HWAHAK KONGHAK Vol. 38, No. 2, April, 2000, pp.

310-315
(Journal of the Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers)

  
  Phellinus linteus 

†


 
(1999
8 30 , 1999
12 14 )

Submerged Culture of Phellinus linteus in a Stirred Tank

Fermenter and an Airlift Fermenter
Keun Ho Choi† and Chang Woo Lee

Department of Chemical Engineering, Taejon National University of Technology, Taejon 300-717, Korea
(Received 30 August 1999; accepted 14 December 1999)



 Phellinus linteus 

   
  
 !", 
# $ %&' () %& ** Phellinus linteus  + , -./0 1 2
%&
34 5
$! 6, 7#8(1-4 L/min)' $ 9:#8(200-400 rpm); Phellinus linteus
,  <= >? 
!@A. 9BC D EF   pH GHI JKLMN8 OPQ R;- ST 4UV/ WX!@.Y,
* UV; YZY P[Q / \=!] ^_A. 7#8; R;`ab c   JKLMN8 GHI
pH WX
1-3UV de pH fg R;!@A. h8i
N8 OP ST jM!@.k, 7#8' $ 9:#8

h8i N8 WX <= >?g lO`m!@A. c  g 300 rpm\ n; @A. $
9:#8
; R;`ab JKLMN8 R;!@.k, () %& oA $ %& p q   JKLM
N8; rstA.

Abstract − In this study, to choose a suitable bioreactor type for the mass culture of Phellinus linteus mycelium, we cultured
Phellinus linteus mycelium using a stirred tank fermenter and an airlift fermenter and compared the performances of the two
fermenters. The effects of aeration rate and agitation speed on the culture of Phellinus linteus mycelium were also investigated
in the ranges of 1-4 L/min, 200-300 rpm, respectively. For the batch submerged culture, the dry weight of mycelium, pH, and
dissolved oxygen concentration changed in four steps, respectively. But the periods of same steps were not consistent with each
other. With an increase in aeration rate, the final dry weight of mycelium, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH value until
the third step of pH change were increased. As the time increased, the concentration of glucose decreased. However, the effects
of aeration rate and agitation speed on the variation of glucose concentration were negligible. The maximum final dry weight
of mycelium was obtained when agitation speed was 300 rpm. The dissolved oxygen concentration was increased with agita-
tion speed. The dry weight of mycelium and dissolved oxygen concentration in the continuous stirred tank fermenter were
larger than them those in the airlift fermenter.

Key words: Phellinus linteus, Culture, Mushroom, Airlift Fermenter

1.     ! " #$ DE FG  HIJ! KL

<> MN(Phellinus linteus)
KO PQ) #$, R

   (antitumor substance)
   S) T(sarcoma-180) UV ,W XY Z@ [3/3 ?
    ! " #$(polysac- #[1]. \ ][2]^ Phellinus linteus
 _XY `^ Ba b
charide)% &' () *+, -./0 1#. 2345(Lentinus edodes) c+(B-lymphocytes)
'`XY _de fg ?#3 [3<h#.
 6 45(Flamulina velutipes) 783 +945(Coriolus versicolor) 7Bi, Phellinus linteus
jO *X@ +<', Ukl
! :;< => 
45    ! " # 0mn KO% YoX@ pOq<>  ! rs<3
$% "3 ?@A, 7B) 45@ &! C ?  < t ?0 1#. uvie w[3, 4]^ Phellinus linteus KO

q o<>  f) xy
z{ |}% 1992~ €<
† E-mail: khchoi@hyunam.tnut.ac.kr h#. |l, ())z‚ƒ^ 1991~ Phellinus linteus% pOq<>

310
 Phellinus linteus
 311

! " #$Y „…v†‡%

ƒˆ@ d< },% ü> ´î Lp
pH% 0.1 N NaOH Lp 0.1 N HCl Lp!
‰€<> MŠX@ rsV \3 ?#. KL<> 5 ‹) ý 3þÿ'
0 121 oC 15ìò
‹ ][5, 6] Œ ][7]^ Phellinus linteus KO
pOq Phell- ÿ<> q! () q“% d<h#.
inus linteus   ! d< Z f) *+% C {Ù 7 mmY cork borer% KL<> ôW3 [õDY Petri
.<h#. Ž[8] Ž[9], [10] 783 ][11]^ Phellinus linteus dish K, 3 ? 3Oq“ È! 0 100 mL 
 &^ #$
 ` UV *+<h#. ) L q“, ™0 ? 250 mL È ‡ {
3 28ó1 oC
, \ ][2]^ FG ! L<> pOq KO &^ e 150 rpm@ Œ“/3 ? -q' 3²ò q<h#.
PQ *s 45
PQ ‘ sarcoma-180 Ba bc+ Å, ‡ { Ù 16 mmY Œ8 + 6%
0 
UV ! [  Z! ’Y<h#. ][12]^ q“
+ pH qp
O E, ²<E
<h#[18].

