HEAT TRANSFER

MRII 2014 1. Air at 100 psig and 800F is heated in a single pass exchanger consisting of 1-inch OD 16 BWG copper tubes, 4 ft
refresher long. The air flows inside the tubes, entering at 20 fps and is heated by steam condensing at 5 psig outside the
tubes. Assume the specific heat of dry air is constant at 0.24 Btu/lb-0F. Determine the heat transfer area to be
used.
a) 0.0165 ft2 b) 0.0218 ft2 c) 0.911 ft2 d) 1.05 ft2

2. Based from the preceding problem, estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient Btu/h-ft2-0F
a) 36.95 b) 28.82 c) 10.07 d) 4.62

3. Based from the preceding problem, what is the outlet temperature of the air in 0F?
a) 178.4 b) 166.7 c) 149.5 d) 105.2
 HEAT TRANSFER

OBJECTIVE:
1. In a steady state heat conducting system, where no generation of heat is involved, which statement is always true
a) heat flux is always constant
b) temperature gradient is constant
c) rate of heat transfer is constant
d) rate of heat transfer vary along the direction of transfer
2. This factor depends on operating temperature, fluid velocity and length of service of heat exchanger.
a) U b) h c) Rf d) xw
3. Accounts for the contributions of all effects on heat transfer.
a) U b) h c) Rf d) xw
4. Commonly used to determine the sizing and rating of heat exchangers.
a) Overall heat transfer coefficient c) LMTD
b) Effectiveness- NTU d) All of these
5. Heat exchanger type most suitable for the construction and heat transfer in condensers and cooling towers.
a) Direct contact HE c) Transfer type HE
b) Regenerators d) None of these
6. The hotter the object is, the longer the wavelength and the greater its amount.
a) true b) false c) both d) no answer
7. Commonly used heat exchanger in fermentation and HVAC systems..
a) Direct contact HE c) Transfer type HE
b) Regenerators d) None of these
8. Reduce the heat transfer by radiant heat exchange.
a) ε b) F12 c) kλ d) shield
9. The heat transfer radially across an insulated pipe per unit area
a) remains constant
b) is inversely proportional to thermal conductivity
c) decreases from pipe wall to the insulated surface
d) increases from pipe wall to the insulated surface
10. A dimensionless parameter that is expressed as heat capacity rate of exchanger per heat capacity rate of fluid.
a) NTU b) U c) LMTD d) e
11. A measure of heat transfer surface area.
a) NTU b) U c) LMTD d) e
12. It is a method of developing the design for a heat exchanger wherein the engineer assures the existence of an exchanger and makes
calculations to determine if the exchanger would handle the process requirements under reasonable conditions.
a) Heat exchanger modeling
b) Rating of heat transfer
c) Heat exchanger calculation
d) Heat transfer performance evaluation
13. Also known as double pipe Heat exchangers.
a) Tubular HE c) Shell and tube HE
b) Finned type HE d) Compact HE
14. Also known as surface condensers due to its extensive use in heating, cooling, condensation evaporation processes.
a) Tubular HE c) Shell and tube HE
b) Finned type HE d) Compact HE
15. In a heat transfer equipment, dirt or scale may be accounted by introducing a resistance called
a) factor of safety c) max factor
b) X factor d) fouling factor
16. If a man touches two metals which were kept together at a room temperature, why would one metal feel colder than the other?
a) one has a high heat transfer coefficient
b) one has a high thermal conductivity
c) one has a lower temperature
 HEAT TRANSFER
d) one has a higher heat capacity
17. What is the average overall coefficient (Btu/h-ft2-0F) of a SS jacketed vessel where steam flows at the jacket and heavy oil in the
vessel?
a) 20 b) 30 c) 40 d) 50

SOL’N: Handbook pg. 11-27 Table: 11-7

10 + 50 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐴𝑉𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐺𝐸 = = 30
2 ℎ − 𝑓𝑡 2 − 0𝐹

