Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
net/publication/239557247
Mangroves of Brazil
CITATIONS READS
38 424
2 authors:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Luiz Drude Lacerda on 04 June 2014.
Project Coordinator
L.D. Lacerda
Mangroves of Brazil
Bjdrn Kjerfve' & L.D. Lacerda
.
Departamento de Geoquiniica, Universidade Federal Flu~iiitiense,CEP-2-1.020-007Niterrii, I;], Brai.:l
1. Historical Background crimmercial scale along the entire Brazil coast. Ca-
noes i n the ni~rtlierncoastal states are i n ninny places
Mangroves are both of great importance and made from mangrove wond. Likewise fishing tools
value i n Brazil, although they are used to a much and the masts of simple northeastern ocean fishing
lesser extent than mangroves i n Asia or Central boats (jarifadas) are c o m n i i ~ n l ymade from man-
America. Historically, Brazilian mangroves were ex- grove trees. Alsii, tannin is still extracted from the
ploited f o r w o o d and considered an area for urbaniz- bark of tiiatignive trees. Othcnvise. a lack of ex-
ation. However, concern for sustainable exploitatio~i ploitation is cliaracteristic of the matigrove ecosys-
of mangrove resources already existed in colonial tems i n Brazil, especially when crmpared to Central
times. 111 July 1760, D o m 1066, king of Portugal, is- America and Asia. Still, mangroves i n Brazil a r e sub-
sued an edict, m a k i n g i t unlawful to cut mangrove ject to intense pressures froln develilpment pt-ojects.
trees for firel wood without also utilizing the bark of I n some places, especially in snutheaster~i Brazil,
the trees (Maciel, 1989; Scliaeffer-Novelli & C i n t r h , urban centers, airports, ports, end shopping centers
1990). The edict was issued i n response to wide- occupy the space where mangroves once grew
spread cutting of trees for firewood along both t i l e
northeastern and soutlieastern coasts of Brazil, and Similar to thc Mat8 Atl3tirica. the i~ticeniagtiifi-
the w o r r y that mangrove tree bark would soon be- cent coastal forest that stretched froni Santa Catat-ina
come unavailable. Mangrove bark, which was used to Bahia, Brazilian mangrt>vrs Iiave been subjected to
to extract tannin and alkaloids, had increased drasti- cutting and destructiim to give place for industry
cally i n price p r i o r to the issue of the royal Portu- and developnient, Mangrove relorestation is largely
guese edict. This act of protection of mangroves was not taking place in Brazil. Inaccessibility and low po-
one of the first, i f not the very first, legislation recog- pulation density are the main reasons w h y the spec-
nizing the value of mangroves for sustainable tacular m a n g o v e wetland forests of the northern
utilization. states of Amal7.i. Par-6, and blaranh3i1 remain for the
most part intact. Cheap and ample electricity i n
Mangroves form a strip along a large portion of Brazil is another reason w h y mangt-oves liave not
the Brazil coast from A m a p a i n the north to Santa been cut for fuel, as is the case i n West Africa. Also.
Catarina in the south and constitute an invaluable since 110 salt-tolerant species i ~ rice
f are grown i n
ecological unit of the coastal zone. Stabilization of Brazil, the pressut.~to COIIVI'I-I ~ i i a n s r i ~ v c - a r e at ts?
the mangrove resource and r a t i i a l utilization of r i c e fields has 110t been an isst~e(11 ~ ~ g ~ i i l i c a nin ce
mangrove areas for aquaculture and other uses are Brazil.
desirable. Creation of protected coastal inangrove
areas for the sake of consei~flationis an important There exists a very rich body ( i f k i i i ~ r v l r d g ea b w l
form of stabilization. Stability i n this context means mangroves in Brazil and an ilnpressive 11unlbt.r of
preservatio~iof the ecosystem for sustainable devel- completed mangrove studies, c w e r i t i g a diverse set
opment of the coastal zone. As an example of the of topics. Schaeffer-Novelli (1986) listed more than
economic benefits derived from Brazilian man- 560 references on Brazilian mangroves u p until 1985.
groves, the relatively small 4,370 ha mangrove sys- Unfortunately, tnucli o i this i t i l i i r i n a t ~ t ~is
n linpub-
ten? i n the Rio Paraiba estcary i n Piauisustains more lished or " l i ~ s t "in teclinical reports i i r student theses
than 10,OOO persons, w h o depend on the abundant and dissel-tattniis.
mangrove crab fishery.
Brazilian mangroves liave been the subject ol
Artisanal crab fishery is probably the most im- scientific studies since criliintal times. 111 the ear-liest
portant ecnnotnic activity i n mangrove systems on a phas?, tnost studies described the fauna, fliira, aild
' Also Belle W. Baruch InstiIuIc lor Msrinc Biology and Cnastal Rcscarch. Oeporlmcnl o l Gu,l<p;~saIScicnccs. a n d Maiinc
Scicnce Program, Univcrsily of South Carolina. C<~Iumb~a.SC 2'17118, U S A
t r a d i t i ~ ~ n aI IlS ~ S 01 m4tnsroves 1)s the local popttla- ( 1 7 ) l k r l a ( I l l ) , Novaes (lC)SO), and Silveira
liolr. Most edllcated travellers (11 ltlc litlh. 17th. 2nd (1!)/,5). Crrlstaccni~sand n~olluscswere s l ~ ~ i l i cby
d
1Xtl1 ccnturies included descrililions 111 ~ ~ r i r ~ ~ g rIn ~rves Ollvrira (l,WII, 1950). Caslnr (l962). and K l a p p e l ~ -
their travel journals. Typical ex;r~nlilesof s ~ ~ c11Iei.a- h bach ( 1 ) Insects, i n particular I l ~ o s cI public
ture are the descril~tiirnsof mi~ngrirvesin A11chlrla hvalth irnporl.~nce, were reviewed by Castrri (1032)
(15%-1594). Abrevillc ( 1 1 ) . i ~ r c I Alnleid.~ I'inlo ;rrd l.utz (1!112. 1013). Fnrami~iilerawere described
( 1 6 9 ) Also, D a r w i n (18.15) d r x r l b e d brielly the h v Zaninelli (1979).
maligroves and mangnive creeks I I ~ ;Rer'ile I~ during
his journey on the Beagle. P r e - l ~ i s l ~ rutilization
ri~ of ~ n a t ~ g m v eirnd
s the ;11i-
thropnlogy I coastal pre-historic IIIII~~I~I gr-oups
Nineteentl~and early twenliclh centllry studies rvere the t ~ i c u sof i~ivestigalionsb y Uellrdc (1976).
11n n ~ a n ~ ~ o vwere
e s nrost frvqtlenlly 1111dertakenby Clernt (1928). C u n l u (1065). and E~nperairu& L a ~ n i g
pmfessional scicntlsts. and I n w t ~ r fthese accounts (1956). Anll~r~rpo!;enicimpacts on ~nangrrrvcswere
still serve as i n ~ p o r l a n lsources of informaticrn on intunsivrly studied a f t e r World War 11, as the Brazil
Brazilian mdngroves. Most signliicant is maybe the coast incrt..rsir~gly was becomir~g ~ l r b . t ~ ~ i z eThis d.
description of tlrc ciiastal w ~ e l a t i r wof Rio d; Jalrei- lead to detrimental impacts associated w i t h incrcas-
r o b y Ule (1901); I l i e p i ~ r ~ ~ e e r iwnop r, k irt Luderwaldt i n s scdirnenti~li~rn (I<uellan, 19-14; I<rrcalr;ili & Neves,
(1!119) w i l h a dctailed dcscripti~rn~ r the f ~nangnrves 1076; Amador, 198fl), i n t l ~ ~ s l ~ i i r l i z a (l O i ~l r~~v~e i r , ~
I Santos. S I a l ; the c ~ ~ n ~ l r r e h e n s imono- \~e 1958. 1975; Lacerda & day, 1962; Olivcira & Krau,
p p h s 0 1 Silveira (lLI.37)~ n Pcdriiza d (19501; and the 3976). arid oil spills Uacobi & Schaeller-Novclli,
l i n t tre,rtises ~ u pliylugeofil';lphy
i o f Ilrazil by FrAis- l"90).