”• – Phellinus linteus 45

KO q@ &0“
#$
rs— ˜ k$ +
”• U<> *+<h#. 7™ 2-3.  

^ #$
rs Cš^ KL ›œ – #ž3, KL › q“
ì
â‹! () j! () q“ #ã ‘ d
œ ŸE KO PQ #$  ¡ ¢£) k$  <h#. Û »¼) 
…ƒ™! ‹’< <> 1 L
ûC
! "@A, Phellinus linteus KO 5¤pH¤7 ¥ ¦#3 ü> Lp! ´™3, 0.1 N NaOH Lp 0.1 N HCl Lp! KL
[3<h#. ), § ][13]^ KO q) Phellinus linteus  V pH% 5.0@  ) ý 3þÿ'
0 121 oC 15
 #$% ‹d< ¨©! 2<h@A, § ][13] ][11, 14]^ ìò ÿ<> pOq! () q“% d<h#.
Phellinus linteus &0“ #$
+% ª«<m *+% ð/ O
! M ²‹< Œ“<' (<>, 
k¸
C.<h#.  q) qp 1 mL% <> ûC 150q ) L
), o' '(airlift fermenter)  ¬Ÿ ­¬Ÿ ®E p!  '(‡ E¢¨ BW-1400A, Boowon International Co.)
, ¯3 °± X² ³´ µ¶ ·E
'¸X ¹º'% »¼  20yò  • ) ý 7 Lp
ÉE% W 600 nm Œ“/
 <“ ½@E ¾œ , ¿@A 'À Ád, Â@A *® 3 ? ÛìÉÉE¸(Spectronic 20D, Milton Roy Company)
¹º '(continuous stirred tank fermenter)[# Õ) q ‹<h#. ‹ ÉEe ÄO—ò
f¸% L<> Ä
Ä! do<' ÅÁ xÆ e ‰'XY rºÇ' ÈÉ! Ê O E, 0.1 mg/mL /E
qp! V è8 d)
3 ?#. B) o' ' È ºÇ, ¾Ë:e S 100 mL pOq q“, ™0 ? 250 mL È ‡ ÈÈ
Ë:
q! Ì) Í UK
rs 783 ÎC
rÏX ð<3, 28ó1 oCe 150 rpm@ Œ“/3 ? -q'
0
Ð8% () ºÇ' oX@ KL/3 ?#[15]. Kowagoe ][16, 17] 3²ò q<h#. ÅE ‡ { Ù 16 mmY Œ8 + 6
^ xÆ o' '% KL<> Schizophyllum commune Tricho- %
0 qp
O E, G
²<E
<h#.
loma matsutake 45! oX@ q) Ñ, ?#.
ÒÓ ())z‚ƒ^ ¹º ' Phellinus linteus
KO 2-4.     
% U—@ q<>  ! rs<3 ?@i fg 'Ô Õ Phellinus linteus KO
pO q U) Ì'®Ee ¹º'

¬l Ö/×#3 [' 0Ø#. Phellinus linteus KO

U— q 笮E, èé êë U) j^ 5 L L—
¹º '%
! Ì<>  Y #$% [# ÙdX@ rs<' (V KL<> C.<h@A, Å
¹º '
qp
y'
xX q“
 µÚB X±) rºÇ'
ۋ 783 xX q  2.2 Lh#. ' { 
j ۋ) q“%
3, 7 L
Ä
’Ü »¼<#. 7Bi, “Ýޓ
Áß! àá[ X± p
pH% 0.1 N NaOH Lp 0.1 N HCl Lp! KLV 5.0@
) rºÇ'
ۋ xX qÄ
’Ü f) *+ â G   ) ý '% 3þÿ'
0 121 oC 15ìò ÿ

