Name: Kian Lloyd C.

Ducot Date: 08/13/19

Course & Yr.: IT-111

Outline on Understanding the Self

Socrates

 More concerned with the problem of the self.

 He said humans are Dualistic.
 Body- Imperfect, temporary, and impermanent.
 Soul- Permanent and perfect.

Plato

 He is a student of Socrates.
 He believes that persons are immaterial souls or pure egos.
 According to him, a person’s inner life or soul has three (3) distinct elements:
 Rational Soul- The reasoning intellect.
 Spirited Soul- Emotions of a human being.
 Appetite Soul- What is our basic desires/ satisfactions.

Augustine & Thomas Aquinas

 People are bifurcated in nature same with Dualism.

Rene Descartes

 Father of Modern Philosophy.

 He said humans are thinking beings.
 Dualism
 Cogito (Mind) - He believes that mind is the seat of our consciousness.
 Extenza (Body) – Body is controlled by our minds.

David Humes

 “Impressionism”
 Self must be at constant, persisting thing and yet all knowledge is derived from
impressions.
 The self is nothing but a bundle of impressions.

Gilbert Ryes

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  “Behaviorism”
 It is what you imply/ shown to the world.
 He defined self as the behavior that is presented to the world.

Immanuel Kant

 According to Immanuel Kant, we all have inner and outer self which together form our
consciousness.
 Inner Self- Our psychological state and our rational intellect. There is
apperception; apperception is how we mentally assimilate new idea into old ones.
 Outer Self- Our senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste) and the physical world.

Maurice Merleau- Ponty

 “Perceptions”
 He said, the mind is part of the body and the body is part of the mind. It needs to on its
perceptions.
 He said the perceptions of the mind and the actions of the body are unified as one.
 To sum it up, self and perceptions are encompassed in a physical body. Therefore, the
physical body is a part of self.

Sigmund Freud

 Father of Psychoanalytic Psychology

 Postulated that there is a three (3) layer of self within us all, the Id, Ego, and Superego.
 Id (Pleasure) - What we desire and want.
 Ego (Reality) - Discern what is right or wrong.
 Superego (Morality/Value) - Ideal of a perfect ego.

John Locke

 He said that the self is a thinking intelligent being.

 He defines personal identity (or the self) simply as “The sameness of rational being”.
 He said that personal identity (or the self) is a matter of psychological continuity.

Patricia Churchland

 Churchland views the self as the brain.

 She has a book entitled “Touching the Nerve: The Self a Brain”.
 4 F’s
 Feeding • Fucking
 Fleeing

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  Fighting

Augustine of Hippo’s

 He believes that the self can only be truly discovered through recognition of God’s love
and man’s response to that love.

SELF CONCEPT

 The organized and consistent belief/ perspective on the self.

Carl Rogers

 Humanistic Theorist
 For a person to achieve SELF ACTUALIZATION they must be in the state of
congruence.

Abraham Maslow

 He said that we all have SELF ACTUALIZATION which is the highest level of self
concept.

Self Actualization (Morality, Acceptance)

Self Esteem (Confidence, Value)

Love (Friend, Family)

Safety Needs (Health, Resources)

Physiological Needs (Water, Air, Food)

 Genuineness- Originality of a Person.

 Empathy- You’re putting yourself to someone.
 Acceptance- Unconditional positive regard.

Three (3) components of self according to Carl Rogers

 Self Image- It how you see yourself.

 Self- Worth/ Self Esteem- This is how you value yourself.
 Ideal- Self- What you want to be.

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DIFFERENT MODELS OF THE SELF

1. Differentiated Self

 It is the ability to separate Emotional Self (Feeling) from Intelligence Self (Thoughts).
 Separates Values and Beliefs.
 DIFFRENTIATION
 Was first defined and introduced by Murray Bowen.
 Freeing yourself from your family’s processes to define yourself (Family System
Therapy).
 There are two (2) aspects to self-differentiation: (1) Intrapsychic Differentiation
and (2) Interpersonal Differentiation.
 Intrapsychic Differentiation- Self Awareness. We can tell apart our
thoughts from our emotions.
 Interpersonal Differentiation- We can distinguish our experience from the
experience of people we are connected to.

2. True Self V.S. False Self

 True Self- Is the core of who you are (Within you). The original you. This is the state you
were born in and the state that still exists inside you.
 False Self- Can also be called your adapted self (What you build). It covers/protect true
self. This is the part of you that have altered behavior, repressed feelings, and pushed
your needs aside to fit in with others.
 According to D.W. Winnicott, the term “false self” is to describe the defensive structure
of a child to his/her mother.

3. Multiple V.S. Unified

 The human self is described as consisting of three (3) related but also separable domains:
 Experiential Self- “Theater of consciousness” the first person felt the experience
of being. These talks about what we experience.
 Private Self- Consciousness- “The Narrator” or “The Interpreter”. Includes the
reportable self- concept and explicit beliefs and values (e.g. Religion and Political
Beliefs). “Autobiographical Self”.
 Public Self or Persona- It is what we imply or our behavior in the environment. It
refers to public image that you attempt to project, which in turn interacts with
how other people actually sees you.

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4. Real Self V.S. Ideal Self

 Real Self- Who we actually are. The real self is our self image. The real you.
 Ideal Self- It is how we want to be. It is an Idealized image that we have developed. This
self is borne out of the influence of others.

5. The “I” and “Me”

 There are two (2) phases of the self: “I” and “Me”
 The “I” (Self) is the response of the organism to the attitude of the others. “I” is
response to me.
 The “Me” (Expectation) is the social self. “Me” is the organized set of attitudes of
the others.