Abrcu (1'131) i ~ n dS.r~nliaio!lL)41). Also i m l w r b n t i s
the conIribution by 1:reis~ (1!)3S), who w i ~ sthe first 111 the 19611s and 1970s. mangrove rescarch i n
perso~r11, >t11dy s e d i ~ n e ~ ~ l iand ~ t i og ~c ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r r l ~ l Braz,il
i ~ ~ l already
~ r g y invnlvcd Inany rrescirrch grtrups. t i o w -
111I~I-azilianrnangnwc arcas. e\,er, il was ssiclitisls at the Universiditde de SZcr
Dauhr (USI') w l ~ oestablished a pioneering group to
Simultans~iuslyw i t h these early de!dliplive stit- study Inangrove waters, prndur'livity. ,111d p l i ~ n k t o n
dies, the importance of m ; ~ n g r ~ r v cSI; s useful plants ecology (Teixeiril e l 01.. 1965; ~ i d i s i ,1969, 1081;
and as sources o t t a t ~ n i nand tiniber was ackn~rwl- T ~ ~ n d iQs i T~lnrlisi,1968. Tllndisi cl nl., 1973, 1078;
edged by C o r r ~ a(I%I9), Orocadel (1921). Fniis-Abreu Kutner, 1975). Another research ]>I-ogram at USP UI-
(1926), Frcise (1933.34). and H o r n (1946). Horn der the direction of Schaeffer-Novelli, resultc4 i n the
(1946) fncused 1111 tannin production and extraction first c~irnprehensivereview of i n a n g r w e research i n
prticedures frmn Rlrizr~~~iirrrn t ~ m r i ~ l cand
; Freise Brazil (Schoeller-Novdli, 1982, 1986. 1989. 1990).
(1913-34) and H o r n (IYJX) f o c ~ ~ s eon d the d ~ i r a b i l i t y
and uses rrf Brazilian tn;lngrirve timher. The inipor- Starling i n the l a t e 19711'5, scientists b c g a ~~ l s i n g
tance of man!;rovc.s tnr tisheriea was recognized rel;i- mangroves as models for ecnsysren~studies. This in-
tively early b y Freise (1'131, 11133), and Gires (IY42). cluded nutrient cyclini; (Adaime. 1987; Sch~nidt.
Gon$alves (19%) was the first person I n eviiluate 19SS; Ovalle ''1 Oi., 1900; Ov,~lie. 1992); r v o l i ~ l i d mof
n~angrtrvedtitnini~ledco.lst\ ;IS ,I potential site for r n a l environments (Dias-Uiiilr 6: Za-
d e ~ ~ ~ i s i t i ~coastal
rnar~cult~~re. nii~etli,197'1; Drtininiann ct nl., 1981 a,b; and MOII-~I
c! nl., 1962); and pollutant birigencl~en~istry Uayelip
Alter 1')SO. detailed eclrln#c;~l studies begun i n c! 01.. 1988; L<rcerda ~ . 1 nl., 1988 b; Rezende, 19S8; Re-
many mangrove systems along the Brazilian coast. zende ~d d, 1990). Herz CI 01. (1984) and l'ires (1986)
Dansereau (1947, 1950) pr~rpnsecla s~~ccession and developed model algcirithms to detect and map Inan-
tonatinn pattern for t l i c mangroves of Rln de Janeinr, grove systems by use of salellite remote sensing and
which has been reproduced i n many text b < ~ r k 111 s image analysis. Also, more colnprehensive reviews
date. Detailed descripti~insof m a n g r w e associated of mangr~rve flora, fauna, and ccol~rgy were c w -
tauna and Horn became abitnclar~li n the literature. cluded (Avcline, 1980; Araiijrr & M;rciel, 1979;
klangrove algae and fungi were reviewed by klitch- Sanl'Anna 6: Whately, 1981; Schneffer-Nrivell~,1'280;
e l l (1974). Rehm (1901). and Braga (1070 a,b) Higher hlaclel, 1989; Clntrnn 6; Schileffer-Ncrvelli, 1983,
plants were described b y Dios-Brilc 6: Zaninetti 1093; Cirrdeiro-Marino c l 01.. 1992).
(1979). Bartll B Silva (l!JhS), L.utz (1933). Coimbra-
Filho & Magrianini (1961). Rrits (1961), and Larnberri
(1979). Birds were studied b y Brilo (l950), klitchell
Project PD114190 (F)
2.2 C l i 2 r a c t e r i z a l i n n o f B r a z i l i a n M a n g r o v e s m o r e t h a n 4 0 lon i n l a n d f n l l w i n g I h e c of
T h e c o a s t l i n e (11' B r a z i l i s s l ~ o r v nin Fig. 1, ernpha- estuaries a n d r i v e r s in Par$ a n d M a r a n l l 2 o .
s i z i l i g t h e d i s t r i b u t i c ~ n o f ~ n i i n g r w e sa c c o r d i n g to
state, a n d s h o w i n g m a j o r cities, a n d salient coastal I n t h e n o r t h . A o i c c n ~ t i rtrees
~ are j i a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l
features. E i g h t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f B r a z i l i a n m a n g r o v e s d e v e l o p e d arid m o s t frecjtrently o c c u r r i n g . T h e trees
o c c l l r a l o n g t h e 1.800 k m 111115 coast o f A n l a p i , Pars, reach m o r e than 1 m i n d i a n i c t c r a r i d are i n places
a n d M a r a n l i d o . 111 n o r t h e r n D r ~ z i l , especially b e - 40-45 m tall (Sant'Anna a n d W l i a t e l y , 1 9 8 i ) . Rhizo-
t w e e n BclCm, Pard, a n d I Lllis, tvlarunh31i. T h e ~ ~ i i i ~trees
in o c c u r o n l y v e r y close to t h e coast
state o f M a r a n t i . i ( ~ , t v i t l i 13.5, 111" I i a o f m a n g r o v e s . ( S a n t ' A n n d a n d M'hately. 1981). S l m r ~ l i ~r ~~ l,t~c r ~ ~ i j l o r n
e l i i b o d i e s n e a r l y h a l f o f the t o t a l area o f n i a n g r o v e s g r o w s as s e a w a r d f r i n g e s a l o n g the ~ i o r t l coast,
i and
i n B r a z i l . M a r a n h d o i s t h e state w i t h the m o s t exten- Hibisiirs tilinccrrc t y p i c a l l y d o m i l i a t e s the l a n d w a r d
slve s t m c t ~ ~ r a l cl oy n i p l c x m a n g r u v e forests. m a r g i n s of m a n ~ ~ o vsysteliis e (Damasio, 1 9 7 9 / 8 0
a.b).
