Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
OR
(I) The project topic may be undertaken in any area of the Elective Courses
(II) The topic & title should be specific, clear & with definite scope
• The project report shall be prepared as per the broad guidelines given below:
Paper Size: A4
(I) Title Page: Please write the title of your paper, followed by your complete name,
qualifications, name of institution affiliated to, contact numbers, email id
(II) Abstract: Abstract is simply a brief summary of your entire paper, which gives the reader
a brief overview of what your paper is about
• It should not exceed 200 to 250 words
• I suggest that abstract to be written last, after finishing your entire paper
• At the bottom of the abstract, you have to put KEYWORDS - 4-5 words from the main
theme of your paper which will help retrieve your paper when somebody searches by
using those words
(III) Introduction: Introduction should contain a basic explanation of the main theme of your
paper
• Example: If your main theme is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) then your
introduction should cover what is CSR, how is it practiced, status of CSR around the
world or in India, etc
• Introduction should not exceed one page or around 300 to 500 words
• If you are quoting any definitions or any figures or diagrams, please mention the
source of the same below the diagram or figures or the name of the author in case of
definitions
(IV) Review of Literature: This is done to find out what work has been done by prior
researchers on the subject matter or related fields
• This helps the researcher in identifying any gaps that exist and gives him scope to fill
those gaps through his own research
• Also helps in avoiding duplication if almost similar work has been done by someone else
prior to him
• To adopt alternative method of study in case someone has done almost similar work on
the topic
• Review can be done by going through research reports, papers, reference books,
periodicals, journals, magazines, internet websites, etc
Bhagwat Pranjali (2011) in her paper on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable
Development tried to establish a correlation between CSR & Sustainable Development
and tried to find out by way of an extended literature study, whether CSR represents
sustainable development at corporate level, whether both are used synonymously or
whether articles exist focussing especially on the social dimension of sustainable
development without using terms such as CSR
Potluri, Rajsekhara Mouly, Ansari Rizwana, Khan Saqib Rasool & Challa Siva Kumar
(2012) in their study, attempted to discern the perceptions of Indian financial institutions
towards corporate social responsibility and also made attempts to be acquainted with
the opinions of employees, customers and general public shedding light on their socially
responsible actions
(V) Statement of Problem: The research problem should clearly state what you intend to
find out about
• It should be structured in a way that it is focused, pointed & absolutely clear as to
what you are trying to find out
• It should be defined in concise & clear terms of the research questions of the study
• Example: If a marketer is planning to launch a new product, the research problem can
be in the form of “What would be the demand for the new product?”
• Basically the statement of problem covers why you are doing this study? What is the
problem to which you are trying to find answers for
(VI) Objectives of the Study: Once the problem is defined, the next step is to establish the
purpose of the research
• Objectives need to be specific & measurable as they provide guidelines to focus during
the research
• Example: Research Problem is to check the awareness level of teachers and students
about Yoga as a spiritual science and also to find their views on the benefits of Yoga
• Objectives of the study would be:
(1) To study yoga & its benefits
(2) To study teachers’ & students’ perception of yoga
(3) To know the benefits of yoga as per teachers & students
(4) To find the relationship between yoga practice & its benefits
(VII)Research Methodology/Research Design: This is the next broad heading under which
various sub-heading feature
This is a logical & systematic plan prepared for conducting the study – a sort of blue
print for collection, measurement & analysis of data
• The research design must include:
Sources & methods of data collection
Time period of the research study
Sampling plan
Methods of data analysis
Scope of study: This involves earmarking the scope of investigation or also known as
Delimitation – It determines the boundaries of the problem
• This mentions the functional & geographical limits of the study i.e. whether the study
will be covering a certain town, city, region, state or country
• Also we need to mention the subjects which will constitute the sample of the study
• Example: The study is restricted to the city of Mumbai. Primary data is gathered from
the students and teachers engaged at under-graduate level of education
Types of Hypothesis:
(a) Null Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis which assumes that there is no difference between
two values or variables such as population means or population proportions
• In many situations, null hypothesis is simply set up for the purpose of rejecting it
• For example, to know whether fertilizer manufactured by one firm (A) will produce a
higher yield of crop than fertilizer B manufacture by a second firm:
“There is no difference between the yield of the crops from fertilizer A & the yield of
crops from fertilizer B”
• Such null hypothesis are denoted by H0
• The intention of the researcher is to reject this with ample evidence
(b) Alternative Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis which differs from a null hypothesis – it is
a statement which will be accepted when the null hypothesis is rejected
• It assumes some difference or some relationship between the hypothesized variables
• It is denoted by H1
• Example: “There is a difference between the yield of the crops from fertilizer A & the
yield of crops from fertilizer B”
(b) Secondary Data: This refers to the second-hand information gathered from existing
sources
• This data is that which has already been collected by someone else & which has
already passed through the statistical process
• The methods of collection of secondary data are:
(1) Internal Sources: Past records, sales reports, balance-sheets, employees records
including appraisals, claims, etc
(2) External Sources: Government publications, books, journals, research papers, reports,
thesis, websites, etc
Limitations:
(1) Time limitations
(2) Cost limitations
(3) Geographical reach / access limitations
(4) Lack of enthusiasm by respondents
(5) Sampling error
(6) Researcher or Respondent Biases
• Example:
• Limitations of the study
i) Only one statistical technique i.e. Chi-square is used for primary analysis. The remaining
analysis is done through graphs by resorting to secondary analysis.
ii) Due to limitation of time and cost the sample size is kept very small.
iii) Geographic location is also limited to South Mumbai.