18. Prandtl number of nitrogen at 200K is

a) 0.714 b) 0.821 c) 0.885 d) 0.901
19. In using the design equation of heat transfer, q=UATlm the U and A may either be based on the inside or outside area of the pipe.
For a system where air is flowing inside a pipe while being heated by condensing steam outside the pipe, the proper U and A to be used
is
a) based on the inside area c) it does not matter
b) based on the outside area d) none of these
20. In a heat exchanger, the area of heat transfer is calculated from the
a) total lateral area of the tubes
b) the mean lateral area of the shell
c) total cross-sectional area of the tubes
d) cross-sectional area of the shell
21. It is a method of developing the design for a heat exchanger wherein the engineer assures the existence of an exchanger and makes
calculations to determine if the exchanger would handle the process requirements under reasonable conditions.
a) exchanger modeling c) performance rating
b) exchanger calculation d) rating an exchanger
22. On one side of a heat exchanger is a condensing vapor, the temperature may be assumed to be constant. In determining the
logarithmic mean temperature difference, the direction of flow will have effect
a) large b) little c) no d) signigicant
23. The Graetz number is concerned with
a) mass transfer between a gas and a liquid
b) absorption with chemical reaction
c) heat transfer in turbulent flow
d) heat transfer in laminar flow
24. Dietus-Boelter equation for determination of heat transfer co-efficient is valid
a) for liquid metals
b) for fluid in laminar flow
c) for fluids in turbulent flow
d) when Grashhoff number is very important
25. Oil flows under laminar conditions inside a steam heated copper pipe. The overall heat transfer coefficient is approximately
a) equal to the heat transfer coefficient of the oil
b) equal to the heat transfer coefficient of the steam
c) equal to the heat transfer coefficient equivalent to the resistance offerred by the pipe
d) the average between the heat transfer coefficient of the steam and that of oil
26. For a cylinder where steady-state radial heat transfer takes place
a) the heat transfer is constant
b) the heat flux is constant
c) maximum heat transfer rate occurs at the surface
d) the temperature is uniform throughout the cylinder
e)
27. In steady-state heat transfer through a series of materials with varying resistances, the heat transfer rate
a) decreases towards the direction of heat transfer
b) varies with the thermal conductivity of each material
c) through each material is inversely proportional to the thickness of the material
d) is constant throughout the series of materials
28. Water vapor condenses at 1 atm on a tube whose surface tmeperature is at 80 deg F. in analyzing the heat transfer through the
condensate film, it is best to evaluate the liquid properties at
 HEAT TRANSFER
a) 800F b) 1130F c) 1460F d) 2120F
29. The driving force in heat transfer is gradient.
a) concentration c) temperature
b) viscosity d) pressure
30. The property of the solid that provides a measure of the rate of heat transfer relative to the energy storage is referred to as
a) thermal conductivity c) heat capacity
b) thermal diffusivity d) density
31. The standard ratio of shell passes to tube passes is
a) 1/4 b) 1/2 c) 1 d) 2 e) 4
32. In a heat exchanger, floating head is provided to
a) facilitate cleaning of the exchanger
b) increase the heat transfer area
c) relieve stresses caused by thermal expansion
d) increase log mean temperature gradient
33. The equation used for predicting shell – side coefficients of shell and – tube heat exchangers
a) TEMA b) Stanton c) Donohue d) FG

34. Which is not true for baffles? Baffles

a) direct the flow of the shell fluid
b) support the tubes
c) increase the efficiency of heat transfer
d) decrease the pressure drop of the shell fluid
35. For condensers, the rate of heat transfer can be calculated from the amt. of condensate using eq’n
a) heat transfer c) latent heat
b) sensible heat d) overall heat transfer
36. The ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum and heat is number
a) Grashof b) Peclet c) Nusselt d) Prandtl
37. Which of the following material is the best insulator for conduction
a) steel b) glass c) copper d) plastic
38. Which ONE of the following statements about baffles in a shell and tube heat exchanger is FALSE ? Baffles
a) act as a support to the tube bundle
b) reduce the pressure drop on the shell-side
c) alter the shell-side flow pattern
d) help in increasing the shell-side heat transfer coefficient
39. Air is best heated with steam in a heat exchanger of
a) plate type
b) double pipe type with fin on steam side
c) double pipe type with fin on air side
d) shell and tube type
40. Which of the following is generally considered as opaque surface towards radiations?
a) Gases c) Liquids
b) Solids d) Both (b) and (c)
41. When vaporisation takes place directly at the heating surface, it is called
a) film boiling c) vapour binding
b) nucleate boiling d) none of these
42. Leidenfrost point is a term concerned with the
a) condensation of the saturated vapor on a cold surface
b) concentration of a corrosive solution by evaporation
c) heat transfer between two highly viscous liquids
d) boiling of a liquid on a hot surface
43. With increase in temperature, the thermal conductivity of non-metallic amorphous solids
a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains constant
d) first decreases upto certain temperature and
then increases
44. Fourier's law applies to the heat transfer by
a) convection c) radiation
b) conduction d) all of the above
45. Shell side pressure drop in a shell and tube heat exchanger does not depend upon the
a) baffle spacing & shell diameter
b) tube diameter & pitch
c) viscosity, density & mass velocity of shell side fluid
 HEAT TRANSFER
d) none of these
46. In the equation Q = UAΔt; Δt is
a) geometric mean temperature difference
b) arithmetic mean temperature difference
c) logarithmic mean temperature difference
d) the difference of average bulk temperatures of hot and cold fluids
47. With increase in porosity, the thermal conductivity of a solid substance
a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains constant
d) may increase or decrease; depends on the solid
48. For an ideal black body
a) absorptivity =1 c) emissivity =0
b) reflectivity =1 d) transmissivity =1
49. Fouling factor
a) is a dimensionless quantity
b) does not provide a safety factor for design
c) accounts for additional resistances to heat flow
d) none of these
50. In case of vertical tube evaporator, with increase in liquor level, the overall heat transfer co-efficient
a) decreases
b) increases
c) is not effected
d) may increase or decrease; depends on the feed
51. The steam ejector is used to
a) remove condensate from the steam pipelines
b) create vacuum
c) superheat the steam
d) none of these
52. For shell and tube heat exchanger, with increasing heat transfer area, the purchased cost per unit heat transfer area
a) decreases c) remains constant
b) increases d) passes through a maxima
53. A process stream of dilute aqueous solution flowing at the rate of10 Kg.s -1 is to be heated. Steam condensate at 95°C is available for
heating purpose, also at a rate of 10 Kg.s-1. A 1 - 1 shell and tube heat exchanger is available. The best arrangement is
a) counter flow with process stream on shell side
b) counter flow with process stream on tube side
c) parallel flow with process stream on shell side
d) parallel flow with process stream on tube side
54. Heat produced when a steady state current, I passes through an electrical conductor having resistance, 'R'
a) IR b) I2R c) IR2 d) I2R2
55. Increasing the liquor level in the evaporator results in the
a) decreased capacity
b) increase in liquor film co-efficient
c) decreased effect of hydrostatic head
d) increased true temperature drop
56. Pick out the wrong statement
a) Orifice baffles are never used in a shell and tube heat exchanger
b) Pressure drop on the shell side of a heat exchanger depends upon tube pitch also
c) In a horizontal tube evaporator, surface blanketing by air is avoided
d) Split ring type and pull through type floating heads are two commonly used floating heads is heat exchangers
57. Convective heat transfer co-efficient in case of fluid flowing in tubes is not affected by the tube length/diameter ratio, if the flow is
in the __________ zone
a) laminar b) transition c) turbulent d) no answer
58. Which of the following is not used as a medium for high temperature heating
a) Dowtherm
b) Mercury
c) Liquid metal (e.g. molten sodium)
d) Fused salts (e.g., an eutectic mixture of 53% KNO3, 40% NaNO2and 7% NaNO3)