A l o n g t h e n r ~ r t l icoast of B r a z i l the extensive
m a n g r o v e s y s t c ~ i i sr e f l c c t l i y d r n l ~ ~ ~t co paol g r a p h i c a l T h e m a n g r o v e s in the A r n a z o n estuar-ine area are
characteristics o f t h e coast. T h e s e m i d i u r n a l t i d e has q u i t e d i f f e r e n t , because t h e y c n n l a i n t y p i c a l A m a z o n
a range, w h i c h in places exceeds 8 m. A s the coast Ireshwaler Iiardwoods. A l t h o u g h w e l l developed,
g e n e r a l l y consists o f e x t e n s i v e l l a t q u a t r m a r y plains, n l a n g o v e trees in this area h a v e a r e l a t i v e l y r e -
h u g e coastal areas a r e f l o o d e d d u r i n g high tides a n d s t r i c t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n d u e t o the e n ~ ~ r m o urate s of
d u r i n g the r a i n y seasnn. A l o n g the n o r t h coast o f freshwater i n p u t a n d coinpetition f r o m freshwater
MaranI130, r a ~ n f ; ~exceeds ll 3,0013 m m y r l , w h i c h is a macl-opliytes.
mnj11r f a c t o r e n l i . ~ n s i n g ~ l i a n g r o v cg r o w t l i a n d p r o -
d u c i n g the m o s t e x t e n s i v e a n d spectaculdr mangr-ove T h e n o r t h e a s t coast i r o n i Ilia C r a n d c d o N n r r e to
s y s t e m s of B r a z i l . A s a r e s u l t o f t h e l a r g e t i d a l range R i o de j a n e i r o extends f o r 1,000 km, b u t c o n t a i n s
a n d the a m p l e r a i n f a l l , m a n g r o v e systems extend o n l y 10% o f the total m a n g r r i v e area i n B r a z i l . T h i s
coast is characterized by m i c r o o r m e s o - t i d a l
Project PD1 14190 (F)
.
regimes, a n d n a r r o w q u a t e r n a r y coastal p l a i n s w i t h shores a w l bays, b u t are i n P I ~ C Fl i lS t i r e abunda111
r o c k y o u t c r o p s . T h e t e r t i a r y "Barreiras" f o r m a t i o n a n d b e t t e r d e v e l o p e d t h a n a l o n g the n o r t h e a s t coast.
f r e q u e n t l y e x t e n d s t o t h e coast a n d l i m i t s the i n l a n d Coastal p l a i n s are n a r r o w , i n u n d a t e d by t h e t i d e
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m a n g r o v e s . T h e northeastern climate o n l y occasionally. T h e t i d a l range i s l o w , a p p r o x i -
is m o s t l y semi-arid w i t h l o w precipitation restr~cted m a t e l y 1 111, a n d mangroves, p a r t i c u l a r l y R l r h r l r l r o r ~
t o a f e w m o n t h s o f t h e y e a r n o r t h o f s o u t h e r n Bahia. trees d o n o t e x t e n d f a r i n l a n d . M a n ~ o v e sare m o s t l y
H o w e v e r , humid c l i m a t e s d o m i n a t e the r e m a i n d e r restricted t o the d e l t a o f livers, coastal lagooris, a n d
o f the n o r t h e a s t e r n coast w i t h exception o f the C a b o i n t e r i o r p a r t s o f b a y s . T h e forest consists of trees
Frio, RJ, r e g i o n w i t h a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n e q u a l o r ~ i i o s t l yless t h a n 10 rn i n height, d o ~ i i i n a t e dby Rlrizo-
greater t h a n 1,500 mm p e r year. T h i s m o r e h u m i d p h r n r r r n n g l c , b u t f a r less d i v e r s i f i e d t h a n the m a n -
c l i m a t e a l l o w s the d e v e l o p m e n t o f extensive m a r l - g r o v e s a l o n g the n o r t h e a s t e r n a n d n o r t h coasts.
g r o v e s i n s i d e b a y s a n d a l o n g estuaries of m a j o r
rivers, especially in s o u t h e r n Bahia w i t h m o r e t h a n
100.000 h a o f m a n g r o v e s . 3. Mangrove Flora
T h e n o r t h e a s t e r n m a n g r o v e s are less tall t h a n 3.1 M a n g r o v e tree d l o r a
a l o n g t h e n o r t h coast. Rhizoplrorn rrrnrt~lcis the m o s t B r a z i l i a n Inarijirnves are c o r n p o s e d o f "true"
c o n s p i c u o u s v e g e t a t i o n a n d reaches 10-2U m h e i g h t I n a n g r o v e trees a n d a d i v e r s i f i e d flora o f m a n g r o v e
(Hueck, 1972). N a r r o w f r i n g e s o f m a n g r o v e s b o r d e r associates f r o m b o t h terreslrial a n d a q u a t i c habitats.
deltas, lagoons, a n d estuaries w i t h h e i g h t s that sel- T r u e r n a n p v e s are ~ l o m i n a t e dby t h e g e n u s R l r i w -
d o m exceed 1 5 m. In t h e i n n e r p a r t n f bays w i t h h i g h p l s ~ r n(Rhizophoraceae) w i t h three species, the g e n u s
f r e s h w a t e r s u p p l y , a n d w h e r e the c l i m a t e is humid, Aviccrrrlin (Avicenniaceae) w i t h t w o species, a n d the
m a n g r o v e s y s t e m s c a n b e q u i t e extensive. genera L n p r l c u l o r i n a n d Coriircnr}~us (Combretaceae)
w i t h o n e species each (Table 2).
T h e s o u t h e a s t e r n coast o f f r o m R i o d e Janeiro to
Santa C a t a r i n a e x t e n d s f o r 1,250 km a n d contains Rlrizoplrtrrn r r i n r i ~ l ci s the m o s t w i d e s p r e a d o f the
o n l y 5% o f t h e t o t a l m a n g o v e area in the c o u n t r y . m a n g - o v e species a n d occurs a l o n g a g r a d i e n t o f
T h e coast b r a k e s i n t o d i s t i n c t ecological u n i t s at the e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s a l o n g the t r o p i c a l arid s u b -
c i t y o f R i o d e Janeiro. T h e coast is i m p i n g e d b y the t r o p i c a l coasts o f B r a z i l w h e r e m a n g r o v e s are f o u n d
Serra d o M a r m o u n t a i n chain, w h i c h in m a n y places (Schaeffer-Novelli, 1989). T h i s species presents great
enters t h e sea. T h i s i s a p r e - C a m b r i a n s h i e l d area, plienolr~gical variability. D e p e ~ i d i n go r e ~ i v i r o n -
w h i c h e x t e n d s a l o n g t h e l e n g t h o f the southeastern m e n t a l conditions, R. rrrnrrglc can g r o w 25 rn tall i n
coast. M a n g r o v e s are r e s t r i c t e d to p r o t e c t e d coastal l i u i n i d climates w i t h a b u n d a n t f r e s h w a t e r arid
Table 2. M a n g r o v e tree species and t h e i r s o u t l ~d i s t r i b u t i o n l i m i t a l o n g the coast o f Brazil. A l l tree species have l l i e i r
Brazilian n o r t h l i m i t i n the stale o f AmanS lal. N 4"?.0'.
Family Rhizophoraccac
Rhiznphuro ~ r r n r r ~L.
