ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:

1. Manufacture and secre8on of hormones or chemical

messengers s8mula8ng or inhibi8ng signals to target cells.

2. Coordina8on of body ac8vi8es together with the nervous

system.
B. ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES
1. Pituitary Gland – located in the sella turcica of the skull

A. Anterior adenohypophyses

1) Growth hormone (GH) or

somatotrophic hormone (STH)
- promotes normal growth

2) Thyroid-s8mula8ng hormone (TSH) or thyrotrophin

- s8mulates synthesis and secre8on of thyroid hormones
3) Adrenocor8cotrophic Hormone (ACTH) or Advenocor8cotrophin

- s8mulates growth of adrenal cortex and secre8on of glucocor8coids
*Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone - S8mulates body to retain sodium and water/Important in maintaining BP
Cor-sol - s8mulates the forma8on of glucose from non-carbohydrates/suppresses allergic
reac8ons and inflammatory reac8ons

4) Follicle-S8mula8ng Hormones (FSH)

- in females, s8mulates the growth of Graafian follicles and s8mulates follicle cells to secrete
estrogen; in males, s8mulates development of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis

5) Leu8nizing Hormone (LH)

- in females, brings about complete matura8on of follicle and ovum, required for ovula8on;
causes forma8on of corpus luteum and s8mulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
6) Inters88al Cell-S8mula8ng Hormone (ICSH)
- in males, s8mulates inters88al cells of testes to secrete testosterone

7) Prolac8n or Lactogenic Hormone of Luteutrophin

- promote breast development during pregnancy; ini8ates milk secre8on aaer delivery;
s8mulates progesterone secre8on by corpus luteum

8) Alpha and Beta lipoproteins


- cause release of lipids from adipose cells
B. Posterior Neurohypophyses

1) An8diure8c Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

- increases water reabsorp8on by kidney tubules; s8mulates vasoconstric8on and raises blood pressure

2) Melanocyte-S8mula8ng Hormone (MSH)


- s8mulates synthesis and depression of melanin causing darkening of skin

3) Oxytocin
- s8mulates powerful contrac8ons of pregnant uterus; s8mulates milk ejec8on of lacta8ng breast;
essen8al before milk can be removed by suckling

4) Coherin

- regulates peristal8c rhythmicity in intes8nal smooth muscles

2. Pineal Body - located in the midbrain

Melatonin
- Regulates circadian rhythms

3. Thyroid – located on the thyroid

car8lage below the larynx

Major hormones:
a. Thyroid hormones
(T3/triiodothyronin and T4/thyroxine )
- S8mulate protein
synthesis and increase cellular
energy produc8on
b. Calcitonin
- Lowers blood calcium levels by ac8va8ng osteoblasts that build new bone 8ssue

4. Parathyroid
- four glands located on the posterior wall of the thyroid

- secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH is agonist to calcitonin by
raising blood calcium levels
through activation of osteoclasts
(dissolve bone)
-As bone dissolves, calcium levels
in blood increase
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