59. Baffles in the shell side of a shell and tube heat exchanger
a) increase the cross-section of the shell side liquid
b) decrease the shell side heat transfer co-efficient
c) force the liquid to flow parallel to the bank
 HEAT TRANSFER
d) increase the shell side heat transfer co-efficient
60. Air is to be heated by condensing steam. Two heat exchangers are available (i) a shell and tube heat exchanger and (ii) a finned tube
heat exchanger. Tube side heat transfer area is equal in both the cases. The recommended arrangement
a) finned tube heat exchanger with air inside and steam outside
b) finned tube heat exchanger with air outside and steam inside
c) shell and tube heat exchanger with air inside tubes and steam on shell side
d) shell and tube heat exchanger with air on shell side and steam inside tubes
61. The number of kg vaporised per kg of steam fed to the evaporator is defined
a) capacity c) rate of evaporation
b) economy d) rate of vaporization
62. Pick out the wrong statement
a) In case of heat transfer by purely forced convection, GR/Re2 ≤ 1
b) The equivalent diameter of heat transfer for a duct of square cross-section (having each side as 'x') is equal to 4x
c) Distillation process is not the same as evaporation
d) The effectiveness of nucleate boiling depends basically on the ease with which the bubbles are formed and detached from the
heating surface
63.

CONDUCTION IN FLAT WALLS

64. Compute the amount of heat transferred (in kJ) in one hour through a solid brick wall 6m x 2.9 m x 225 mm, when the outer surface is
at 50C and the inner surface is 170C. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the brick is approximately 0.6 W/m-K.
a) 1674.5 b) 2004.5 c) 2740.5 d) 3767.5
65. For a furnace constructed with 0.7 ft thick fireclay brick having k=0.6 Btu/h-ft2-0F. The innermost surface is maintained at 18000F
while the outermost surface of insulating material is maintained at 1000F. How thick must the insulator be, to maintain a maximum
allowable heat transfer rate of 300 Btu/h-ft2.
a) 0.10 ft b) 0.18 ft c) 0.30 ft d) 0.40 ft
66.

CONDUCTION IN CYLINDRICAL WALLS

67. A 6 inch steel pipe (OD=6.63 inch) insulated with magnesia is tested with thermocouples touching the pipe itself and in the insulation
at a distance of 3 inches out from the first. If the first thermocouple registers 350 0F and the second 1500F, what is the heat loss in
Btu per foot length of pipe per hour?
a) 65 b) 72 c) 78 d) 87
68. A steel pipe, 2 inches schedule 40 contains saturated steam at 121.1 0C. The line is insulated with 25.4 mm asbestos (k=0.182 W/m-K).
Assuming that the inside surface temperature of the metal wall is at 121.1 0C and the outer surface of the insulation is at 26.70C,
calculate the heat loss for 30.5 m of pipe. Thermal conductivity of steel is 45 W/m-K.
a) 3055 W b) 4718 W c) 5200 W d) 5384 W

CONDUCTION IN SPHERICAL WALLS

69. The inner and outer radii of a hollow spherical shell are 4 cm and 9 cm respectively. The thermal conductivity of the material between
the walls is 0.75 W/m-K. The inner surface is kept at constant temperature of 100 0C and the outer is 00C. Find the temperature in
0
C, 5 cm from the center.
a) 64 b) 76 c) 136 d) 154
70.