lr Praia d o Srxh,. SC. 2753' S Cinlri>n 61 Sclracller-Novctli (1992)
Rhizaj~hornhnrriso~riiLcechman Rio Prcjiuiqas. M A , 24U' S SanIob (1986)
Rhizoptmrn rocenro.cn G.F.W. M c y c r Rio Pr~.guiyns. M A , 2"40'S Sanlc)h (1986)
Family Avicenniaceae
Aviccrrrrio schnrtcrinrm Slapl. 6r Lccch Laguna. SC, 28'30's Cintriin 6: Schaellcr-Nrwclli (19'12)
Avicerrriin ~cr,r~ir~o,rs
L. Alalona, RJ. 21"37'S Laccrdn & Rcxrndc (1993)
Family C o m b r e l a c e x
i / i ~ u ~ c u l n r iroccrrrrrsn
n (L.) Gacrln. Lagun". SC. 2hT11' 5 C i n l r i m & Schacllcr-Novalli (1092)
Corrocnrprrs crcclifs L. Lacoa dc Araruama, Rl. 2T75' S An+ & Macicl (1979)
Brazil
Amazon
River
Estuary
B R A Z
(Zannicheliaceae) frequently g n l w associated with gion of Sfin Pauln. mangrove phytoplankton are
mangroves along the ~wrllleasterncoast of Brazil. dominated b y the diatom, Sl;elclo~rer~~n coslnttrr~t,
which comprises mon. than 80% of the ~ ' h y t o ~ ' l ~ ~ k -
l i pmostly IIII~II~mi the
hlangrove ~ n i ~ c r o i ~;Ire ton. Other ~~1111nlOll~y occurring p l i y t o p l a ~ l k t ~ ~ ~
roots of mangrove trees and constitute the substra- species iriclude other diatoms, cyanophytes, and d i -
tum of Inon. than 50% of all macroalgae species. noflagellates. Maximum densities occur in the ails-
Other hard s~~bstrates, e.g. rocks, stones, and large tral summer and minimum densities i n the austral
shell fragments, serve as the substratum for nearly winter (Kutnrr, 1975; Tundisi ct 01.. 1973). Phyto-
30% of the species, while soft m u d and sandy sub- plankton densities i n mangrove walers are one urder
strates account for the r e m a i ~ ~ 2i ~ g (Cordeirn- of magnitude higher than i n adjacent coastal water;
Marino ~1nl., 1992). (Teixeira cl nl., 1965). I n the tniingroves of Parand, d i -
atoms dominate the phytoplankton, but nanoflagel-
I n most niangrove systems, the macroalgal cnm- lates are also abundant throughout the year
m u n i t y OII tnlnks and ;~erinlroots, is dominated b y (Knoppers & Opitz, 1984). Bacterial plankton is also
tlie Bostrichietum association. which includes the abundant i n the mangrove systems of so~~theastern
genera Bo.~triclrin, Cnlr{ylmsn and Cntcr~cllo.These ill- Brazil. Watanabe rG Kutner (1965 a,b) found de~wities
d u d e 12 typical s p c i c s with year-round reproduc- of 21 to 132, 10' cells ml" and 6 to 316, I[? cells nrl-'.
lim ( I h g a cl nl., I W l I ) . Anot11e1-typical association Major bacterial plankton fonns were P s c u h ~ ~ r ~ n n s
exists ill mallhTove sedinre~ik,thc so called I<hiztlclo- and Acitn~mnbncl'r. P h y t ~ ~ p l a ~ ~ prnductivity
kto~~ re-
nietum association, fonned b y over I 0 species of ached a maximum of 1 g C rn" d" i n summer, and
green algae of the genera l U r i z ~ ~ l r ~ r r i E~ileronrorptm
~rr~r. cells less than 50 p i n diameter were resp~~nsiblr. for
and Clndopi~orn(Pedrini, 1980). the major part of the production q u n d i s i , 1961).
1965166. 1966). However, b y far the tliosl cotriplcte Tal,le 7. 01~ I ~l r aOr ~i l i a ! l tn~ll(;l-oves a c -
F.111112 C O I I I ~ ~ S ~
which is too acidic forshrirnp rearing. The ponds are T l i r ~ n a n j i r ~ l v eofs Sepeliba Ilay, 111 the st.~te
often abandoned after a few years but mangroves do I<io Jr janetrri, have heen t;itcn\ely studled b v Silva
not recolonize the area because of the high sulfide (1988) and Silva cl rii. (IOi)lj, w h o lourid rii~itijirove
content i n the soils. trees to !i.ive a liriglil of (,.I m, DBI-l ~ii R cni, basal
area of 21.6 rn'llla, trtw dens~ty11f4.510 truliks/lia,
Although many earlier studies emphasized the above ground biomass of 65.3 (~iii:Ii;i(fill$), b c h w
role of succession i n mangrove distribution and de- ground biomass of 16.3 IIJ~/II;I (20%), and I ~ t ; l lman-
velopment (cf. Oliveira, 1947, 1950; Chapman, 1976). grove tree biomass of X1.h t o ~ i / l i a .A l t l i o l r ~ l iI l l e r e
i t now appears that there exist few general patterns' a r e only few data oil below grortnd bi~ilnassl o r i n a w
o f mangrove distribution w i t h i n a particular mall- grove trees in Brazil, limitcd data fr11n1v a r i ~ ~ uloca- s
grove wetland and no clear patterns of succession. tions around the world indicate that approx~mately
Rather, extreme local and regional variability is com- 58% of the total Inanjinive t r e e biomass is above
mon as a result of physical-chemical variability and ground and 42% is below ground, and that the trunk
hydrological forcing. Instead of linear succession, accounts for 65% ( i f the abr~veg~-outidh i ~ ~ n i a sin s
mangroves consist of a mosaic of species, in general ~ ~ r ~ ?and 86 % in l ~ . n ~ p ~ ~ ~roccI!wsn
R / ~ i z o ) i / ~III~II~/L' c~rhlri~~
influenced and distributed as a result of physical and (Cintrbn & Schaeffer-N~ivelli,1983).
chemical characteristics of the sediments, micro-
topography, and magnitude and frequency of tidal Cintrcin & Schaelfer-Novelli (108.3) dlsu listed
and freshwater inundation (Reits, 1961; Ovalle et ni., modest values for structural por;iliietcn of the man-
1990; Ovalle, 1992; Kjerfve et nl., 1993). grove trees of Cananeia, S&i I'aulo (Iat. S 25^) coni-
pared to the M a r a n h j o data. C;~naneia Inangnives
Structural development of mangroves i n Brazil have an average height of 4-5 m,an average DUH of
and elsewhere is o p t i m u m along (a) low r e l i e f coast, 8.1-10.1 cm, a density of 3,500-3,hOlI trunksllia ufitlia
especially deltaic plains, w i t h extensive estuaries and D B H diameter of at least 1.5 cm, and a basal area of
tidal creeks; @) coasts w i t h macrotides which pro- 16.4-27.9 m2/ha (Ciritrdn & Schaeffer-Novelli, 1963).
vide regular and extensive flooding and dispersion Adaime (1987) also repnrted I manjiroves from
of propagules, seeds, sediments, nutrients, and salts; Meio River near Cananeia. Shr tiieast~re~l cali~ipy
(c) coasts w i t h large freshwater discharge and high heights of 9.2 m. basal at-ea 0 1 31,? i n ' l l ~ a .;itld twe
sediment load and adsorbed nutrients, experiencing density of 3.700 trunkslha. 111 Pal-anagui Bay, 1'2-
episodic seasonal flooding of mangrove communi- rand, further to the south, Lana c\ Sesejiol~l( l L l ? I )re-
ties, transport and deposition of sediments onto ported canopy Iirights 111 8-17 In l o r L r t ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ c u i n r i ~ ~
mangrove-occupied tidal flats, and washing away of rocerriosn stands, and D B t i of l i p 111 50 cm.
leached salts; (d) coasts w i t h high rainfall, preferably
i n excess of 2,000 m m annually, where the seasonal Maybe the key ecological measure i n e c ~ ~ s y s t e ~ i i s
signature is minimal and humidity remains high is the ability for plants l o tix atrnosphelic cal-bun
during the entire year; (e) l o w energy coasts where through photosynthesis, which is referred to as pro-
the wave power is dissipated b y the time waves that ductivity. h'cl jlroduc1iuil:l is the portion of the gross
reach the shoreline so that propagules may settle production converted inL11 carbon, which t ~ i ~ e t h e r
grow; and ( f ) prograding coasts w i t h a voluminous with ~?Iantrespiration tilake I I ~ the p s s /~r,:,:uilion.
fine-grained sediment supply and associated terres- Mangrove ecosystenis tvpically exliibit atiii>lig the
trially derived nutrients as i n the case of river deltas highest p r o d u c t i o ~ irates [if any aqilaltc ccosvstcm
(Cintrcin-Molero & Schaeffer-Novelli, 1992). w i t h rates varying f r r m 1 to 5 g C l m ' l d a y when ex-
trapolated hir a year (1.acerda & Rezrnde, I~lOll).111
In Brazil, these conditions are most closely met i n mangroves, prnductivtty is often measurcd b y mea-
the northern states and territories, particularly Ma- suring l i t t e r fall frtm manjirnvc tree.; a t f11rt.t sites.
