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Ma’am Veron, kindly make a lesson plan for these topics. The students have their
own copy and are expecting you to discuss it. This is in addition to our “regular”
multiple choice questions that you answer every refresher course. Thanks a lot
and see you soon…Jim
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1. Effective Length – the distance between inflection points.
2. Development Length- minimum length of a reinforcing bar required to
anchor it in concrete
3. Bending Moment- the moment that produces bending at a section of a
structural member, equal to the sum of moments taken about the
center of gravity of that section
4. minimum concrete coverings
5. minimum spacing of bolts
6. end distance of bolts in tension
7. end distance of bolts in compression
8. minimum penetration of screws
9. Malleability- the property of metal that permits mechanical deformation by
extrusion, forging, rolling, etc., without fracturing
10. Yield Point- the stress wherein the deformation increases without any
increase in the load. The material at some point shows a decrease in
its section.
11. modulus of elasticity
12. Elasticity- the property of a material that enables it to deform in responses
to applied forces and to recover its original size and shape upon
removal of the force
13. plasticity
14. Toughness- the property of materials that enable it to absorb energy
before rupturing, represented by the area under stress- strain curve
derived from a tensile test of the material. Ductile materials are tougher
than brittle materials.
15. Rigidity- property of a material to resist a change in its physical shape
16. Inflection Point- point on the length of a structural member subjected to
flexure at which the direction of curvature changes and at which the
bending moment is zero.
17. Brittleness- property of a material to fracture at low stress without
appreciable deformation
18. Ductility- the property of a material to undergo plastic deformation after
being stressed beyond the elastic limit before rupturing. Ductility is a
desirable property of a structural material since plastic behavior is an
indicator of reserve strength and can serve as a visual warning of
impending failure
19. Eccentric Load/ Force- a force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a
structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section,
producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section.
20. Axial Load- a force that acts perpendicular to the cross section of a
structural member and at its centroiod
21. Impact Load- the dynamic effect on a structure, either moving or at rest,
by the forcible momentary contact of a moving body.
22. compressive force/stress
23. Torsion- the twisting of a structural member about its longitudinal axis by
two equal and opposite torques
24. Prestressed Concrete- concrete in which internal stresses are introduced
of such magnitude and distribution that the tensile stresses resulting
from the service loads are counteracted to a desired degree
25. Posttensioning- a method of prestressing reinforced concrete in which
tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened.
26. Jacking Force- a temporary force exerted into the prestressing tendons
27. Tendon- a steel element such as a wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand used to
impart prestress to the concrete when the element is placed under
tension.
28. Span- the distance between two supports
29. Clear Span- the distance between two inside faces of two supports
30. Moment- the property by which a force tends to cause a body, to which it
is applied, to rotate about a point or line.
31. Cantilever Beam- a beam supported only at one end
32. overhanging beam
33. Girder- a principal beam usually carrying other beams
34. Short Column – a thick column subjected to failure by crushing rather than
by buckling
35. Long Column – a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than
by crushing
36. method of section
37. method of joints
38. diaphragm (strut and chord)
39. Construction Joint – a joint between two successive placements of
concrete, often keyed or doweled to provide lateral stability across the
joint.
40. Contraction Joint – in concrete work, a break in a structure made to allow
for the drying and temperature shrinkages (of concrete or masonry)
thus to prevent cracks forming at undesirable places. Since all
materials containing cement shrink appreciably on drying, contraction
joints are needed in every long structure.
41. Soffit – the underside of an architectural element, as an arch, beam,
cornice, or staircase
42. Tremie – a funnel- like device with a pipe or tube for depositing concrete
underwater.
43. Space Frame – a three- dimensional structural frame based on the rigidity
of the triangle and composed of linear elements subject only to axial
tension or compression. The simplest spatial unit of a space frame is a
tetrahedron having 4 joints and 6 structural members.