NATURAL & FORCED CONVECTION

71. Heat transfer in turbulent flow may be described through an empirical equation correlating
a) Nusselt, Stanton and Reynold's Nos
b) Peclet, Stanton and Prandtl Nos
c) Nusselt, Prandtl and Reynold's Nos
d) Schimdt, Peclet and Friction Nos
72. The measure of the relative effectiveness of momentum and energy transport by diffusion in the velocity and thermal boundary layers
is given by
a) Nusselt number c) Prandtl number
b) Biot number d) Reynolds number

73. The term hD/k is known as

a) Prandtl number c) Nusselt number
b) Peclet number d) Reynold’s number
74. In fluid, if the currents are set in motion by the action of a mechanical device, the flow is independent of density gradients, the
phenomenon is called
 HEAT TRANSFER
a) natural convection c) thermal conduction
b) forced convection d) centrifugation
75. The transfer of heat from a point to another within a fluid, or between a fluid and a solid or another fluid, by movement or mixing of
the fluids involve
a) conduction b) convection c) radiation d) A & B
76. If the viscosity of the fluid will increase, the heat transfer coefficient in a turbulent flow system will
a) increase c) remain the same
b) decrease d) none of the above
77. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient in W/m2-K for natural convection from a horizontal pipe 0.15 m diameter, with a surface
temperature of 400K to air at 294K.
a) 5.75 b) 6.81 c) 7.08 d) 7.90
78. Benzene at 1000F and 1 atm flows at 100 ft3/min in a smooth 1” ID tube. The heat transfer coefficient for the system in Btu/s-ft2-0F
is estimated to be
a) 0.197 b) 2.42 c) 6.54 d) 8.41
79.

COMBINED CONDUCTION & CONVECTION

80. Determine the length needed for a simple concentric tube, parallel flow heat exchanger to transfer heat from hot water to cold water
at a rate of 900W. The heat exchanger consists of two Type K copper tubes (k=386 W/m-0C). The smaller tube has an inside
diameter of 49.8 mm and an outside diameter of 54 mm. Assume that both film coefficient are equal to 100 W/m 2-0C. The hot water
enters at 900C and leaves at 500C, and the cold water enters at 100C and leaves at 400C.
a) 4.14 m b) 5.51 m c) 11.02 m d) 185.5 m
81. A reaction mixture having a CP = 2.85 kJ/kg-K is flowing at a rate of 7260 kg/h and is to be cooled from 377.6K to 344.3K. Cooling
water at 288.8K is available and the flow rate is 4536 kg/h. the overall U o is 653 W/m2-K. Calculate the outlet water temperature in
0
C.
a) 51.950C b) 89.370C c) 156.450C d) 325.100C
82. Based from the preceding problem, calculate the area assuming flow is countercurrent.
a) 2.71 m2 b) 3.23 m2 c) 5.43 m2 d) 6.46 m2
83. Based from the preceding problem, determine the area assuming flow is concurrent
a) 2.71 m2 b) 3.23 m2 c) 5.43 m2 d) 6.46 m2

84. A metal rod is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 2 cm

RADIATION
85. A real surface has a total emissive power higher than a black body.
a) true b) false c) both d) no answer
86. Emissive power of any body depends on its temperature.
a) true b) false c) both d) no answer
 HEAT TRANSFER
87. Emissivity of chromnickel is
a) 0.35 b) 0.46 c) 0.64 d) 0.82
88. Emissivity of sandstone is
a) 0.23 b) 0.59 c) 0.78 d) 0.90
89. Kirchoff s law applies to __________ radiation
a) total c) both (a) & (b)
b) monochromatic d) neither (a) nor (b)
90. Radiation of a single wavelength is called
a) radiosity c) irradiation
b) emissive power d) monochromatic

91. The ratio of emissive power of a real body to a black body is known as
a) reflectivity c) absorptivity
b) monochromatic d) diffusion

92. A material that absorbs all incident radiation of wavelength and direction.
a) perfect emitter c) perfect absorber
b) monochromatic d) diffuse emitter

93. The maximum emissive power of a black body is displaced to shorter wavelengths with increasing temperature.
a) true b) false c) both d) no answer
94. Any matter with temperature above absolute zero emits electromagnetic radiation.
a) true b) false c) both d) no answer

95. The average range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves that is associated with thermal radiation is between
a) 10-5 to 10-2 μm c) 100 to 10,000 μm
b) 0.1 to 100 μm d) None of these