ranhjo, which contains 36% of a l l mangrove wet- Lana & Sesscji~llo('l"'l3) measilrcd liller fill1 111 l ' a ~ a -
lands of Brazil (Table 1). I n places along the naguA Bay. They measur-ed exception;illy liijili litter
Maranhao coast, mangrove trees may be as tall as 45 fall rates ecjuivaie~itto a l i e t p ~ i ~ d u c t i o of r i 22.3 g
m, and have D B H exceeding 0.8 m, and above- C/mi/day below Lri,yiir~riiIiiriii rncr8rllow and R1rizi1-
ground forest biomass of 260 t o n l h a (Lacerdo & ~ ~ i i n rriinri~ic
n trees, and 45.9 g C11n';day beloiv Ln-
Schaeffer-Novelli, 1992). The structural values tor ~ ~ r ~ t c u l nrricrrri~rsn
rin and i c I ~ n ~ ~ c , - i ntrees
iiii
Maran1120 are v e v close to the upper limits for man- with summer l i l l e r f;lll rates six times greater Illan
grove trees anywhere i n the world (Cintron L winter values ; i r i i l w ~ t hl e a f Iittrr accounIIiif for T 9 ' %
Schaeffer-Novelli, 1983). of the total l i t t e r fall. Tlie5e very lhijili tales are
- Brazil
6.2 l l i s l n r i c a l uses o f m a n g r o v e s
E v i d e n c e of u t i l i z a t i m o f r n a n g r i ~ vresources
~ by
p r e - h i s t o r i c h u m a n n o m a d s is w e l l i l o c u n ~ r i ~ l catd
m i l n y sites a l o n g the B r i i z i l i a n coast. E x a r n i n a t i r ~ no l
shell IIIOIIII~~ h a v e y i e l d d 1111tcl1~ n t o i m a t i ~o n ~t h e
P r o j n c l PD I 1 4 / 9 0 (F)
p r e - c ~ ~ l [ r ~i ~n di ai nl t i s , i n c o n l r a s l , seem 111 h a v e
Iltilized m a n g r o v e r e s o u r c e s I(> a n i l ~ c l li c s s r r e x l e n l .
O t ~ ee x p I n n n l i o n f # ? rl l t l s i s I h e < l e f c a l o f l l t e l i t t o r a l
ill,liaris hy ! h e t i i n l o r T t t p i . C t ~ a t a n i i ~ , < l i a nJ ; I . I V I ~ ~
'I'liest, l ~ i ( l i a n sca111v fr111n! l i e I r o p i c a l fore.sls o f l l i c 6.1 h 4 a r i c u l l u r c
i n l r t i r t r rtf Ill?r o t l n l r y i)ll<Ih n < l l i l l l v I ~ S C f<,r ~ i i n n . \ W h r r r w Illr mnvl);vr>vvs 01 IBII?I.~- I . i n l i ~ jA ~ l t e r i ~ n ~ l
gt.o"e WIMIII o r o l l i c ~n ~ i a n g r o v r rcsc>l!rccs. A f l y r I l i v c r \ ~ r n l ~si ~~ ~. ~c as l i I ? r ~ ! a r l ~\rvr r i v : : c v c ~ c l y i ~ ~ i l ~ ; i c l e < l
d i s c r > v e r y v f SIIIIII~ A ~ i i r l i c nhy E ~ ~ r o r c a ~ wi se, 01 h y s 1 1 1 a ~ l l l a c l l ~ l t i rct ~l i i 1 1 , I l l i s i s s t i l l a
a n r c r e s r l l l r c c s i n c r e a s e d ~ I ~ m i n a l i r n l l yT. h i s s ~ > , a l l - s c a l eI ~ i t s i n c s si t ! l11.azil. l \ ~ . i , z i l o ~ i l yl ~ t o d ~ ~ c e s
w a s Iwt11 I l i e r e s ~ ~111 l l I ' o r l ~ t g ~ ~ r Isrta. \ t ~ I c ~ ws ,h o n l - 2% 111 t l i e s i i i i III~I.~CIIIIII~C ~ ' r o d ~ r ~ ol f i ~l h~e ~ i
r e a d y k n e w n f n i a l i g r o v e s a ~ i dt h e i r n i n n y \Ices I r o ~ i i A n i c ~ i c n sas c ~ r r i i p a i ~10 c ~7f37,
l i 1 1 I:c!~atlr>r (Trciia1-50.
A f r i c a 2 n d SIIIIIII a n d s n c ~ l h e n s tAsia, anti a l s r ~d ~ tc1 ~ e lW.7). Rra7.il p r o d l ~ c c sless 1 1 1 ~ 1 12,llllll IIII~S (if s l i r ~ i n l ~ ~
t h e i l i l l l ~ xo f s o m e 4,000,0011 A f r i c a 1 1 s l a v e s Irr Dra7.il. i n p ~ n i c l se x c a v a l r c l i n l e s I l r n ~3,11110 i 11a 01 ~ i ~ n n j i r ~ r v c
m a n y (if w h v m came f r o m mangrcive-rich c~iastal w e l I a n , l s ( I ' a l ~ l e ,I). T11i1s. ill Ilra741, I l i e c n ~ i \ ~ i so if ~ ~ ~ i
areas i n w c s l A f r i c a , s p e c i a l l y N i g e r i a . OIIC o f t h e I l i a n f ; r o v r s In s l i ~ i r ~ i~p ~ I I ~ C I I IpI oI tIi ~ d sCi s' 11 v e r y
uses o f n n r v e s w a s l l i c b o i l i n g o f m a n g r o v v i l l I I I S ~ I Ii S n S i n 111 I l t e l l l l l , S l l ~ l h a
b a r k f o r I a n n i ~ ir i i ~ c i i ~ i i i , c i l l i e P I ~ I ~ I I ~ ~ I I C S ~ a c l t ~ n c ~ ~ l 'ln~n ~d sr eill E c ~ ~ a d oAr .I I l i i ~ ~ ~ f li l ~i . v r ep r c s -
C r o w n a l l e n i l ~ l e dI n r e g ~ l l n l ei n r l l c e i ~ ; l i l e e n l l i c e n l u - e n l l y i s a I r v n c l ill 0ra7.il I t ) r ~ p a ~ siI id1 i 1 1 i 1 l~a r ~ i i i ~ i g ,
r y b e c a ~ i s e[ i f l l ~ cimportance ( i f lar11ii1110 I ~ I O ~ I I C P t l i e Ie)?il n c r r s s i l y l o r e ~ i v i r r ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~i i ~i p~anr tsl al ~l ~ < l i c s
~,ncid p a r c l i n i e ~ i t . p ~ i o 11, r r u n s l r l l c l i ~ r na ~ r~i l ,dr r n l i ~ 01 ~ ~s~l ~ r i n r l ?far^^!^
will I i ~ ~ p c f ~ p~r lv lvyt . ~ i t m a j o r ; i ~ l v e r s e i ~ i i l ~ n cIIIlI
P r e s c ~ i l l y ,i n t e n s i v e ~ i s e n i a n g r h c r e s o l l r c e s i n l l l ~ l l ~ l ' ~ Vf ?i ~ S ~~ n i ri a i i r t i l l t r r r .
Ilra7.Il i s I l ~ i i i l e d10 ~ i n l yp a r l s o f l l i c c ~ i a s l T, r a d i t i o n .
aI l ~ ~ ~ ~s ni cii eal i e~s i i n ! n a n p r o v e w e t l a ~ i d sc a n hr
fn1111d a l o n g t h e s p a r s e l y p o p u l a t e d n o r l l ~coast n f
I l r a z i l i n l i r e s t a l e s o f P a r 5 a n d h I a r a ~ i l i ; i ~ rThese.
I r a d i t i o n n l s o c i e t i e s s l i l l d e p e n d on n i n n g r o v e r c -
s f i ~ ~ r c c sI n. parlic~~l~ r a ~ i j i r o vfisheries
an e (A~i~lrailc.
