Acids, Bases and Salts 43

ACTIVITY ZONE
M (s ) + 2HCl(aq ) → M Cl 2 (aq ) + H2( g )
ACTIVITY 1 (NCERT Pg 19) 2M (s ) + H2SO4 (aq ) → M 2SO4 (aq ) + H2( g )
M (s ) + 2CH3COOH(aq ) → (CH3COO)2 M (aq )
Objective + H2( g )
To study the reaction of acids or bases with active metals. Zn(s ) + Ca (OH )2 → No reaction
Materials Required Zn (s ) + 2NaOH(aq ) → Na 2 ZnO2(s ) + H2( g )
Zinc Sodium Sodium Hydrogen
Zinc granules, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, hydroxide zincate gas
sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, test tube, test tube stand, (Strong base)
delivery tube, soap, water, trough, cork and candle.
Procedure Check Yourself
1. Take some zinc granules in the test tube and then add dilute
sulphuric acid to it. Set the apparatus as shown below. 1. Which gas is produced by the reaction of zinc and
dilute sulphuric acid?
2. Observe the surface of zinc granules. Take a burning candle
near the soap bubbles filled with the gas and observe. Ans When zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid then
hydrogen gas (H2) is produced.
3. Repeat the same procedure with hydrochloric acid, acetic
acid, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide and observe 2. How will you test for the presence of the gas
the result in each case. produced?
Ans When a burning candle is brought near the soap
Delivery bubbles produced filled with gas, hydrogen gas burns
tube Burning of hydrogen with a pop sound.
Stand gas with a pop sound
3. Why zinc granules are preferred over zinc strip for
the reaction of Zn with HCl?
Candle
Ans Zn granules are preferred because it provides large
Test tube Hydrogen surface area (as it is present in powdered form) to react
Dilute gas with dilute HCl.
sulphuric bubbles
acid
4. Name the salt produced when zinc metal reacts with
Zinc Soap bubble sodium hydroxide solution to produce hydrogen gas.
granules filled with Ans When zinc metal reacts with sodium hydroxide
hydrogen solution then sodium zincate is formed.
gas
5. Can all bases react with active metals to produce
Soap hydrogen gas?
solution
Ans No, only strong base like sodium hydroxide is capable
Reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric to release hydrogen gas with active metals.
acid and testing the gas evolved

Observation
Some effervescence is observed near zinc surface and the soap ACTIVITY 2 (NCERT Pg 20)
bubbles which burst with ‘pop’ sound are obtained when
sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sodium Objective
hydroxide is used but no bubble is produced with calcium To study the reaction of metal carbonates and
hydroxide.
bicarbonates with acids.
Conclusion
Materials Required
Active metals evolve hydrogen gas with all acids but not with all
Marble pieces (calcium carbonate, CaCO3), baking
bases. In case of base, only strong base like sodium hydroxide is
soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3), dilute
capable to release hydrogen gas with active metals.
hydrochloric acid (HCl), lime water, test tubes, thistle
funnel and delivery tube (bent at two places).
 44

Procedure 3. What is the nature of carbon dioxide gas evolved?

1. Take some marble pieces in the test tube and set the Ans The nature of carbon dioxide gas is acidic.
apparatus, as shown in the figure 4. Why the lime water turns milky in this activity?
Thistle funnel Ans The lime water turns milky due to the formation of calcium
Delivery carbonate.
tube
Stand Ca(OH) 2 + CO2( g ) → CaCO3 ↓ + H2 O(l )
Cork Slaked Carbon Calcium Water
lime dioxide carbonate
(White ppt.)
Test tube
Test tube
5. What happens when CO 2 gas is passed for a longer time?
Carbon dioxide
gas Calcium Ans If the CO2 gas is passed for a longer time, milkiness disappears
Dilute hydroxide due to the formation of soluble calcium bicarbonate.
hydrochloric solution
acid Calcium CaCO3 + H2 O + CO2( g ) → Ca(HCO3) 2
carbonate Calcium Water Carbon Calcium bicarbonate
(marble pieces) carbonate dioxide ( Soluble)

