
geometric design and other geometry-related data processing.
The adjective Cartesian refers to the
French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes, who published this idea
in 1637. It was independently discovered by Pierre de Fermat, who also worked
in three dimensions, although Fermat did not publish the discovery.[1] The
French cleric Nicole Oresme used constructions similar to Cartesian coordinates
well before the time of Descartes and Fermat.[2]
Both Descartes and Fermat used a single axis in their treatments and have a
variable length measured in reference to this axis. The concept of using a pair of
axes was introduced later, after Descartes' La Géométrie was translated into
Latin in 1649 by Frans van Schooten and his students. These commentators
introduced several concepts while trying to clarify the ideas contained in
Descartes' work.[3]
The development of the Cartesian coordinate system would play a fundamental
role in the development of the calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz.[4] The two-coordinate description of the plane was later generalized into
the concept of vector spaces.[5]
Many other coordinate systems have been developed since Descartes, such as
the polar coordinates for the plane, and the spherical and cylindrical
coordinates for three-dimensional space.
 Last, there are some weakness of Cartesian coordinate system. Disadvantages
of a spherical coordinate system is encounter complex and time-consuming
arithmetic calculations in determining the distance between two points or the
area surrounded by a polygon determined by a set of points. Latitude-longitude
numbers plotted directly on paper in a Cartesian coordinate system result in
distorted—sometimes greatly distorted—figures. Disadvantages of a projected
coordinate system on the Cartesian plane is almost every point is in the wrong
place, although maybe not by much. All projections introduce errors. Depending
on the projection, these errors are in distances, sizes, shapes, or directions.
Part 1.2
a) The name of the game : Finding Items on Cartesian Plane
b) The mathematical concept involved :
 Coordinate system
c) Rules of the game: There are several items plotted on the
Cartesian plane. Determine the position of each items by using
coordinates in the form (x,y). Besides that, you can also find the
items on the Cartesian plane by using the coordinates given.
Each questions contains 2 marks. Duration is not fixed. Finish the
game as fast as possible. Let’s go started!
Part 2
B(5,8)
O(2,4)

A(-7,-8) C(11,-8)

Distance A to O = √(−𝟕 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (−𝟖 − 𝟒)𝟐

= 15

Distance B to O = √(𝟓 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟖 − 𝟒)𝟐

= 5

Distance C to O = √(𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (−𝟖 − 𝟒)𝟐

= 15

1) Total distance = AB+BO+OC+CO+OA

= (15+5)+5+15+15+15
= 70
2) Assume that a new straight road from C to A

Distance AC = √(−𝟕 − 𝟏𝟏)𝟐 + (−𝟖 + 𝟖)𝟐

= 18
Total distance = AB+BO+OC+CA
= (15+5)+5+15+18
= 58
Assume that a new straight road from C to B

Distance BC = √(𝟏𝟏 − 𝟓)𝟐 + (−𝟖 − 𝟖)𝟐

= √𝟑𝟔 + 𝟐𝟓𝟔
= √𝟐𝟗𝟐
= 17.09
Total distance = AB+BC+CO+OA
= 20+17.09+15+15
= 67.09
Answer : Town C to A more preferable. The distance is shorter than
that from C to B.
Part 3
Let police station = P , car = C , fire station = F , petrol station = O

𝟓−(−𝟏)
MPF =
−𝟒−𝟒
𝟔
=
−𝟖
𝟑
= −
𝟒

MPF x M2 = -1
𝟑
− x M2 = -1
𝟒
𝟒
M2 =
𝟑

At point C (12,18)
𝟒
y= 𝒙+𝒄
𝟑
𝟒
18 = (𝟏𝟐) + 𝒄
𝟑

18 = 16 + c
c=2
𝟒
Equation of straight road : y = 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟑
Petrol station parallel with Police station and Fire station
At point O (-3,2)
𝟑
y=− 𝒙+𝒄
𝟒
𝟑
2 =− (−𝟑) + 𝒄
𝟒
𝟗
2= +𝒄
𝟒
𝟗
C =𝟐 −
𝟒
𝟏
=−
𝟒
𝟑 𝟏
Equation of petrol station to fire station : y = − 𝒙 −
𝟒 𝟒

Intersection point of petrol station to fire station :

𝟒 𝟑 𝟏
𝒙+𝟐=− 𝒙−
𝟑 𝟒 𝟒
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏
𝒙+ 𝒙=− −𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 𝟒
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
𝒙=−
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
𝟐𝟕
x=−
𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝟕
when x = −
𝟐𝟓
𝟒
y= 𝒙+𝟐
𝟑
𝟒 𝟐𝟕
y = (− )+𝟐
𝟑 𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟒
y=
𝟐𝟓
 𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟒
Answer : location that nearest to petrol station = (− , )
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓

