Name: _____________________ Section: _________ Teacher: ______________

SCIENCE 6
BASIC and INTEGRATED SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

I. OBSERVING – is the active acquisition of information from a primary source, using the
five senses to gather information about an object, place, an organism or
an event. Five senses namely: sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste.

Two types:
a. QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION – describing the characteristics or properties of an object,
organism or events. It deals with descriptions like color, texture, smell, taste, appearance
and beauty.

EXAMPLES:
1. The ball is round.
2. The leaf has a smooth surface.
3. The Philippine Eagle is the largest of the extant eagles in the world in terms of
length and wing surface.

b. QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION – an observation which include a reference to some

standard unit of size, weight, temperature, etc. It deals with numbers and measurement
like length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, cost,
number of members and age.

EXAMPLES:
1. The average room temperature is 32°C.
2. Michael Jordan is 6 feet and 6 inches tall.
3. Today, only 400 pairs of Philippine eagles are left in the wild.

These are PRECISE and ACCURATE observation, precise observations give more
scientific information.
Note: Observations should be based on facts.

II. INFERRING – It is a process of giving a logical meaning to an observation and a

tentative explanation that is based on observation.
= OBSERVATION + EXPLANATION or EXPLANATION + OBSERVATION

EXAMPLES: The structures were ruined because of acid rain.

Due to typhoon, classes are suspended.

III. PREDICTING

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 - is making an inference about future event based on past observations / data or
current evidence.
When making predictions…
 use your senses to observe and gather data/information
 notice any pattern of changes
 make connections to your knowledge
 create a reasonable inference based on all the information gathered

Types of prediction:
• INTERPOLATION - prediction made between two observed data.

• EXTRAPOLATION - prediction made outside or beyond observed data.

Directions: Analyze the data below and answer the questions that follow.

After the activity on heating pure water, the Grade 5 students measured the cooling rate of the water
for an hour. The recorded data are as follows:

TIME (AM) TEMPERATURE (°C)

9:00 100
9:05 95
9:10 90
9:15 85
9:20 80
9:25 75
9:30 70
9:35 65
9:40 60
9:45 55
9:50 50
9:55 45
10:00 40

1. What is the pattern of change in the time and temperature?

___________________________________________________________________________

By INTERPOLATION, predict the temperature of pure water at:

2. 9: 01 - ________________
3. 9:04 - ________________
4. 9: 17 - ________________
5. 9: 29 - ________________
6. 9: 37 - ________________
7. 9: 42 - ________________
8. 9: 58 - ________________
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By EXTRAPOLATION, predict the temperature of pure water at

9. 10:03 - ________________
10. 10:05 - ________________

IV. FORMULATING HYPOTHESES

- making educated guesses based on evidence that can be tested through
experimentation.

HYPOTHESIS
- has 2 parts: CONDITION and PREDICTION

- It always starts with “If” or “When” (what to do), then (what will happen)

EXAMPLES:
PROBLEM: What happens to a plant if placed inside the dark room for a long time?

Hypothesis:
If a plant is placed inside the dark room for a long time, then the plant will not grow well.
(CONDITION) (PREDICTION
Problem: What makes an egg float in water?
Possible Hypotheses:

1. If drops of oil are added in water, then the egg will float.
(CONDITION) (PREDICTION)

2. If sugar is mixed in water, then the egg will float.

(CONDITION) (PREDICTION)

3. If salt is mixed in water, then the egg will float.

(CONDITION) (PREDICTION)

Then, each hypothesis will be tested through experimentation. A null hypothesis is the name
given to a hypothesis that is possibly false or has no effect.

V. IDENTIFYING AND CONTROLLING VARIABLES

- manipulating one factor to investigate the outcome of an event while other factors are held
constant

VARIABLES – are factors or conditions that can affect the results of an experiment.
Types:
1. CONSTANT or CONTROLLED VARIABLE – a factor that is kept the same in
the experiment.
2. TESTED or MANIPULATED VARIABLE – a factor that is changed in an
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 experiment.
3. RESPONDING VARIABLE – a result based from the manipulated variables.

Sample Experiment: Make An Egg Float

Problem: How does the amount of salt in water affect an egg?

Hypothesis: If 4 tbsp of salt is mixed in 150 mL of water, then the egg will float.

Observation:
Setup Condition of water Amount of Size of the Type of egg Condition of
water used container egg in H2O
(Result)
A Plain water 150 mL medium hard-boiled sink

B Water with 2 tbsp of salt 150 mL medium hard-boiled float half-way

C Water with 4 tbsp of salt 150 mL medium hard-boiled float in the
surface

Answer:
What is the manipulated variable? (a factor that is changed in the experiment)

1. _____________________________________________________________________

What are the controlled variables? (factors that are kept the same in the experiment)

2. _________________________________________

3. _________________________________________

4. _________________________________________

What is the responding variable? (Result and should be stated in a sentence form)

5. ___________________________________________________________________

VI. EXPERIMENTING
- The process of testing the hypothesis.
- It is the systematic way of obtaining information to confirm the hypothesis.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD – is the systematic and organized way of solving problems.

Steps:
1. Identify or define the problem.
2. Formulate a hypothesis.
3. Gather the materials needed.
4. Identify the controlled and manipulated variables.
5. Test your hypothesis through and experimentation.
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 6. Record your observation in a table, chart, graph, etc.
7. Analyze and interpret your data correctly.
8. Make a conclusion.
9. Verify your conclusion.

VII. COMMUNICATING THROUGH TABLES AND GRAPHS

- Using the written and spoken work, graphs, demonstrations, drawings, diagrams, or tables
to transmit information and ideas to others.

GRAPH
- is a chart or drawing that shows the relationship between changing things.
- It contains a pair of variables: CONTROLLED and UNCONTROLLED or
MANIPULATED
CONTROLLED – are represented by x-axis or the horizontal axis
UNCONTROLLED – are represented by the y-axis or vertical axis

Types:

PIE CHART
LINE GRAPH BAR GRAPH

Steps in constructing a LINE GRAPH:

1. Draw two lines with a right angle to form the border side of the graph.
2. Label the vertical line y-axis and the horizontal line x-axis.
3. Mark the intersection of the horizontal and vertical axes.
4. Number each axis at REGULAR intervals.
5. Plot the data on your graph.
6. Label your graph.
Construct a Line Graph using the data below.

The Cooling Rate of A Liter of Water

TIME Temperature
7:00 90
7:10 82
7:20 75
7:30 60
7:40 48
7:50 30
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 8:00 25

The Cooling Rate of A Liter of Water

____________________________________
(TITLE)

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