Passing carbon dioxide gas through

calcium hydroxide solution ACTIVITY 3 (NCERT Pg 21)
2. Now add dilute HCl with the help of thistle funnel and
pass the gas evolved in lime water. Observe the colour of Objective
lime water. To study the neutralisation reaction of an acid and a base.
3. Repeat the same experiment with baking soda. Materials Required
Observation Dilute sodium hydroxide solution, dilute hydrochloric acid,
phenolphthalein, test tube, test tube stand and dropper.
The lime water turns milky due to the formation of calcium
carbonate. If the gas is passed for a longer time, milkiness Procedure
disappears due to the conversion of white calcium 1. Take some sodium hydroxide solution in a test tube and
carbonate into soluble calcium bicarbonate. add a few (one or two) drops of phenolphthalein.
CO2 ( g ) + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 (s ) + H2O(l ) 2. Observe the colour.
Carbon Lime water Calcium Water
dioxide carbonate 3. Now add hydrochloric acid drop by drop with the help
(White ppt.) of a dropper and observe the change.
CaCO3 (s ) + H2O(l ) + CO2 ( g ) → Ca(HCO3 )2
Calcium Water Carbon Calcium
Observation
carbonate dioxide bicarbonate When phenolphthalein is added to sodium hydroxide
(Soluble)
Conclusion solution, violet colour is obtained which gets disappeared
Carbon dioxide gas is evolved when metal carbonates and when hydrochloric acid is added in excess. The violet
bicarbonates react with acids. colour reappear if sodium hydroxide is added again to
resulted solution.
CaCO3 + 2HCl(dil.) → CaCl 2 (aq ) + H2O(l ) + CO2 ( g )
Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Water Carbon Conclusion
Carbonate acid chloride dioxide
(Marble) Acid nullified the effect of a base and base nullified the effect
2NaHCO3 + 2HCl(dil.) → 2 NaCl(aq ) + 2H2O(l ) of an acid. This reaction is called neutralisation reaction.
Sodium
bicarbonate
Hydrochloric Salt Water NaOH(aq ) + HCl(aq ) → NaCl(aq ) + H2O(l )
acid + 2CO2 ( g ) Base Acid Salt Water
Carbon

Check Yourself
dioxide Check Yourself
1. Write the products formed when an acid reacts with a
1. Which gas is evolved when calcium carbonate reacts with base.
hydrochloric acid?
Ans When an acid reacts with a base then salt and water are
Ans Carbon dioxide gas is evolved when calcium carbonate reacts formed.
with hydrochloric acid. Acid + Base → Salt + Water
2. How will you test for the presence of carbon dioxide gas 2. Write the equation of an acid (HCl) with a base (NaOH).
(CO 2 )?
Ans HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2 O
Ans Carbon dioxide does not support combustion. Therefore, Sodium Water
Hydrochloric Sodium
carbon dioxide gas can extinguish a burning candle if brought acid chloride
hydroxide
near to it. (Acid) (Base) (Salt)
 Acids, Bases and Salts 45

3. Write the colour of phenolphthalein indicator in sodium

hydroxide solution. Observation and Explanation
Ans When phenolphthalein is added to NaOH, violet colour is
obtained. Glucose Ethanol HCl H2SO 4
S.No. Solutions solution solution solution
4. What happens if we add dilute HCl in the above solution
drop by drop? 1. Bulb does Bulb does Bulb Bulb
Observation
Ans Violet colour obtained in the above solution disappears when not glow not glow glows glows
dilute HCl is added in the solution drop by drop.
5. What change in colour you observed when sodium 2. Ions Ions Ions Ions
Reason
hydroxide solution is added again to the above test tube absent absent present present
solution?
Ans When some sodium hydroxide solution is added to the test Conclusion
tube, then violet colour reappears. Whether a solution will conduct electricity or not
6. What conclusion can you draw from this activity? depends on the presence or absence of ions in it. As
Ans The conclusion drawn from this activity is that acid nullified the glucose and ethanol are covalent compounds, they do not
effect of a base and base nullified the effect of an acid. conduct electricity but ionic compounds such as HCl and
H 2SO4 conduct electricity.