19R4). T h e y c o l l e c t crahs, fish, o y s l e r r , a n ( \ n i ~ i l l u s c s
i l i l r ~ l s i v e l y ,I i u w e v e r , llirir f i s h i n g ~ > r a c l i c e as r e e n v i -
r t i n ~ n e n ! ; ~ l l yS O I I I ~ ~F ~ i re x n ~ n p l e , c r a h g a l l i e r e r s i n
Par5 u s e o n l y l l i e i r I i a n d s 111 a v o i d s i ~ n i l i c a t i il n j ~ ~ r i ~ , s
111 I l i e a n i ~ i i a l .A l s o , t l i v y 111iIyc ~ i l l e r l~ i i a l ca ~ i i m a l s
anrl r c l l l ~ n Ii r ~ i i a l ea ~ i i n i a iln~l a e l t o l l i c PIIV~~IIIIIIIP~~~.
111 a ~ i l l i e rp r a c l i c e , l l ~ e y "rear" l c r ~ d i ~ ~(7'crcrlfl i(I
C I ' ~ ) I ~ i v a l v c chy f e l l i n g ~ i i a n g r n v etrees a1111 l e a v i n g
t l i r 11.11trkI n r o t i n l l ~ ef o r c s l ( A n d r a d c , I ? M ) .
Fig. 2. High rise condorninia lower over Lagoa de Marenpendi in Rio de Janeim and remnant stands o f mangroves are left as
decorative gardens.
Fig. 3. Lcw-income housing developments (lavclas) encroach upon mangmvcs along the north coast of Rio de Janeiro, rep.
resenting a major l o r n of anthn,p(xcnic impact on rnangmvc systems.
Project PD114190 (F)
Fig. 4 . Low-income housing developments (favelas) encroach upon mangroves along the north c m s l of Rio d e janeiro, rep-
resenting a major l o r n 01 a n t h r o p < g e n i cimpact on mangrove systems.
Fig. 5. Sediment starvation a n d rising relative sca level in the delta n l the Rio Paraiba d o Sul in the northern part o f Rio d e J a -
neiro h a v e resulted in severe shoreline relrcai a n d erosion of mangrove areas.
Project PD1 14/90 (F
0, Mangrove Forcst Reservcs Mangmve systems with sustain- Mangrove systems in Amapa and Maranhio
able utilization of loresl products
C. Mangrove Fisheries Areas Crab fishing Mangrove wetlands in northern and northeastern
Brazil
Oyster harvesting Coast of S i o Paulo
Shrimp fishing Coastal and estuarine waters olf Maranh5c and
southem Bahia
D. Damaged Mangrove Areas Mangmve systemsconverted for Abandoned shrimp and salt ponds in northcastern
other uses Brazil
Construction 01 tourism and re- Southeastern Brazil
sort areas
Oil impacted mangroves Bcrtioga and Santos, Sio Paulo, and other industrial-
izcd areas
Brazil
Bacha, C.J.C. 1992. Bronnimann, P., Dias-Brito. D. & Mnura, J.A. 1981 b.
A s i t ~ r a q $ oa t u a l d a s d a d o s sobre reflurestamento Foraminiferos da facies m a n g u e d e Guaraliba,
n o Brasil. AnBlise EconOmica 10(17):141-155. Rio d e Janeiro, Brasil. Anais Cungresso Lztino
Americano d e Paleuntulogia. 2:877-891, Porto
Barth, O . M . & Silva. S.A.F. 1965. Alegre.
Catdlogo sistemdtico d a s plantas arb6reas d o
Brasil m e r i d i o n a l . 7. Thymeleaceae, Lythraceae, Castro, A.L. 1962.
Lecythidaceae, Rhizophoraceae e Cnmbretaceae. Sobre os crustaceos referidos p o r M a r c g r a v e e m
Merns. Inst. O s w a l d o C r u z 63(1):255-273. s u a "Historia Naturalis Brasiliae" (1648). Arq.
Mus. Nac., Rio d e Janeiro, 5237-51.
Beltrao, M.C. 1976.
D o c u m e n t o s s n b r e a pre-historia d o s estadus d o Castro, G.M.O. 1932.
Rio d e J a n e i r o e G u a n a b a r a (1500-1963). Col. Estudo sobre a especie d e Culex q u e s e criam em
M u s . Paulista Ser. Arqueologia 2:l-143. burocns d e guayamu (Diptera Culicidae). Revista
d e Entomologia, Rio d e Janeiro 2(1):97-105.
Berla, M . F . 1944.
Lista d a s a v e s colecionadas em Pedra Branca, CEPLAC, 1976.
M u n i c i p i o d e Parati, Estado d e Rio d e Janeiro, Diagnostico sucio-econumico d a regiao cacauei-
corn a l g u m a s notas s o b r e sua biologia. Bolm. ra. Comissao Executiva d o Piano d a L a v o u r a Ca-
M u s . Nac. Rio d e Janeiro, n.s. Zoul. 18:l-21. caueira. Ministerio d a Agricultura, Ilheus, BA, ..
246 p .
Braga, Y.Y. 1970 a.
Flora m a r i n h a bentOnica d a Baia d e Guanabara e C h a p m a n , V.J. 1976.
cercania. 1 . C l o r o p h y t a . Publ. Inst. Pesq. Mar., Mangrove vegetation. J. Krarner. Vaduz, 447 p p
R i o d e Janeiro, 42:l-55.
Cintrtin, G . 6:Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. 1983.
Braga, Y.Y. 1970 b . Introduction a la ecologia del manglar. ROST-
Flora m a r i n h a bentOnica d a Baia d e Guanabara e L A C I U N E S C O . Montevideo. 109 p p .
cercanias. 2. R h o d o p h y t a , A r p t o m e n i a l e s , Gi-
gartinales e Rhodimeniales. Publ. Inst. Pesq. CintrOn-Molero, G. 6: Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. 1992.
Mar., Rio d e Janeiro. 41:l-55. Ecology and management of n e w w o r l d m a n -
groves. p . 233-258. In: Coastal plant c o m m u n i t i e s
Braga, M.R., Fujji, M., Yokoya, N.S., Eston, V.R., of Latin America. Seeliger, U. (ed.). Academic
Plastino. E.M. 6: C n r d e i r o - M a r i n o , M. 1990. Press. N e w York. 392 p p .
M a c r ~ ~ a l p ri el p r ~ r d u c t i v ep a t l e m s in mangroves
of llha d o Cardrlso, Sp, Brazil. In: An. I I S y m p . Clerot. L.F. 1928.
Ecoayst. C o a s t S u l s ~ r d e s l e Brasil, Acad. Ci@nc. 0 s s a n l b a q u i da bacia d o Rio Macacu. In:
Est. Sao P a u l o . SAn Pauln, p:209-217. C o n g r . Interamerlcano d c Arqueul. 2:451-464.
Rio d e Janeiro.
BI-ito, P.M. 19.50.
N i n h o s e avos d e a l g u m a s aves brasileira. Rev. C o @ l l ~ oP.A.
, 196314.
Bras. Biol. 10(3):315-331 Distribuiq5o d o s crust6ceos d e c d p o d a s na Areas
d e Barra d a s Jailgadas. Trab. lnst. O c e a n o g r .
Brocadet, A . P . 1921 Univ. Recife, 5/6:159-174.
Les piantes utiles d u Bresil. P a n s , Vigol
Co@lho,P.A. 1 9 6 5 / 6 . 0 s crust6ceos d e d p o d e s d e al-
Bronnirnaii. P:, M~111ra.) . A & Dias.Brito, D. 1981 a. g u n s manguezais pernanibucanos. Trab. Inst.