Âã! H C ?#. –, ä *+ Phellinus linteus KO <h#. 7 #ã ÄO E, 0.1 mg/mL /E
q

U— q X±) rºÇ'

ۋ xX qÄ
’Ü! p! V clean bench{ ð<h@A, Ì'®E(2-4 L/min)
() 'yå% &' (<> *® ¹º 'e o' ' e ¹º'
笮E(200-400 rpm)% ”•… 28ó1 oC 3
 ÈÈ Phellinus linteus KO% pO q;@æ ¡ 
 ²ò q<h#. Ì'®E
êë! jñ Å ¹º'
笮
'
`! ¢¹< ), Ì'®Ee ¹º' 笮E, Phellinus E 200 rpm@ 3‹<h@A, ¹º' 笮E
êë! j<
linteus KO
pO q èé êë! *+<h#. Ù Ì'®E% 2 L/min@ 3‹<h#. ä *+ '
 *® ¹º 'e o' '% KL<h ÈÈ
M
2.  ËE Fig. 1 ‘#. ' a
êë! jñ Å qp

y' 3.85 Lh@A, Ì'®E 3.5 L/minh3, ¹º'

ç¬
2-1.
 C 300 rpm
×#.
ä *+ Phellinus linteus KCTC 0082BP % ())z‚ƒ
@ ì! ʵ KL<h#. íÝ
% KL<> PDA(potato 2-5. 

dextrose agar) q“ 20 mL, î Petri dish
Dï Phellinus linteus q“ì
â‹! () jY Ù q
 ý 783
% ð<> K, ´*ñ Åޓ(ƒ 10²ò) q'{(28ó1 oC) '{
jY Ù pOq! …<> ²‹) …ò
 q) #ã K, ´*) Petri dish% ôW3(4 oC) [õ<h#.
2-2. 

][12]
*+ ,W ö^ K W! [> Z@ ÷
% H3 ? ïì8'L !"
3 ïì8'(Cen-
ø- GPq“% L q“ KL<h#. ù, glucose 3 g peptone
0.3 g, K2HPO4 1 g 783 MgSO4ú7H2O 0.07 g! ûC 100 mL
1Í Ë#! (<> ïì8 !" { ™0 ? M
EŸ< …(6…òý, 18…òý, 24…òý, 30…òý, 42…òý, 48
…òý, 54…òý, 66…òý, 72…òý) ÈÈ qp …å 10 mL%
<> #ã ‘^ ¨©@ ÄO—! ‹<h#. qp 10 mL
% <>
trifuge MF550, Hanil Co.)% KL<> 3,000 rpm@ 15ìò ïì8
<h#. O
HWAHAK KONGHAK Vol. 38, No. 2, April, 2000
312 


Fig. 2. Effect of K2HPO4 concentration on the mycelial growth of Phell-

inus linteus.

Fig. 1. Details of stirred tank fermenter and airlift fermenter. Dimen-

sion in mm. q -.3 – qp
9:^ ;9 Í 9@
 ”<h#. q! …) ý 42…ò { Gˆ
r—
]p! dG<3 ,$µ ? O%! °±'(Mixer M37615, Bar- 8µ Gˆ%
¡<, ¡=>@i(Gˆì?'
(éޓ Gˆ
nstead/Thermolyne)% KLV 2-3& '(BF) ý ûC 10 mL EŸ) @X ?ã), 7 ý Gˆ%
¡<, p(
4 cm‹
% ,<3 #… 3,000 rpm 15ìò ïì8<h#. 1Í Ë# ‘ E ÒA< 7œ<h#. |l, Ì'®Ee ¹º' 笮E, B
^ ¨©@ ) & * Ë#) #ã M%p! dG<h#. 2Í Ë# ý C
Gˆ r— 8^ Z fC/×#. qp^ ¬OX@
 KO, ™0 ? !"% ÃE, 100ó1 oC Œ“/3 ? D ‘^ aM A, q! …) ý 3²E, / F ^ H
Ä'
0 48…ò¾+ Ä…, #ã Sø !"
% G a(Ù^ UH 1 mmI)
KO, fC/×#.
‹<> ÄO—! +<h#. Fig. 3^ …ò –0 ÄO—
”• U) Ì'®E
êë!
iJK Z #. ȇ{
jY Ù KL ȇ
2-6.   
 1 Lh@A, y'qp
 500 mLh#. È
'% KL) q jY Ù pOq! …<> ²‹ ‡i ¹º '
+ì ÄO—^ …ò û,ñC