ACTIVITY 4 (NCERT Pg 22)

Objective
To differentiate between the nature of ionic and covalent
compounds on the basis of electrical conductivity.
Materials Required
Glucose, ethanol (ethyl alcohol), hydrochloric acid, sulphuric
acid, beakers, wires, metal strips/nails (iron), rubber cork,
one bulb, a 6 V battery and switch.
Procedure
1. Take aqueous solution of HCl in a beaker and set the
apparatus, as shown in the diagram given below. As
current flows through the solution, observe the bulb and
record the observations.
2. Repeat the same experiment using glucose, H 2SO4 and
ethyl alcohol solution.
Check Yourself
1. Why do HCl, HNO 3 etc. show acidic character in aqueous
solution?
Ans HCl and HNO3 furnish H + ( aq ) ions on dissolving in water
which are responsible for their acidic character.
2. Why do compounds like alcohol and glucose do not
show acidic character?
Ans Alcohol and glucose do not furnish H+ ( aq) ion on dissolving
in water and hence, these solutions do not show acidic
character.
3. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct
electricity?
Ans The separation of H + ion from an acid occurs in the
presence of water. The hydrogen ions produced are
responsible for the conduction of electricity.

Battery 6V
4. If we take benzene (C6H6 ) in the above experiment, bulb
Bulb will glow or not?
Switch
Ans If we take benzene (C6H6), the bulb will not glow because
no H + ( aq) ions will be produced. This suggests that the
solution would be non-conducting.
Beaker
5. Which type of compound shows electrical conductivity?
Ans Ionic compounds like HCl, H2 SO4 , NaOH etc., show
Iron nail
Dil. HCl solution electrical conductivity in water due to the presence of ions
in it.
Rubber cork

Acid solution in water

conducts electricity
 46

3. Name the acid formed when the chlorine gas is

ACTIVITY 5 (NCERT Pg 23) dissolved in water.
Ans Hydrochloric acid.
Objective
To study the effect of dry and wet blue litmus paper on
(i) dry HCl gas (ii) HCl solution. ACTIVITY 6 (NCERT Pg 21)
Materials Required
Test tubes, NaCl salt, conc. H 2SO4 , dry and wet litmus paper Objective
strips, delivery tube and one cork. To study the reaction of metallic oxide with an acid.
Procedure Materials Required
Take about 1g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube. Add a Copper oxide, dilute hydrochloric acid, beaker and
small amount of conc. H 2SO4 to the test tube. A gas is evolved. stirrer.
Test it with dry and wet litmus papers. Record the observations.
Moist litmus
Procedure
paper 1. Take 1g of copper oxide in a beaker.
Delivery tube
2. Now, add dilute acid such as dil. HCl to it with
Cork constant stirring.
Conical flask
containing Test tube 3. Observe the change in the reaction mixture.
conc. Guard tube containing
H2SO4 calcium chloride Observation
Test tube
Sodium
The colour of the solution becomes blue-green due to
chloride the formation of copper (II) chloride.
Preparation of HCl gas CuO(s ) + 2HCl (aq ) → CuCl 2(aq ) + H 2O(l )
Copper Hydrochloric Copper (II) Water
Note If the climate is very humid, the students should pass the gas oxide acid chloride
produced through a guard tube (drying tube) containing calcium (Blue-green)
chloride to dry the gas.
Conclusion
Observation Metallic oxide, i.e. CuO behaves as a base and forms
(i) Dry HCl gas salt and water when it reacts with an acid like HCl. In
• Only the colour of wet (moist) blue litmus paper turns to other words, a metallic oxide is basic in nature.
red.
• No change occur in dry blue litmus paper.
(ii) HCl solution Check Yourself
The colour of both wet and dry blue litmus papers turns to
1. What happens when metal oxides react with acids?
red.
Ans Acids react with metal oxides to form their respective salts
Conclusion and water as the only products.
This experiment suggests that hydrogen ion in HCl are Metal oxide + Acid → Metal salt + Water
produced in the presence of water. The separation of H + ion 2. Write the reaction of magnesium oxide with
from HCl molecules cannot occur in the absence of water. As hydrochloric acid.
only colour of wet (moist) blue litmus paper change to red, no
Ans MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 O
change is occur in dry litmus paper. Magnesium Hydrochloric Magnesium Water
oxide acid chloride

Check Yourself 3. What is the nature of metallic oxides?