E c o l o p a d e foraminfferos e microorganisos asso- O c e a n o g r Univ. Recife, 7/8:71-89.
c i a d o s d a a r e a d e GuaratibaISepetiba: modelo
a m b i e n t a l e s u a aplicacao na pesquisa d e hidrn- Co@lho,P.A. 1966.
carbonelos. Rel. Int. Petrnbras-DEPEX- E s l u d o ecolhgico da lagoa d o 01ho d ' i g u a , Per-
L a b o n e d a l e , Rio d e laneiro. nambuco, com especial referencia aos crustdceos
decdpodes. Trab. l n s t O c e a n o ~ r .Univ. Recife,
7 1 8 5 1 -6Q.
Project P D i 14/90 (F)
Coimbra-Filho. A.F. & Magnanini, A. 1961. voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under
A Reserva Biol6gica de Jacarepagud-Marapendi, the command of Capt. Fitz-Roy. Second editinn,
Rio de Janeiru. Centru de Pesquisas Florestais e cormcted with additions. Colonial and Home Li.
de Conservacao da Natureza. Rlo de Janeiro. brary. 1-ond~n.
Cordeiro-Marino, M., Braga, M.R.A., Eston, V.R., Fu- D ~ ~ ~ . B , ~D. , Zaninetti, L. 1979.
I o 61
jii, M.T. &Yokoya, N.S. 1992. Etude geribotanique Comparative de trois man.
Mangrove macrualgal communities of Latin groves d u littoral bresilien: Acupe (Bahia), Gus.
America: The state of the art and perspectives. ratibn (Ria de Janeiro) e t l p a p e (Sao Paulo).
In: Seeliger, U. (ed.), Coastal Plant Communities Noles Lab. Paleont. Univ. GenPve, 4(6):5i-65.
of Latin America, Academic Press, San Diego,
pp. 51-64. Diegues, A.C. 1990.
conI~~rlidades1ilorSnea.s e os manguezais n o Bra-
Correa, P.M. 1909. ,il. 124-146. In: II %mphsio de Ecossistemas
A flora do Brasil. Algumas plantas dteis, suas da cIfils Sul e Sudesle Brasileira. Val. 3. P u b l i p o
aplicacdes e d i s t r i b u i p o geogrdfica. Rio de Janei- ACIQSI' N'71-3.498 pp.
ro, 66p.
Dolianitl, E. 1955.
Costa, C.S.B. & Davy, A.J. 1992. FmtoS de N y p a no Paleocene de Pernambuco.
Coastal salt marsh communities of Latin Ameri- ~ ~ ~ Ool.
~ D1 i v1 . Geol.
. D N P M 158:l-36.
ca. In: Seeliger, U. (ed.), Coastal Plant Communi-
ties of Latin America, Academic Press, San Emperaire,). & Laming. A. 1956.
Diego, p p . 179-199. L~~sambaquis de la cote meridionale du Brr'sil
(Campages de fouilles 1954156). J. Soc. America.
Cunha, E.M. S. 1965. .istes Paris, n.s. 455-16 3 ,
Sambaquis d o litoral carioca. Rev. Brasil. Geogr.
27(1):.1-70. ~ ~ k ~ ~ ~ ~ i . O l A.M.
i v e i 1972.
ra,
peixes estuarinns do Nordeste Oriental Brasilei,
Damisin, E. 1979/80a. ,,,
Arq. Ci. Mar., Ceard. 12(1):35-41.
Contribui<ao ao conhecimen~oda'vegetaqio dos
manguezais da llha de S3o Luls, M A - Part I.Bo- Eskanazi-Oliveira, A.M. 1974.
letim do Laborat6rio de Hidmbioloeia I c t i o f a ~ ~ ndas
n & p a s estuarinas do Rio Parafia
<> -
(Universidade Federal d o Maranhao, SBo Luis, ( ~ ~ ~ sArq. i l ) .Ci. Mar., Ceari. 14(1):41-45.
M A ) 8~17-56.
Fausto F. J. 1966.
DamBsio, E. 1979/8Db. Quart2 contribuiq8o ao inventdrio dos crustaceos
ContribuiqZo ao conhecimento da vegetaqo dos dec6podes marinhos do Nordeste brasileiro.
manguezais da llha de S i o Luis, M A - Part 11. Bo- Ci. Mar., CearB. 10(1):55-60.
letim do Laboratbrio de Hidrobioloeie ~ ~ ~
0.-
(Universidade Federal d o Maranhao, Sao Luis,
M A ) 8:57-76.
Lacerda, L.D. & H a y , J.D. 1982. Lacerda. L.D. & C.E.Rezende. 1990.
Evolution of a n e w community type after the de- Mangrove carbon export to the sea: a reecalua-
struction of a m a n g r o v e eGosystem. Biotropica tion of a paradigm. pp.169-1R2. In; ll Simpbsio d e
14: 238-239. Ecossistemas da Costa Sul e Sudeste Brasileira:
Estmtura, Funqao e Manejo. Vol 2. A g u a s d e
Lacerda. L.D., Lima, N.R.W., Pfeiffer, W.C. & Fisz- Lind6ia. Sao Paulo.
man, M . 1983.
Size a n d metal concentration in the mangrove Lacerda, L.D & Schaeffer-Novelli. Y. 1992.
mussel M y l c l l n gu!lflncnsis from Baia d e Sepetiba, Latin American Mangroves: T h e Need for Sus-
Brasil. Rev. Biol. Tropical. 81: 333-335. tainable utilization. Mangroves Newsletter 5:4-6.
Lutz, A. 1912.
. Marine Research in Indonesia 18:81-86.
RJ.
Project PD114/90 (F)
. -
fauna d o Rin de Janeirn. Mems. Inst. O ~ w a l d o
C ~ U Z56(1):19-78. Pedrini, A . l9RO
Algas M a r i n h a BeritOnicas da Baia d r Seprtiba e
Oliveira, L.P.H. 1975. seus arrednres (Rio de Janeiro). MSc. Thesis,
Recupera<do bidligica t.m manguezal na pane Univ. Fed. Rio delaneiro, Rio de Janeiro.
oeste da Baia de Guanabara. In: Simphsio Lali-
noamericann sobre nceanografia biolcigica. I: Pedrosa. C. 1950.
Mexico. M e m . p p . 246-259. M a n p e z a i s . Rev. Bras. Geograf. 12(1):143-146
the family Darcythompsoniidae. Lang. J. Crust. Cuanabara e das regides vizinhas. Rev. Bras.
Biol. 3141-153. Geogr. 6(4):445-508.
Prance, G.T., Silva, M.F.. Albuquerque, B.W., Araujo, Saenger, P., Hegerl. E.J. & Davie, J.D.S. 19R3.
I.S.S., Correira, L.M.M.. Braga, M.M.V.. Macedc~.M., Global status of mangrove ecosystems. The Envi-
Conceiq5o. P.N., Lisboa, P.L.B., Braga, P.I., Lisboa, ronmentalist 31-88,
L.C.L. & Villena, R.C.Q. 1975.
Revisao taxonAmica das especies AmazAnicas de Sampaio, A.J. 19%.
Rhizophoracea. Acts AmazOnica 5: 5-22. Phytogengrsfia do Brasil. Rio de Janeirn, Museu
Nacional. 2Rlp.
R A D A N . 1983.
Geologia, geomorfologia, pedologia, vegeta(3o. Sant'Anna, E.M. & Whately, M.H. 1981.
uso pntencial da terra. Projeto Radambrasil. Le- Distribuiq5o dos manguezais d o Brasil. Revista
vamentn de Recursos Naturais. Vol. 32. Folhas Brasileira de Geografia 43:47-63.
SF 2 3 / 2 4 Rio de Janeiro/Vitt(ria. 780 pp.
Santos, M'.c.F.v. 1986.
Ramos, M . A . 1971. Consideraqnes sobre a u c o r r h c i a de Rhizuphorn
0 s custAceos decdprldes natantes do estulrio do hnrrisotiii Leechamn e Rhizophorn rncerrtosn G.F.W.
r i o Paraiba d o Nnrte. Arq. Mus. Nac., R. de Ja- Meyer, no litoral do estado do Maranhio, Brasil.
neiro. 54:43-44. Boletim do LaboratBrio de Hidrobiologia
(Universidade Federal d o Maranhso, SBo Luis,
Reits, P.R. 1961. MA) 77-91,
Vegetaqiio da zona maritima de Santa Catarina.