) …ò EŸ< …(6…òý, 18…òý, 24…òý, 30…òý, 42 y' LMl û,(1k¸)<h#, ƒò 7œ(2k¸)) ý #… û
…òý, 48…òý, 54…òý, 66…òý, 72…òý) -) qp ,(3k¸)<h#, G
²‹< Œ“(4k¸)/ Ùë! [>×#.
! ïì8<> &^ 1Í M]p 1 mL% <> ûC 50q  ù, Phellinus linteus
çìS pOqY Ù …ò –0 Ä
) ý p
:E$ E% ê¾dƒ ./<3 ? Glu- O—
”•%  4k¸ iN C ?×#. ¬aXY çìS 
cose-E Kit% KL<> œ©@ ‹<h#.  &0“ WOÛ ¢¹ñ Å 1-3k¸ “*'e UC'
 V$< Z@ 4k¸ ‹M' V$< Z@ rÈñ C ?
3.
  #. ¬aXY çìS  &0“ WOÛ ¢¹ñ Å ä
*+ &0- WOÛ
| ^ UC'D ÄO— 7œ
3-1. 

x[19] #0 ì
E, ‘! Å 1ÍYs12(KH2PO4) 1.0
g U‚ 2ÍYs12(K2HPO4) 0.5 g!
0 Z K W!
û,…,#3 [3<h#. –, #0 ì
E x, KL)
q“e ‘ Œ“(q“ 1 L glucose 90 g, peptone 10 g, yeast extract
3.0 g, MgSO4ú7H2O 1.0 g, CaCl2 0.1 g :;3)< ), 2ÍY
s12
E% 0.3-1.5 g/L ”•… 2ÍYs12
E,
K W èé êë! j) â Fig. 2e ‘4#. ÄO
—^ 2ÍYs12
E, û,; – û,<h#, xU5!
[>6 ý 7œ< Ùë! [> ×, 2ÍYs12

E, 0.7 g/L² Å ,W 8^ ÄO—! &! C ?×#. 783,
1ÍYs12 0.1 gU‚ 2ÍYs12 0.7 g/L% KL< ƒ 10.8%
,— û, 17.49 mg/mL
ÄO—! &! C ?×#. –,
ä *+ ý
q j 2ÍYs12 0.7 g/L ™0?
q“% KL<h#.
Fig. 3. Effect of gas velocity on the variation of dry weight of mycelium
3-2.    !"# $% with time.

 38 2 2000 4

 Phellinus linteus
 313

Fig. 5. Variations of pH and glucose concentration with time.

Fig. 4. Effect of gas velocity on the variation of dissolved oxygen con-
centration with time.

<h#, #… û,< ÒM! [Y# Z #. UC'D Ä

O— 7œ<h#, #… û,< ÒM ²0i Z^ 'òD
 O
ÀE, qp
ÀE[# ¿ã@ Y<> qp
M
 E, ¢¹X ¯^ O% 1-2 cm ,— a/' ÅÁ <
 qp
O E, 7œ<' ÅÁ #. ä *+ …å 

