HISTORY
value that that have been selected for
1. Process of creation of culture (National
Culture)
2. Study of past events
3. Recording and analysis of experiences of
a society
4. Use of other disciplines (ex. Philosophy,
sociology, economics etc)
Derivative meaning:
“His” - Man “Story” – Narrative
History = Story/ Narrative of Man
PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
Arnold Toynbee
- Challenge and Response Theory; action
based on the situation (ex. Revolution,
colonialism-nationalism)
Karl Marx
- Economic Theory; economic system
determines history (ex. Spanish motives
for colonization – God, Gold, Glory)
Alvin Scaff
- Exchange Theory; (ex. Barter system)
Teodoro Agoncillo
- Nationalist Historian
SOURCES
Archives
- An archive is a place where people store
their old records
- It is different from the rare books section
of a library where books considered old or
out of print are kept
- Rare books are those publications which
are not anymore accessible and therefore
have become rare and had to be more
guarded.
- According to the National Archives Act
of 2007 (R.A. 9470). Archives or archival
material refer to public records, papers,
periodicals, books or other items, articles,
or materials whether in the form of
electronic, audio-visual, print , which by
their value which by their nature and
characteristics, have enduring archival
permanent preservation.
- The National Archives of the Philippines
and the Philippines National Archives.
- There are records restricted to he public
because there is a legal impediment or
standard advice by the Executive
Director of the Archive.
Libraries
Museums
Historical places : Monuments; Structures;
Markers
Media (TV Programs, Print , etc.)
Internet/Social Media
others
Example Archives
➔ Analyzed documents, records etc
➔ Archival documents
➔ Fray Juan de Plasencia (Franciscan-
1589), Fray Pedro Chirino (Jesuit-1604)
➔ Philippine Insurgent Records (Phil-Am
War)
➔ Muslims (tarsila-genealogical record of
sultans and datus)
IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVES
★ It gives a view of the past
★ The impact of one’s scholarship is judged
by the amount of archival research that
was undertaken in the case of historical
studies.
The main archives of the Philippines is the
Philippine National Archives
The PNA contains documents from the Spanish
period such as
1. Ereccion de Pueblos (Erection of Villages)
2. Cedularios (Cedula)
3. Bautismos (Baptismla)
4. Vecindarios (Neighborhood)
5. Guia de Forasteros (Foreigners’ guide)
6. Varias Provincias
7. Sediciones y Rebelliones (Seditions and
Rebellions)
8. Asuntos Criminales (Criminal matters)
9. Presidios (imprisonment)
10. Marina (Maritime Industry Authority)
11. Filipinos ( Ilustres)
12. Planos
 13. Gaceta de Manila (Manila Gazette) ➢ There are various terms indicating
14. Prestacion Personal (Polos y Servicios) measurements such as vara for
15. Other documents that pertain to aspects measuring length and quintal for weight
such as health i.e. lazaretos (Leper ➢ The Spanish legua or league is different
colony) from the English league
16. Economic matters such as the Tobacco ➢ Dte Gde - Dios te Guarde, may God keep
Monopoly, Opium Monopoly, maritima, you
agricola, etc. ➢ Cbllero – Caballero
➢ Idem – same
PRIVATE ARCHIVES UNHISTORICAL DATA
The archives of the Archdiocese of Manila contain Found out to be historical errors
important documents such as ● Maragtas
1. Baptisms ○ book written by Pedro
2. Foundations of parishes, dioceses and Monteclaro;
archdioceses ○ no explanation about the date and
3. Pastoral letters origin of sources
4. Reports from the various churches ● Kalantiaw
5. Letters including retraction letters of ○ by Fr. Jose Pavon;
Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar ○ Philippine Studies in Univ. of
6. Controversial matters such as brujerias Chicago acknowledged;
(witchcraft); divorce ( actually happened ○ Marcos E.O 294 (Order of
during the Spanish period) Kalantiaw);
7. conflicts within the church such as rivalries ○ Discovered by Jose Marco who
between religious orders was involved in selling fake
OWN ARCHIVES documents
➢ The Dominicans maintain their archive ● Urduja – warrior princess
for their order ● William Henry’s Scott’s Prehistoric Source
➢ The Jesuits have theirs at the Ateneo Materials for the Study of Philippine
➢ The Recollects have an archive at their History
Mission House in Fairview.

PRIMARY SOURCES
➢ reports, laws, letters, statements and
statistical figures
➢ Not all archival documents are primary
sources
➢
Many archival documents are still in their
original paper
➢ Others are now available in microfilm,
microfiche and digital copies
➢ Some can be accessed through the
Internet
➢ Even genealogical records can now be
accessed through the genealogical project
of the Church of the Latter Day Saints
based in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
SPANISH
➢ Many archival documents are in this
language
➢ One should understand archival spanish
➢ Cajon means a division in a rice field