96. Which of the following is the usual geometric view factor for a black body?
a) 0 b) 1 c) infinity d) indeterminate
97. An ideal surface that absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength and direction and is considered to be perfect emitter is
referred to as
a) gray body c) opaque body
b) black hole d) black body
98. A body that is assumed to absorb all radiant energy and does not reflect any is called
a) Black body c) Opaque body
b) Gray body d) Transparent body
99. It is a surface with radiation properties that are independent of wavelength.
a) black body c) opaque body
b) diffuse body d) gray body
100. Also known as perfect emitter and absorber
a) Black body c) Opaque body
b) Gray body d) Transparent body
101. The theoretical body where the absorptivity and emissivity is independent of the wavelength over a spectral region of irradiation and
the surface emission is called
a) Black body c) Opaque body
b) Gray body d) Transparent body
102. What is the value of transmissivity for opaque materials?
a) 0 b) 1 c) infinity d) indeterminate
103. What do you call the effectiveness of a body as a thermal radiator at a given temperature.
a) absorptivity c) emissivity
b) conductivity d) reflectivity
104. The mode of heat transfer that can take place in a vacuum is known as
a) convection c) radiation
b) conduction d) all of the above
105. It states that the ratio of the emissive power of a body to its absorptivity is a constant and the same for all radiating bodies in a
confined enclosure under thermal equilibrium
a) Stefan-Boltzman Law c) Inverse law
b) Kirchoff’s law d) Planck’s law
106. Which of the following provides the basis of radiation heat transfer?
a) Stefan-Boltzman Law c) Wien’s law
b) Fourier’s law d) Planck’s law
 HEAT TRANSFER
107. The amount of radiation emitted in all direction and over all wavelengths by a perfect emitter is proportional to the fourth power of
the absolute temperature of the emitter. This statement is
a) Stefan-Boltzman Law c) Wien’s law
b) Kirchoff’s law d) Planck’s law
108. The ration of the emissive power of a body to its absorptivity is a constant and the same for all radiating bodies in a confined
enclosure under thermal equilibrium. This statement is
a) Stefan-Boltzman Law c) Wien’s law
b) Kirchoff’s law d) Planck’s law
109. The spectral distribution of a perfect emitter has maximum value and that the corresponding wavelength depends on temperature.
The maximum spectral emissive power is dispelled to shorter wavelength with increasing temperature. This theory is stated by
a) Stefan-Boltzman Law c) Wien’s law
b) Kirchoff’s law d) Planck’s law
110. Radiation heat transfer is a function of
a) heat transfer coefficient
b) thermal conductivity
c) mass transfer coefficient
d) Stefan – Boltzmann constant
111. In order to emit electromagnetic radiation, an object must be at a temperature,
a) above 00C c) above that of its surroundings
b) above 0 K d) high enough for it to glow
112. It is the transfer of heat from one body to another body, not in contact with it by means of wave motion through space.
a) convection c) radiation
b) conduction d) evaporation
113. The total amount of incident radiation that strikes a surface is
a) radiosity c) irradiation
b) monochromatic d) emissive power
114. The sum of the radiation emitted by a surface and the fraction of irradiation that is reflected by the surface.
a) radiosity c) irradiation
b) monochromatic d) emissive power

115. The total radiation energy leaving a surface per unit time and per unit area
a) radiosity c) irradiation
b) absorptivity d) emissivity
116. Product of area exposed to radiation and shape factor.
a) radiosity c) irradiation
b) conductance d) emissive power
117. The ratio of the emissive power of a surface to that of a black body is called
a) ε b) ρ c) σ d) τ
118. Fraction of radiation leaving the surface 1 in all directions which is intercepted by surface 2.
a) ε b) F12 c) Ƒ12 d) σ
119. For an opaque material,       1
a) true b) false c) both d) no answer
120. Two very large wall one at 9000F and the other at 6000F. if the walls behave like blackbodies, what amount of heat in Btu/h-ft2 should
be removed from the hot body in order to attain constant temperature.
a) 3699 b) 8956 c) 12625 d) 34215
121. Two large parallel planes with emissivity 0.6 are at 900K and 300K. A radiation shield has one side polished and with emissivity of 0.5,
while it is proposed that the emissivity for the other side be 0.4. Which side of the shield should face the hotter plane if the
temperature of the shield is to be kept at a minimum?
a) Polished side c) Both will do
b) Unpolished side d) Either side