Ans Metallic oxides are basic in nature.
1. What is the effect of dry HCl gas on (i) dry litmus paper (ii)
moist litmus paper? 4. What colour is observed when hydrochloric acid is
Ans (i) No effect (ii) Blue litmus paper turns red mixed with copper oxide?
Ans The colour of the solution becomes blue-green due to the
2. Write the chemical equation for the preparation of HCl gas formation of copper (II) chloride.
and also give the role of CaCl 2 taken in the guard tube.
5. What is the nature of non-metallic oxides?
Ans 2NaCl ( s) + H2 SO4 ( aq) → Na 2 SO4 ( aq) + 2HCl ( g)
Ans Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
Role of CaCl 2 : To absorb moisture.
 Acids, Bases and Salts 47

ACTIVITY 7 (NCERT Pg 24) ACTIVITY 8 (NCERT Pg 24)

Objective Objective
To study the reaction of dissolution of concentrated To study the effect of indicators on the given samples of
sulphuric acid (or any other) with water. acids and bases.
Materials Required Materials Required
Water, conc. H2SO4, beaker, thermometer, stand, test tube HCl, H2SO4 , HNO3 , CH3COOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2 , Mg(OH)2 ,
and glass rod. KOH, NH4OH, litmus (blue and red) solutions,
Procedure phenolphthalein, methyl orange, test tube stand and test
1. Take water in a beaker. tubes.
2. Note the initial Procedure
temperature with the
1. Take all acid and base solutions in separate test tubes.
help of a thermometer.
2. Now add a few drops of red litmus solution to each.
3. Take a small amount of Water
conc. H2SO4 in a test tube 3. Note down the colour change.
+ H2SO4
and pour it drop by drop 4. Repeat the same procedure with blue litmus solution,
in the beaker (very phenolphthalein and methyl orange for every acid and
slowly) along its sides. base solution.

4. Continue to stir the Observation

mixture with the help of a glass rod. Again note down
Methyl
the temperature. Sample Red litmus Blue litmus Phenolphthalein
orange
solutions solution solution solution
solution
Note As the reaction is too vigorous, safety tips must be taken.
HCl — — — —
Observation
H2SO 4 — — — —
A rise in temperature is observed.
HNO 3 — — — —
Conclusion
Dissolution of conc. H2SO4 in water is an exothermic CH3COOH — — — —
reaction, as heat is evolved in the reaction. NaOH — — — —