< -<h#. B) ÒM^ Gˆ
r 8^ P
ÄY Ì'®E, 3 ¹º' ç¬C, P Ä [# ì«<
fC/×#(Fig. 6). q -.QC
B) O%^ Í Ä
/ R i ¹º' ç¬S ™BT Z! fCñ C ?×
#. ȇ{
jY ÙE 'ò¾+ Mk R
O% a/ Z! fCñ C ?×#. ), Ì'®E, û,ñ
C
x ÄO—^ û,<h#. 783, UdXY o'
ŒV
 ȇY Ù y'% d) #0 'ò¾+ L Fig. 6. Effect of agitation speed on the variation of dry weight of myce-
lium with time.
õsœ E, ¹º ' ¢V ¿' ÅÁ ÄO— ¹
º '
Ù ¢V M$l 4#.
Fig. 4 …ò –0 Lõsœ E
”• U) Ì'®E
êë E$ E% ‹<h#. Fig. 5 …ò –0 :E$ E
”•%
! iJK Z #. Lõsœ E … 4k¸ ”•<h#. Lõsœ ;< iJ{×#. O, W< :E$! ›œ@ KL<f
E …ò û,; – y'
l 7œ< 1k¸e 7  :E$ E Ì'®Ei ¹º' ç¬C
5 Mf …
ý LMl 7œ< 2k¸ 783 LMl MW< 3k¸% G ò û,ñC
Í 7œ<h#. 72…ò qý
:E$ E
5
X ý 0Y ‹E
Z! ,“3 û,<h#, 7œ<'E <“´ ^ UH 15-30 g/L y'5
83-67% V$< :E$ q
¬OX@ Í 7œ< 4k¸% Gé ”•<h#. Ì'®E
V œ 3! H C ?#. 783 Ì'®Ee ¹º' 笮E
:
, 4 L/minY Ù 4k¸
Ùë ¢¹X [\<h#. Ì'®E E$ E ”• èé êë^ …ñ´<h#.
, [# X^ Ù 4k¸ Lõsœ E, LMl û,] Fig. 6^ …ò –0 ÄO—
”• U) ¹º' 笮E

#, ê@ 7œ<h#. 7B) Lõsœ E

”• ^_
` êë! [>3 ?#. ¹º'
笮E% 200 rpm, 300 rpm 78
O
V `l' ÅÁ r<A, jd qp
Lõsœ E5 3 400 rpm@ ”•…g*¶, ,W P x ÄO—^ 300 rpm
7a ”)#' [# Lõsœ^_
` O
V `l ² Å &0h#. ¹º'
ç¬C, 400 rpm² Å #0 ç¬C
' …ñ Å ²0i Lõsœ‹Wé
\¾ ÒM@ rÈ ² Å[# D r/ Gˆ
 84@A, 2k¸ ý
L
#. Ì'®E, û,ñC
q
1-3k¸ ¾+ Lõsœ E õsœ E i) M$l ¯4#(Fig. 7). ¹º' ç¬C, 400 rpm²
P 5! [>×#. Å, 300 rpm² Å[# 2k¸ ý
Lõsœ E, ¯^E j+
Phellinus linteus KO 5¤pH¤7 ¥ ¦#3 Hmb ?# <3 ¹º' ç¬C, 300 rpm² Å ,W P x ÄO— &
[12]. ä *+ pH% 3‹…c [# 8^ KO% &3 < 0- Z^ Phellinus linteus KOY ÙE ¹º'
笮E%
 ëý j! () 'yå% &' (<> …ò –0 qp |‹) 5 M@ û,… ¬kÇ
êë! ʵ OW
pH
”•% ‹<h#. …ò –0 qp pH
”• Fig. 5e Ym-# Z!
è)#.
‘4#. …ò –0 pH
”• Ùë^ …ò –0 Lõsœ E
Fig. 7^ …ò –0 Lõsœ E
”• U) ¹º' 笮E
”• Ùë G
ŒK<A, pH
”•, Lõsœ E
”• ¢
êë! [>3 ?#. ¹º'
笮E% û,… 'Oìs
V #œ “*/0 iJ#3 d C ?×#. 783, qD q ' r ':, [#  ì?/0 '-p ¸X û,ñ ³
p
pH UH 3.3-5.2
e( ”<h#. ), qD KL/ ´ µ¶ °±`
ëM@ ':, ' { 3k ìs/f
 :E$
 0Y ‹EY“% Hµ[' (<> …ò –0 :  sœ¬Ÿ®E, û,ñ Z #. –, ¹º'
笮E, û,

HWAHAK KONGHAK Vol. 38, No. 2, April, 2000

314 


Fig. 7. Effect of agitation speed on the variation of dissolved oxygen Fig. 9. Effect of fermenter type on the variation of dissolved oxygen
concentration with time. concentration with time.