Distance car to location = √(𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔)𝟐

= 21.8 km
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Time =
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
𝟐𝟏.𝟖
=
𝟖𝟎

= 0.2725 hour
= 16.35 minutes
Part 4
y(m)

A(Johan)
x(km)
O C(Kassim)

B(Latif)

When t = 0
→ = (𝟒𝟔) 𝟗
→ = (−𝟒) 𝟐
→ = (−𝟏𝟐 )
𝑶𝑱 𝑶𝑲 𝑶𝑳

J =(4,6) K = (9,-4) L = (2,-12)

a) Student A = Johan
Student B = Latif
Student C = Kassim
b) when t = 1,
OJ = (𝟑𝟑) OK = (−𝟓
𝟕
) OL=(−𝟐
−𝟖
)
 J = (3,3) K = (7,-5) L = (-2,-8)
𝟔−𝟑 −𝟒−(−𝟓) −𝟏𝟐+𝟖
m= m= m=
𝟒−𝟑 𝟗−𝟕 𝟐+𝟐
𝟏
=3 = = -1
𝟐

Equation of Johan : y-6 =3(x-4)

y = 3x-12+6
y = 3x-6
𝟏
Equation of Kassim : y+4 = (𝒙 − 𝟗)
𝟐
𝟏 𝟗
y = 𝒙− −𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏𝟕
y = 𝒙−
𝟐 𝟐

Equation of Latif : y+12 = -1(x-2)

y = -x-10

c) Method 1
Kassim meet Latif = ?
→ =→
𝑶𝑲 𝑶𝑳
𝟗−𝟐𝒕 𝟐−𝟒𝒕
(−𝟒−𝒕 ) = (𝟒𝒕−𝟏𝟐)
9-2t = 2-4t
2t = -7
𝟕
t = − (rejected)
𝟐

Answer : Kassim does not meet with Latif.

Johan meet Kassim = ?
→ =→
𝑶𝑱 𝑶𝑲
𝟒−𝒕 𝟗−𝟐𝒕
(𝟔−𝟑𝒕 ) = (−𝟒−𝒕 )
4-t = 9-2t
t =5

6-3t = -4-t
-2t = -10
t =5
Answer : They meet at 5 seconds.

Johan meet with Latif = ?

→ =→
𝑶𝑱 𝑶𝑳
𝟒−𝒕 𝟐−𝟒𝒕
(𝟔−𝟑𝒕 ) = (𝟒𝒕−𝟏𝟐 )
4-t = 2-4t
3t = -2
𝟐
t = − (rejected)
𝟑

Answer : Johan does not meet with Latif.

When t = 5, → = ( 𝟒−𝟓 )
𝟔−𝟑(𝟓)
𝑶𝑱

= (−𝟏
−𝟗
)
Answer : Johan meet with Kassim at (-1,-9).

Method 2
Equation of Johan : y = 3x-6
𝟏 𝟏𝟕
Equation of Kassim : y = 𝒙 −
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏𝟕
3x-6 = 𝒙 −
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏𝟕
3x- 𝒙 = − +𝟔
𝟐 𝟐
𝟓 𝟓
x=-
𝟐 𝟐

x = -1
when x = -1,
y = 3(-1)-6
y = -9
Answer : Location (-1,-9).
d) Vx = ? Vy = ?
Johan , (4,6) (3,3)
Vx = −𝒊 Vy = −𝟑𝒋

V = −𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 |𝑽| = √𝟏𝟎

Kassim , (9,-4) (7,-5)

Vx = −𝟐𝒊 Vy = −𝒋

V = −𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋 |𝑽| = √𝟓

Latif , (2,-12) (-2,-8)

Vx = −𝟒𝒊 Vy = 𝟒𝒋

V = −𝟒𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 |𝑽| = √𝟑𝟐

Answer : Latif jogs the fastest.