Sellowia 13: 17-115. Santos, M.C.F.V. 1989.
Structural patterns of hypersalinity-stressed
Rehm, l W l . Reltrnge alrr Piltrflnrn von Sudamerika mangrove forefits i n the stnte of Marnnhfio,
XI1 Sphaeriales. Hedwigia 40:lOO-124. northern Brazil. Master of Science Thesis. Colora-
d o School of Mines, Golden, Colorado.
Rezende, C.E. 1988.
Balan j o de maleria orgBnica e metais pesados em Schaeffer-Nwelli, Y. 1982.
u m ecossistema de mangue, Bafa de Sepetiba, R]. Importancia do manguezal e suas comunidades.
T. Mestr., Dept. Geoquitnica, Univ. Fed. Flumi- ALCIMAR, 6 pp.
nense, Niteroi.
Schaeffer-Nnvelli, Y. 1986.
Rezende, C.E., Lacerda, L.D., Ovalle, A.R.C., Silva, Manguezais Brasileiros: ulna bibliografia
C.A.R. & hlartinelli, L A . 1990. (1614-1986). S3o PauIo, Inst. Oceanografico. U n i -
Nature of POC transport i n a mangrove ecnsys- versidade d r S.io Paulo, 5Yp.
tem: A carbon isotopic study. Estuarine Coast.
'Shelf Sci. 30:Ml-645. Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. 1989.
Perfil d o ecnssistetnas litr~rdneos brasileiros.
Rocabati. H. & Neves. L.E. 1976. com especial enfase sobre o ecossistema mangue-
Estudc g r r ~ l h g i c (prelinlinar
~ dos sedimentosre- zal. Publica($o Especial d o Instituto OceanogrAfi-
centes superficiais da Baixada de jacarepagtld, co (Universidade de SBo Paulo) 71-16,
M u n i c f p i o d n Rio de janeiro, Rj. Rio de janeirn,
Petrnbrds/CENPES. 89 p p . Schaeffer-Nnvelli, Y. & CintrAn. C . 1990.
Status of mangrove research i n Latin America
Roth, L.C. 1992. and the Caribbean. Boletim d o Instituto Ocea-
Hurricanes and mangrove regeneration: effects n i c ~
(Universidade de S.io Paulo)
of Hurricane Joan, October 1088, on the vegets- 38(1):93-97.
tion of lsla del Venadn, Bluefields. Nicaragua.
Biotropicn 31: 173-38.1. Schmidt, C . 1988.
M a n g l e z a l de Cananeia, cnncentra(;lrl de ele-
Ruellan. F. 1941. rnentos quimicms Carbono, Nitrogenio, Cdlcio,
A ev11uo gt.nrnnrfolfigica da Baia de FOsf~~ro. Marrganes, Ferro e cinzas em folhas de
Project PO1 14/90 (F)
mangue e sua cnrrela(8n corn a taxa de decnm- The standing stock and sirme ec~rlogicalfactnrs.
posiq.io e salinidade. T. Dout.. Inst. Oceanngrdfi- Bolm. Inst. Oceanogr.. S2o Paulo. 14:13-11.
cn, Llniv. S3o Paulo.
Tnmlinson, B.P. 1986.
Silva, J.R.F. 1977. The botany of manbvoves. Cambridge University
Crustdceos: o c o r r h c i a s e usns; Prirneira contrib- Press. Cambridge. 413 pp.
uiq5n an cnnhecimento dns crusldcer~sdec6pndos
das lagoas Manguaba e Mundati, Estado de Ala- Tundisi, J.G. 1969.
goas, Brasil. S E P L A N - A L I I D E M A , Maceid. Plankton studies i n a mangrove environment, its
l(1):IY p. b i ~ h g yand primary production. In: Ayala Cas-
tahares, A. & Phleger, F.D. (eds.) Lagurias cosler-
Silva, C.A.R.. Lacerda. L.D.. Silva, L.F.F. & Rezende. as, un simpcisin. Mexico, U N A M . pp. 485-493.
C.E. 1991.
Forest structure and biomass distribution in a Tundisi, J.G. 1981.
red mangrove slatid i n Sepetiba Bay, Rin de J a - Ecological studies of the region of Cananeia: a r e -
n e i r o Rev. Brasil. Dot. 14:21-25. view. Proc. Review Workshop on River Inputs to
the Ocean Systems. FAO. Rome. p p . 298-304.
Silveira, F. 1937.
Mangrove. R o d r i p C z i a 3(10):13l-151 Tundisi, J.G. &Tundisi,T.M. 1968.
Plankton studies on a mangrove environment. V.
Silveira, E.K.P. 1965. Salinity tolerance of some planktonic crusta-
Ocorrecia de algumas especies de aves e ceans. Bolm. Inst. 0cear:ugr.. Sdn Pauln, 17:57-65.
mamiferns da regi3o da Lagna de Marapendi in-
tegradas na hiotn local. Bnlm. Ceogr., Rio de J a - Tundisi, J.C.,Tundisi,T.M. & Kutner, M.B.B. 1973,
neiro. 24(188):714-748. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment.
VI11. Further investigations on primary produc-
Sot5o. F1.M.P.. Bonrini, V.12.R. & Figueiredn. T.S. tion standing stock of phytoplankton and zoo-
1991. planktnn and some e n v i r ~ ~ n m e n t afactors.
l In!.
Basidiomycetes de r n a n p e m i s da llha de M a - Revue Ges. H y d r o b i d . Hydrogr. 58(6):925-940.
racd, Arnapd, Brasil. Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goel-
di, C r . Bat. 7(1)109-114. Tundisi, J.C., Teixeira, C., Tundisi, T.M., Kutner,
M.B.B. & Kinorhila. L. 1978.
Stoddart, D.R. 1971 Plankton studies i n a mangrove envil-onment. I X .
Coral reefs and islands and catastrophic storms, Comparative investigations w i t h c~iastal oligo-
p p . 155-197. In: Applied coastal genmt~rpholngy trophic waters. Rev. Bras. B i d 3R(2):301-120.
J.P.. Steerrs (ed.). M I T Press, Cambridge, Ma.
Turner, R.E. 1985.
S U D A h d / U F M A . 1981. Cnastal fisheries, agriculture and management i n
0 camar3n na Area de TutOia - Maranhdn. SU- Indonesia: case studies for the future. pp.
D A M . BelPm. 135 p p . 373-440. In: Coastal resources management: de-
velnpment case studies. J.R. Clark (ed.). Research
S U D A M I U F M A 19x3. Planning Instilute, Inc. Columbia, SC. 749 pp.
Caracterizn~3narnhientnl e prospeq5o pesqueira
d o estudrio d c Rio C u m m c a - Maranhao. SU- Ule, E. 19111
D A M . BelCm. 141 p p . D i e \legetation von Cabti Frio an der Kusle von
Brasilien. Bot. Ib. 28:Sll-528.
Tecnarao (Tecnolngia de Camar3ri. Ltda.). 1093.
Prnposla tle projelo para ir~slal;l@ode carcinicul- Viepis, 0. & Esteves. C.L. 1987.
tura marinha. Portc d ~ Mato
i Eslancia Esladc de Contribuiq50 an conhecimentc da vegeta~aodas
Sergipe. 4'7 p p . Iagnas Manguaba e Mundau. Estado de Alagrias,
Brasil Institute de Desenvolvimenlo, Regional e
Teixeira. C., T t ~ r i d i s i J.C.
, & Kutner, M.B. 1965. Meio Ambient?. Vegetaqdo: OcnrrGncia e usns.
Plankton studies i n a mangrove environment. II. Val. 4, 32 pp.
. Brazil