Ca(OH)2 — — — —

Check Yourself Mg(OH)2 — — — —

1. Name the type of reaction between any concentrated acid KOH — — — —

and water.
Ans The reaction between any concentrated acid and water is
exothermic reaction.
2. What precautions must be taken while mixing
conc. H2SO 4 with water?
Ans The acid must always be added slowly to water with constant
stirring.
3. What happens when water is added to concentrated acid?
Ans If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated is
too large which may cause the mixture to splash out and
cause burns.
4. Is there any change in temperature during this activity?
Ans Yes, rise in temperature is observed.
5. What conclusion can you draw from this experiment?
Ans A rise in temperature shows that dissolution of conc. H2 SO4 in
water is an exothermic reaction, as heat is evolved in the
reaction.
NH4 OH — — — —
Conclusion
Acid solutions turn blue litmus red. Basic solutions turn red
litmus blue. Phenolphthalein is colourless in acids while
pink in bases. Methyl orange gives red colour in acids and
yellow in basic solutions.
Check Yourself
1. What is the effect of litmus paper on curd and lemon?
Ans Both curd and lemon are acidic in nature contain natural
acids, i.e. lactic acid and citric acid respectively. Therefore,
only the colour of blue litmus paper turns red.
2. Methyl orange is added to a solution and the solution
turns red. What information do you get about the
solution?
 48
Ans Methyl orange turns red in a solution. It shows that the
solution is an acid.
3. Which acid is present in vinegar?
Ans Acetic acid (CH3 COOH).
4. If the aqueous solution of slaked lime is tested with methyl
orange. It produces yellow colour. What is the nature of
slaked lime solution?
Ans Methyl orange solution turns slaked lime solution to yellow,
this suggests that slaked lime solution is basic in nature.
ACTIVITY 9 (NCERT Pg 20)
Objective
To test the given samples of water, acid and base with the
turmeric (haldi) solution, a natural indicator.
Materials Required
Lemon, soap, water and turmeric solution.
Procedure
1. Take the samples of lemon juice and soap solution in
separate test tubes.
2. In a separate test tube, take a sample of water too.
3. Now add a few drops of turmeric solution (in water) in all
the test tubes.
4. Record the observations.
Observation
The colour of turmeric is yellow in lemon and water but
turns red in soap solution.
Conclusion
Turmeric is a natural indicator. It gives yellow colour in
acid solution (lemon) as well as in water while gives red
colour in basic solution (soap).
Check Yourself
1. When yellow stain of turmeric rubbed with soap. What will
you observe? What is the nature of soap?
Ans The yellow stain of turmeric turns red when rubbed with
soap. Soap is alkaline in nature, since turmeric (an indicator)
changes to red colour in the presence of OH− ions.
2. What is the colour of turmeric in acid solution?
Ans Turmeric (a natural indicator) gives yellow colour in acid
solution.
3. What colour is obtained when turmeric is mixed with
water?
Ans The colour of turmeric remains yellow in water.
4. What is the colour of turmeric in basic solution?
Ans Turmeric gives red colour in basic solution.
ACTIVITY 10 (NCERT Pg 20)
Objective
To test the given samples of acids and bases with the help
of olfactory indicators.
Materials Required
Dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide solution,
onion juice, clove oil, dilute vanilla essence and test tubes.
Procedure
1. Check the odour of onion juice and add its few
(but equal) drops in dil. HCl and dil. NaOH solutions
taken in different test tubes.
2. Again check the odour.
3. Repeat the same procedure with clove oil and dilute
vanilla essence.
Observation
Odour of onion, clove oil and vanilla essence get
diminished in a base but remains unaffected in an acid.
Conclusion
Onion juice, clove oil, dilute vanilla essence all are olfactory
indicators as they have lost their smell in one of the media
(either acidic or basic).
Check Yourself
1. What is the odour of onion juice in dilute hydrochloric acid?
Ans The odour of onion juice in dilute hydrochloric acid remains
same.
2. What is the odour of onion juice in sodium hydroxide
solution?
Ans Odour of onion juice in sodium hydroxide solution gets
diminished.
3. How olfactory indicator can be used as an acid-base
indicator by visually impaired student?
Ans Olfactory indicator smells different in acidic and basic media
which can be detected easily by a visually impaired student,
e.g. if basic solution is added to vanilla extract then we cannot
detect the characteristic smell of vanilla extract, whereas, if
acidic solution is added, the smell of vanilla extract does not
destroy.
4. Write the odour test for clove oil in dil. HCl and dil. NaOH
solution.
Ans In dil. HCl, there is no change of odour of clove oil. In dil.
NaOH, there is change in odour of clove oil.
5. A strip of absolutely clear cloth is sprayed with onion juice.
The strip is then rubbed with few drops of hydrochloric
acid. Will the strip smell like onion?
Ans Yes, the strip will smell like onion. An acidic solution, like
hydrochloric acid does not destroy the smell of onion.
 Acids, Bases and Salts 49