COMBINED CONVECTION & RADIATION

122. Calculate the total heat loss in W/m2 by radiation and convection from an unlagged horizontal steam pipe, 50 mm OD at 377K to air at
283K.
a) 1400 b) 1436 c) 1587 c) 1658
123. Calculate the rate of heat transfer through a bimetallic tube consisting of an outer tube of low- carbon steel and an inner tube
(“liner”) of 347 stainless steel. The outer tube has an outside diameter of 31.8 mm (1.25 in.) and an inside diameter of 19.0 mm (0.75
in.). The liner has an outside diameter of 18.9 mm (0.75 in.) and a wall thickness of 20 BWG (= 0.889 mm = 0.035 in.), giving a nominal
inside diameter of 17.3 mm (0.680 in.). The inside wall temperature of the liner is 260°C (500°F) and the outside wall temperature of
the outer tube is 100°C (212°F). Assume the liner and the outer tube are in perfect thermal contact. The rate of heat transfer on the
inside tube is
a) 1.18 x 106 W/m2 c) 2.25 x 106 W/m2
6 2
b) 4.13 x 10 W/m d) 6.41 x 105 W/m2
 HEAT TRANSFER
124. Based from the preceding problem, determine the rate of heat transfer on the outside tube.
a) 1.18 x 106 W/m2 c) 2.25 x 106 W/m2
6 2
b) 4.13 x 10 W/m d) 6.41 x 105 W/m2
125. A rectangular steel cold box with 4.76 mm (3/16 in.) thick walls has interior dimensions of 1.0 m by 1.25 m by 2.0 m (3.28 ft by 4.10 ft
by 6.56 ft). It is insulated on all sides by a 10 cm (3.94 in.) thick layer of rock wool with a thermal conductivity of 0.040 W/m⋅K (0.023
Btu/h⋅ft⋅°F). The interior wall temperature is −20°C (−4°F), and the exterior surface of the insulation is at 40°C (104°F). Calculate the
heat-transfer rate from the surrounding atmosphere to the interior of the box.
a)125 W b) 298 W c) 425 W d) 618 W
126. Calculate the rate of heat loss by convection from the outer surface of an uninsulated 4-in. Schedule. 40 pipe (Do = 4.500 in. = 0.114
m) exposed to wind blowing at 8.0 m/s (26.3 ft/s) perpendicular to the pipe. The air is at −23°C (−9.4°F), and the pipe surface is at
27°C (80.6°F).
a) 438 W/m b) 544 W/m c) 637 W/m d) 759 W/m
127. A furnace is constructed with 0.20 m of firebrick, 0.10 m of insulating brick, and 0.20 m of building brick. The inside temperature is
1200 K and the outside temperature is 330 K. If the thermal conductivities (W/m-K) are 1.4, 0.21 and 0.7 respectively, estimate the
heat loss/unit area (W/m2).
a) 961 b) 1056 c) 1248 d) 1567
128. Based from the preceding problem, estimate the temperature at the junction of the firebrick and the insulating brick.
a) 983 K b) 1063 K c) 1115 K d) 1472 K
129. Forty-five pounds per minute of water is heated from 60 to 180 deg F in a 5/8 in., 16 BWG heat exchanger tube. If the steam
condensing at 260 deg F, on the outside of the tube gives an hо of 1000 Btu/hr-sq.ft.-degF, calculate the inside heat transfer
coefficient [Btu/hr-cu.ft-degF].
a) 2173 b) 696 c) 577 d) 241
130. Calculate the time taken for the distant face of a brick wall, of thermal diffusivity D H = 0.0043 cm2/s and thickness / = 0.45 m, to
rise from 295 to 375 K, if the whole wall is initially at a constant temperature of 295 K and the near face is suddenly raised to 900 K
and maintained at this temperature. Assume that all the flow of heat is perpendicular to the faces of the wall and that the distant
face is perfectly insulated.
a. 5.6 h b. 8.3 h c. 14.8 h d. 19.7 h
131. A colloidal solution is to be concentrated from 15 to 65% solids. The specific heat of the feed, entering at 50 deg F is 0.93. The
pressure of the saturated steam to the evaporator is 10 psia; the condenser pressure is 5-in. Hg abs. The steam chest has an overall
heat transfer coefficient of 200 Btu/hr-sq.ft.-degF. Water must be evaporated at the rate of 35,000 lb/hr. Neglecting boiling point
elevation, what is the steam consumption [lb/hr]?
a) 10500 b) 35000 c) 40130 d) 45500
132. 54 tonne/h (15 kg/s) of benzene is cooled by passing the stream through the shell side of a tubular heat exchanger, 1 m i.d., fitted
with 5 m tubes, 19 mm o.d. arranged on a 25 mm square pitch with 6 mm clearance. If the baffle spacing is 0.25 m (19 baffles), what
will be the pressure drop over the tube bundle?(µ, = 0.5 inN s/m2).
a. 6700 N.m2 c. 10,452 N/m2
b. 8700 N/m2 d. 12,489 N/m2
133. What is the temperature of a surface coated with carbon black if the emissive power at a wavelength of 1.0 x 10 - 6 m is 1.0 x 109
W/m3 ? How would this be affected by a +2 per cent error in the emissive power measurement?
a) 1120 K b) 1210 K c) 1321 K d) 1466 K
134. Electrically-heated carbide elements, 10 mm in diameter and 0.5 m long, radiating essentially as black bodies,are to be used in the
construction of a heater in which thermal radiation from the surroundings is negligible. If the surface temperature of the carbide is
limited to 1750 K, how many elements are required to provide a radiated thermal output of 500 kW?
a) 40 b) 50 c) 60 d) 70
135. A cross flow heat exchanger uses mixed air at 4 kg/s that enters at 15oC and leaves at 45oC. The air cools unmixed water, which
enters at 95oC and 0.70 kg/s. The OHTC equals 150 W/m2-oC. After several months of operation, a scale resistance of 0.002 m2-
oC/W developed. 16. The heat transfer area required to accomplish the change is
a) 22.2 m2 b) 25 m2 c) 17 m2 d) 20 m2