mopO Y<> MWf {

':
O…ò^ p4#. âz,
¹º '
'OO—^ o' '
'OO— [# q
@A, 7 Œ ¹º '
sœ¬Ÿ`^ o' '

sœ¬Ÿ`[# ö4#3 r«ñ C ?#.
), q! …)“ ƒ 36…ò ý  <
²ì
KO
_¬ s ' …<h@A, …ò “i;C
7B)
ì
X t“ Z! fCñ C ?×#. 7Z^ K
W@
 qp
E, ¯µ“3 7Z@ Y<> mopO®E, Ym
“' ÅÁ #. q! …) ý 67…ò ýe q! { …
 <Uf
²‹) G8(10 cm)% 9:! u Ù 5 mm,—
Y KO v08, Ì< l8 …ò! ‹< ¨©@ m
opO®E% +<h*¶ mopO®E UH 1.6 cm/sh#. q

y' <Uf
M Ù 1-3 mm,—Y ':, ŒV/ Z
! fCñ C ?× º<> q
ýº' qp E
û
Fig. 8. Effect of fermenter type on the variation of dry weight of myce-
, Y<> <Uf ŒV/ ':% fCñ C, Â×#. –
lium with time.
qy'
mopO®E 5^ q ýº'
mopO®E 5[#
#œ q! Z  P#.
ñC
Lõsœ E û,<h#. 783, Lõsœ E ”•
3k “Ýޓ ä *+ &^ jâ´@ o' 'e ¢
¸Þ“ l8 …ò^ 300 rpm, 400 rpm, 200 rpmm@ û,<h#. ¹<> *® ¹º ', M KO
pOq w])
`! [  Z@ xXY âx! {8 Z^ Ý L) ²
3-3.   &' $% Q Z #. ù, 7B) âx^ ä *+ j) ¡ '´
ä *+ ¹º 'e o' '% ¢¹<' (< XLñ C ? Z #. Ù U) n
¢i MWf kX U
> ¬% 3.5 L, 783 Ì'®E% 3.5 L/min@ ¾²< ) <Uf kX
¢ 783 yQf
<e ºÇ'
Ñzò
G
Œ“< qj! C.<h#. Å, ¹º'
笮E 300 8e ‘^ o' '
D¼) éC, Ÿ“  ¬Ÿ °
rpmh#. Fig. 8^ ÄO— U) ' a
êë! [>  ±
` ]  Ÿ“f[20-27], #) éC% " o'
3 ?#. o' ' ¢<> ¹º ' * P Ä '% KL) [# 8^ qj! C.ñ »¼, ?#.
O—! &! C ?×#. Z^ ¹º ', o' '
¢<> sœ¬Ÿ` ¯' ÅÁ #. 4. 
Fig. 9 Lõsœ E
”• U) ' a
êë! [> 
3 ?#. ¹º '{
Lõsœ E Uì
q'ò ¾+ ä *+ Phellinus linteus KO
U— q X±) r
 o' '{
Lõsœ E [#  Œ“/×#.  s ºÇ'
ۋ xX qÄ
’Ü! () 'yå% &' (
œ¬Ÿ`
 o' '[# ¹º ', *  <> *® ¹º 'e o' ' ÈÈ Phellinus linteus
C<# Z!
è)#. ¹º 'Y Ù ¹º'
ç¬
KO% pO q;@æ ¡ 
'
`! ¢¹< )
V P ':™^ ì?, #. ä *+ KL) o' 'e , Ì'®Ee ¹º'
笮E, Phellinus linteus KO
pO
¹º '
Ù U) n
¢ ÈÈ 2.77 2.88h#. q èé êë! *+<h@A, ä *+ &^ jâ%
B) Ù U) n
¢ [Ì
o' '
Ù ‹8< #ã ‘#.
U) n
¢ 5Y 5.17-15[20] [# M$l #. 7Z@ Y<
> mopO®E, “ ½43, <Uf
'OO—E ^ º (1) çìS qY Ù ÄO— pH 783 Lõsœ E

 38 2 2000 4

 Phellinus linteus
 315

…ò
û,; – 4k¸ ”•<h@i, È k¸, iJi 9. Kim, H. K.: M. S. Dissertation, Chungnam National Univ., Taejon,
'ò™
 ²é<“ ½4#. Korea(1994).
(2) Ì'®E, û,ñC
x ÄO— Lõsœ E û 10. Lee, D. W.: M. S. Dissertation, Chungnam National Univ., Taejon,
,<h#. Korea(1995).
(3) :E$
E …ò – 7œ<h@A, Ì'®Ee ¹º' 11. Lee, J. H., Cho, S. M., Song, K. S., Han, S. B., Kim, H. M., Hong,
笮E
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(4) xÄO—^ 300 rpm² Å, xUh@A, ¹º'
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HWAHAK KONGHAK Vol. 38, No. 2, April, 2000