Further Exploration
y

3 Sam
x
Paul

Martin

𝟐𝒕−𝟐
a) → = (−𝟔𝒕+𝟗)
𝑶𝑺

(𝟎𝟑) = (−𝟔𝒕+𝟗
𝟐𝒕−𝟐
)
2t-2 = 0 3 = -6t+9
t =1 6t = 6
t=1
𝟕−𝟐𝒕
→ = (−𝒕+𝟓
−𝒕−𝟐
) → = ( 𝟐𝒕−𝟓 )
𝑶𝑷 𝑶𝑴 𝟑

When t = 1 , When t = 1 ,
 𝟒 𝟓
→ = (−𝟑) → = (−𝟒𝟏)
𝑶𝑷 𝑶𝑴 𝟑

𝟏
Answer : Paul (4,-3) , Martin (5,−𝟒 ).
𝟑

b) i) Method 1
𝟐
S = (2t-2,-6t+9) P = (-t+5,-t-2) M =(𝟕 − 𝟐𝒕, 𝒕 − 𝟓)
𝟑

Msp = Mpm
𝟐
−𝟔𝒕+𝟗−(−𝒕−𝟐) −𝒕−𝟐−(𝟑𝒕−𝟓)
=
𝟐𝒕−𝟐−(−𝒕+𝟓) −𝒕+𝟓−(𝟕−𝟐𝒕)
𝟓
−𝟓𝒕+𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝒕+𝟑
=
𝟑𝒕−𝟕 𝒕−𝟐
𝟓
(−𝟓𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏)(𝒕 − 𝟐) = (− 𝒕 + 𝟑)(𝟑𝒕 − 𝟕)
𝟑
𝟑𝟓
−𝟓𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟏𝒕 − 𝟐𝟐 = −𝟓𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟗𝒕 − 𝟐𝟏
𝟑
𝟑𝟓
𝟐𝟏𝒕 − 𝒕 − 𝟗𝒕 = −𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐
𝟑
𝟏
𝒕=𝟏
𝟑

t =3
Method 2
SP = x PM
→ +→ = 𝒙(→ +→ )
𝑺𝑶 𝑶𝑷 𝑷𝑶 𝑶𝑴

𝟕−𝟐𝒕
(−𝟐𝒕+𝟐
𝟔𝒕−𝟗
) + (−𝒕+𝟓
−𝒕−𝟐
) = 𝒙[(𝒕−𝟓
𝒕+𝟐
) + ( 𝟐𝒕−𝟓 )]
𝟑
 −𝒕+𝟐
(−𝟑𝒕+𝟕
𝟓𝒕−𝟏𝟏
) = 𝒙 ( 𝟓𝒕−𝟑 )
𝟑

𝟓
-3t+7 = x(-t+2) 5t-11 = 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟑)
𝟑
−𝟑𝒕+𝟕 𝟓𝒕−𝟏𝟏
x = 𝟓 =𝒙
−𝒕+𝟐 𝒕−𝟑
𝟑

−𝟑𝒕+𝟕 𝟓𝒕−𝟏𝟏
= 𝟓
−𝒕+𝟐 𝒕−𝟑
𝟑

𝟓
(−𝟑𝒕 + 𝟕) ( 𝒕 − 𝟑) = (𝟓𝒕 − 𝟏𝟏)(−𝒕 + 𝟐)
𝟑
𝟑𝟓
−𝟓𝒕𝟐 + 𝟗𝒕 + 𝒕 − 𝟐𝟏 = −𝟓𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏𝒕 − 𝟐𝟐
𝟑
𝟏
𝟏 = 𝒕
𝟑

t =3

b) ii) When t = 3
S = (4,-9) P = (2,-5) M = (1,-3)
−𝟗−(−𝟓)
MPS =
𝟒−𝟐
−𝟒
=
𝟐

= -2
Equation of straight line , y-(-9) = -2(x-4)
y = -2x+8-9
y = -2x-1
iii)

S(4,-9)
m
P(2,-5)
n

M(1,-3)

𝒎(𝟏)+𝒏(𝟒)
=𝟐
𝒎+𝒏

m+4n = 2m+2n
2n =m
𝒎 𝟐
= SM=2+1 SP:SM
𝒏 𝟏

=3 2:3
Conclusion:

After doing research, answering and solving questions, I found that

the usage of coordinate system is important in our daily life. We use
grids on Cartesian plane and coordinate system to describe locations
in the real-world. Cartesian coordinate system is used in our daily life.
As an example, this is an important part of doing many experiments in
physics, in particular or for mapping the locations of populations of
organisms in biology. In other settings, our smartphone screen also
uses a Cartesian coordinate plane to track where we are touching on
the screen. These shows that Cartesian coordinate system plays an
important role in our life.
Besides that, I saw that usage of vector applications is important in
our daily activity. I learn a lot from this project work such as the
applications of vector in daily life. Although Additional Mathematics is
the killer subject, but when we study hard for it, it was actually easy
to understand.

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