136. A 6-in Sch 80 steel pipe is carrying glycerin at an average temperature of 100 deg F. The pipe is uninsulated, and the outside
temperature is 30 deg F. The inside film conductance is 1000 Btu/h-ft-degF while the outside film conductance is 3.0 Btu/h-sq.ft.-
degF. Determine the heat lost [Btu] per minute from a 75-ft length of the pipe. Glycerine is flowing at 800 gpm.
a) 99.95 b) 451.7 c) 475.1 d) 517.4
137. Heat is generated in a 2.5 cm square copper rod at the rate of 35.3e6 W/cu.m. The rod is exposed to a convection environment at 20
deg C where the convection heat transfer coefficient is 4 kW/sq.m.-degC. Determine the surface temperature [deg C] of the rod.
a) 20.2 b) 25.2 c) 55.2 d) 75.2
138. Hot water (0.01 m3 /min) enters the tube side of a counter current shell and tube heat exchanger at 80°C and leaves at 50°C. Cold oil
(0.05 m3/min) of density 800 kg/m3 and specific heat of 2 kJ/kg.K enters at 20°C. The log mean temperature difference in °C is
approximately
a) 32 b) 37 c) 45 d) 50
139. An oak (k=0.096 Btu/h-ft-degF) door, 30 in wide, 78 in high, and 2 in thick, has 9 glass (k=0.45 Btu/h-ft-degF) windows, each 6 in by 8
in by 1/4 in thick. Determine the amount of heat lost [Btu] each day with a surface-to-surface temperature difference of 80 deg F.
a) 97 b) 242 c) 5800 d) 139200
 HEAT TRANSFER
140. Determine the length needed for a simple concentric-tube, parallel flow heat exchanger to transfer heat from hot water to cold water
at a rate of 900 W. The heat exchanger consists of two Type K copper (k=386 W/m-degC) tubes. The smaller tube has an inside
diameter of 49.8 mm and an outside diameter of 54.0 mm. Assume that both film coefficients are equal to 100 W/sq.m.-degC. The hot
water enters at 90 degC and leaves at 50 degC, and the cold water enters at 10 degC and leaves at 40 degC.
a) 185.5 m b) 11.02 m c) 5.51 m d) 4.14 m
141. 2.5 kg/s of a solution at 288K containing 10% dissolved solids is fed to a forward-feed double effect evaporator operating at a
pressure of 14 kPa in the last effect. If the product is to consist of a liquid containing 50% by weight of dissolved solids and dry
saturated steam is fed to the steam coils, what should be the pressure of the steam? The surface in each effect is 50 sq.m. and the
coefficients for heat transfer in the first and second effects are 2.8 and 1.7 kW/sq.m.-K respectively. Assume that the concentrated
solution exhibits a boiling point rise of 5 degK, that the latent heat has a constant value of 2260 kJ/kg and that the specific heat of
the liquid stream is constant at 3.75 kJ/kgK.
a) 115 kPa b) 101.3 kPa c) 14 kPa d) zero gauge
142. A 5cm diameter cylinder is maintained at a constant temperature of 200 deg C and it is "completely enclosed" by a wind tunnel test
chamber, walls of which are at 10 deg C. Air at 350K is forced across the cylinder at a velocity of 50 m/s (h=180 W/m-degC). If the
surface emissivity of the cylinder is 0.7, determine the total (i.e., convective and radiative) heat transfer from the cylinder [W per
meter length].
a) 13 b) 272 c) 3478 d) 3750
143. A
144. A large surface at 50OC is exposed to air at 20OC. If the heat transfer coefficient between the surface and the air is 15
W/m2.K, determine the heat transferred from 5m2 of surface area in 7 hours.
a) 15.75 kJ b) 1.16 MJ c) 4.375 J d) 56.7 MJ
145. The velocity of water flowing through a tube of 22 mm diameter is 2 m/s. The steam condenses at 150 OC on the outside surface
of the tube and heats the water from 15OC to 60OC over the entire length of the tube. Ignore the tube and steam side film
resistance. Calculate the length of the tube.
a) 1.25 m b) 2.43 m c) 3.45 m d) 4.56 m
146. A sphere having 10 cm in diameter is suspended inside a large evacuated chamber whose wall are kept at 300K. If the surface of
the sphere is black, and maintained at 500K, what would the the heat loss from the sphere to the walls of the chamber?
a) 77.48 W b) 96.85 W c) 3084 W d) 8524 W
147. Heat flux through a wood slab 50 mm thick, whose inner and outer surfaces are 40 OC and 20OC respectively has been determined
to be 40W/m2. Determine the thermal conductivity of the slab.
a) 0.1 W/m2.K c) 20 W/m2.K
2
b) 10 W/m .K d) 35 W/m2.K
148. Determine the wavelength at which the spectral emissive power of tungsten filament at 1400 K is at its maximum.
a) 1.73 μm c) 69.23 x103 W/m2.μm
b) 2.07 μm d) 1.76 x105 w/m2.μm
149. A flat plate has one surface insulated and the other exposed to the sun. The exposed surface absorbs solar radiation at a rate of
800 W/m2 and dissipates heat to the surrounding air at 300K. If the emissivity of the surface is 0.9 and the surface heat
transfer coefficient is 12 W/m2.K, determine the surface temperature of the plate.
a) 235 K b) 343 K c) 350 K d) 393 K
150. Saturated steam at 1.43 bar condenses on a 1.9 cm OD vertical smooth tube which is 20 cm long. The tube wall is at uniform
temperature of 109OC. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient. The mean film properties are: ρ = 951.0 kg/m3, μ= 258.9 x10-6 Pa.s,
k = 0.685 W/m.K, ν = 0.2714 x 10-6 m2/s, λ@383K = 2230 kJ/kg.K
a) 13666 W/m2.K c) 18720 W/m2.K
2
b) 17653 W/m .K d) 21153 W/m2.K
151. In a heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 60OC and leaves at 48OC, where as the cold fluid enters at 35OC and leaves at 44OC.