44. Slump Test – a test for the stiffness of wet concrete. A conical mould is
filled with concrete, well rammed, and then carefully inverted and
emptied over a flat plate. The amount by which the concrete cone
drops below the top of the mould is measured and is called the slump.
This test is valuable only when the aggregates are used all the time
and in the same proportions. It then gives a rough idea if the water
content of the mix. This otherwise most useful test cannot be applied to
stiff concretes with slump of less than about 20 mm.
45. Aggregates – gravel, sand, slag, crushed rock or similar inert materials
which form a large part of concretes, asphalts or roads including
macadam.
46. light weight aggregate – aggregates with low specific gravity?
47. Fine Aggregates – aggregates consisting of sand having a particle size
smaller than ¼ inch: specifically, the portion of aggregate that will pass
through a 3/8 inch sieve, almost entirely through a #4 sieve, and be
predominantly retained on a #200 sieve.
48. Coarse Aggregates – aggregates consisting of crushed stone, gravel or
blast furnace slag having a particle size larger than ¼ inch: specifically, the
portion of aggregate that is retained on a #4 sieve.
49. Grout – a fluid cement mortar that will flow easily without segregation of
the ingredients, used to fill narrow cavities in masonry and consolidate
the adjoining materials into a solid mass
50. Mortar – a paste of cement, sand and water laid between bricks, blocks or
stones, and usually now made with masonry cement, formerly with
cement and lime putty. Cement paste can be regarded as the mortar of
concrete.
51. Bundled Bars – reinforcing bars bundled together to form a larger cross
section?
52. nscp standards on stirrup spacing
53. nscp standards on beams and columns
54. nscp definitions
55. minimum thickness of footings
56. Concrete – an artificial stone- like building material made by mixing
cement and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause
the cement to set and bind the entire mass.
57. Proportional Limit – the stress beyond which the ratio of stress to strain for
a material no longer remains constant
58. Ultimate Strength – the maximum tensile, compressive, or shearing stress
a material can be expected to bear without nrupturing or fracturing.
Also called Ultimate Stress.
59. Portland Cement – a hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay
and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into
very fine powder. It is named after a limestone quarried in the isle of
Portland, England due its resemblance to the limestone.
60. Pedestal- an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported
height to average lateral dimensions of less than 3.
61. PNS standards
62. One-Way Slab – a concrete slab reinforced in one direction only. It is
suitable only for relatively short spans.
63. Two-Way Slab – a concrete slab reinforced in both directions
64. seismicity
65. movable structure
66. deformeter/ deflectometer – device used to measure deformation?
DEFINITIONS
1. Batter piles
2. Tendon
3. That which transfers loads to the subsoil? Footing
4. A system where there is no vertical…? Horizontal brace frame system
5. Working stress design
6. What do you call the distance from outside-most compression part to center of tensile force? effective
depth
7. What do you call the beam that supports something? Lintel or jamb?
8. What do you call the members in between the top and bottom chord? web
9. Method of jacking force wherein tendon is placed after the concrete has set? Post-tensioning
10. Supported on one end only: cantilever
11.What do you call a system wherein the joints and the members are rigid? Rigid frame?
12. Upon excavation, what do you call the bracing in which vertical boards with cross bracing? stay
bracing
13. Precast (definition)
14. What do you call the amount of force applied over a given area, usually in units of kips or Mpa?
Stress
15. What is a kind of weld (perpendicular)? fillet weld
16. Reference marks: Bench mark
17. A floor system supported at the ends by either posts, etc.: deck
18. Dead load
19. Strut?
NSCP
20. What ASCI standard for concrete?
21. What ASCI standard for aggregates?
22. What should the spacing be for lateral ties? Minimum dimension of column
23. How thick should be for 28-32 mm bars? 8db
24. Size of bolts: 25 + 3 mm
25. Cover for exposed pipes: 40 mm
26. What should be the diameter of the lateral ties for a 32mm diameter longitudinal bar? 12mm??
27. What deep should a 12mm diameter bolt be dug????
28. What is the length of weld of something?