Calculate the mean temperature difference for cross flow (both fluids unmixed)
a) 11.50OC b) 13.58OC c) 14.16OC d) 14.45OC
152. A metal clad heating element of 6 mm in diameter and emissivity equal to unity is horizontally immersed in a water bath. The
surface temperature of the metal is 255OC under steady state conditions. If the water is at atmospheric pressure, estimate the
power dissipation of the heater per unit length (W/m). The properties at mean film are: λ@372 K = 2257 kJ/kg.K Cpv=2.56 x 103
-6
J.kg.K, μv = 14.85 x 10 Pa.s, kv = 0.0331 W/m.K, ρf = 957.9 kg/m3, ρv = 4.808 kg/m3.
a) 1344 b) 1391 c) 1452 d) 1582
153. Two parallel plates are at T1 and T2 and have emissivities of ε1 = 0.8 and ε2 = 0.5. A radiation shield having an emissivity ε3 on both
sides is placed between the plates. Calculate the emissivity of the shield in order to reduce the heat loss from the system one
tenth of that without the shield.
a) 0.75 b) 0.67 c) 0.09 d) 0.04
154. A central heating radiator system has a surface temperature of 70 OC and heats a room maintained at 20OC. Calculate the
contribution of convection and radiation to heat transfer from the radiator. Use the following correlation for the determination
 HEAT TRANSFER
of convection coefficient in W/m2: NuL = 0.118 (GrPr)1/3. The mean film properties are: ρ= 1.2 kg/m3, μ = 1.8 x10-5 Pa.s, k = 0.026
W/m.K Pr = 0.71
a) 367 b) 379 c) 634 d) 845
155. Two large parallel planes with emissivity 0.6 are at 900K and 300K. A radiation shield has one side polished and with emissivity of
0.5, while it is proposed that the emissivity for the other side be 0.4. Which side of the shield should face the hotter plane if
the temperature of the shield is to be kept at a minimum?
a) Polished side c) Both will do
b) Unpolished side d) Either side
156. A heat exchanger is to be designed to transfer heat to a certain cold fluid. The given conditions are: ṁh= 5 kg/min, ṁc= 10
kg/min, Thi = 85OC, Tci = 27OC, Tco = 55OC, Cpc = 2.93 kJ/kg.K. What flow pattern will be best suitable to the system?
a) Counter flow HE c) None
b) Parallel flow HE d) Both
157. A 5 cm diameter sphere at 600OC is placed near an infinite wall at 100OC. Both surfaces are black. Calculate the net radiant heat
transfer between the two bodies.
a) 125 W b) 175 W c) 250 W d) 31.8 kW
158. Find the surface area required in a counter flow steam superheater in which the steam enters at 180 OC in a dry, saturated state
and leaves at 250OC with an increase of enthalpy of 159 kJ/kg. The hot combustion gases (Cp = 1.05 kJ/kg.K) enter the
superheater at 510OC. The steam flow rate is 1000 kg/h, the hot gas flow rate is 2000 kg/h, and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 26 W/m2.K.
a) 4.34 m2 b) 6.6 m2 c) 6.79 m2 d) none of these
159. Two parallel gray planes which are very large have emissivities of ε1 = 0.8 and ε2 = 0.7 and surface 1 is at 593.5OC and surface 2 at
315.8OC. What is the net radiation from 1 to 2?
a) 7.34 kW/m2 c) 25.15 kW/m2
2
b) 14.98 kW/m d) None of these
160. A 1-2 heat exchanger containing one shell pass and two tube passes heats 2.52 kg/s of water from 21.1 to 54.4 OC by using hot
water under pressure entering at 115.6 and leaving at 48.9OC. The outside surface area of the tubes in the exchanger is Ao = 9.30
m2. Calculate the mean temperature difference LMTD in the exchanger.
a) 28.94OC b) 31.32OC c) 33.61OC d) 42.33OC
161. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2.K) based on the outer surface of a steel pipe (k = 54 W/m.K) with inner
and outer diameters 25 mm and 35 mm, respectively. The inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 1200 W/m 2.K and
2000 W/m2.K.
a) 316 b) 340 c) 450 d) 563
162. Steam in a condenser of a steam power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of 30 OC with cooling water from a nearby lake,
which enters the tubes of the condenser at 14OC and leaves at 22OC. The surface area of the tubes is 45 m2 and an overall heat
transfer coefficient of 2100 W/m2.K. Calculate the steam condensation rate (kg/s) in the condenser. λ@303K = 2430.5 kJ/kg.
a) 4.82 x 10-3 b) 0.45 c) 32.5 d) no answer
163. Consider the following 30 m2 parallel flow heat exchanger specifications:
Cold fluid enters at 40OC: CC = 20,000 W/K
Hot fluid enters at 150OC: Ch = 10,000 W/K
Determine the hot and cold exit temperatures using the effectiveness-NTU method.
a) 84.44OC, 72.78OC c) 105.56OC, 84.44OC
O O
b) 72.78 C, 84.44 C d) 105.56OC, 72.78OC
164. What is the thickness required for a masonry wall having a thermal conductivity of 0.75 W/m2.K if the heat transfer rate is to
80% of the rate through another wall having a thermal conductivity of 0.25 W/m2.K and a thickness of 100 mm? Both of the walls
are subjected to the same to the same temperature difference.
a) 0.024 mm b) 41.67 mm c) 240 mm d) 375 mm
165. A building wall consists of a 6-in of concrete (kc= 0.7 Btu/hr-ft-degF), 2 in of fiber insulating board, and 3/8 in of gypsum board
(kg=0.03 Btu/hr-ft-degF). The inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 2 and 7 Btu/hr-sqft-degF, respectively. The inside
temperature is 72 degF and the outside temperature is 20 degF. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for this wall
[Btu/hr-sqft-degF].
a) 0.028 b) 0.119 c) 0.714 d) 6.01