ACTIVITY 11 (NCERT Pg 26) Check Yourself

1. Which one is a stronger acid, acid with pH = 5 or with pH = 2 ?
Objective Ans pH = 2, because lower the pH, stronger is the acid.
To determine the pH values of the given solutions
2. What is the pH of distilled water and common salt solution?
with the help of pH paper.
Ans pH of distilled water = 7, pH of common salt solution = 7
Materials Required [As common salt (NaCl) is neutral].
Lemon juice, tomato juice, saliva, carrot juice, soda 3. What is the colour of tomato juice on pH paper?
water, coffee, tea, tap water, 1 M NaOH solution, Ans The colour of tomato juice on pH paper is orange.
1 M HCl solution and pH paper.
4. What is the minimum and maximum value of pH scale?
Procedure Ans Minimum value = 0 and maximum value = 14.
1. Take different solutions in different test tubes. 5. According to pH scale, which solutions are acid and base?
2. Now, place one or two drops of lemon juice on a Ans Solutions having pH value less than 7 are acidic while those having
pH paper strip. pH value greater than 7 are basic in nature.
3. Note the colour obtained. 6. What is the colour of pH paper in water?
4. Repeat the same procedure with each given solution Ans pH paper shows green colour in water.
using a new pH paper strip and note the colours
obtained.
Red Yellow Green Blue
ACTIVITY 12 (NCERT Pg 27)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Objective
To observe water of crystallisation in copper sulphate crystals.
Gastric juice Lemon juice Pure water, Milk of magnesia Sodium hydroxide Materials Required
(about 1.2) (about 2.2) blood (7.4) (10) solution (about 14)
Boiling tube, test tube holder, copper sulphate crystals and
pH paper chart showing colours for different pH values Bunsen burner.

Observation Procedure
1. Take about 2 g crystals of copper sulphate salt in a dry
Nature boiling tube and note the colour of crystals.
Colour of Approximate
S. No. Solution of the
pH paper pH value
solution

1. Lemon juice
Test tube holder
2. Tomato juice
3. Saliva
4. Carrot juice
5. Soda water
6. Coffee
7. Tea
8. NaOH
9. HCl Removing water of crystallisation

10. Tap water

Conclusion
Solutions having pH value less than 7 are acidic while
those having pH value greater than 7 are basic in
nature. As pH value of water is 7, therefore it is
considered neither acidic nor basic but neutral.
2. Heat the boiling tube containing copper sulphate crystals
and observe the changes occur.
3. Some water droplets are formed in the boiling tube.
4. Put off the burner after few minutes of heating. And add 2-3
drops of water in same sample.
5. Observe the colour change after addition of 2-3 drops of
water.
 50

(ii) Note down, whether the salt is soluble or not; and if

Observation soluble, then upto what extent.
Before heating The copper sulphate crystals which seems (iii) Now, test all the solutions with the help of pH paper as in
to be dry, contain water of crystallisation that’s why, salt is the activity 8 and record the observations.
blue in colour.
After heating On heating, this water (hydrated CuSO4 ) is Observation
removed and the salt turns white.
Salt Solubility Colour with pH Acidic/ Acid and base
And when crystals are again moisten with few drops of in water paper and pH basic from which salt
water, blue colour of the crystals reappears. is formed
Chemical formula of hydrated copper sulphate is NaCl HCl + NaOH
CuSO4 ⋅ 5H 2O.
∆
−5H 2 O KNO 3 HNO 3 + KOH
CuSO4 ⋅ 5H 2O s CuSO4 AlCl 3 HCl + Al(OH)3
(Blue) +5 H 2 O (White)
ZnSO 4 H2SO 4 + Zn(OH)2
Conclusion CuSO 4 H2SO 4 + Cu(OH)2
The blue colour of copper sulphate is due to the presence of
CH3COONa CH3COOH+NaOH
water of crystallisation, which can be removed by heating.
Na 2CO 3 H2CO 3 + NaOH
NaHCO 3 H2CO 3 + NaOH
Check Yourself
Conclusion
1. What do you mean by water of crystallisation? This activity shows that nature of salt depends on its origin.
Ans Crystals of some compounds seen to be dry (or anhydrous) It means that salts have four categories:
but actually contain some water molecules, attached to them.
(i ) Salt of strong acid and strong base = Neutral (pH = 7).
This water is called water of crystallisation and such salts are
called hydrated salts. (ii ) Salt of weak acid and strong base = Basic (pH > 7).
2. Name the chemical formula of hydrated copper sulphate (iii ) Salt of strong acid and weak base = Acidic (pH < 7).
salt. (iv ) Salt of weak acid and weak base = Neutral (pH = 7).
Ans The chemical formula of hydrated copper sulphate is
CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2 O.
Check Yourself
3. Name one salt (other than hydrated copper sulphate)
which show water of crystallisation.
1. Give two examples of:
Ans Hydrated sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO3 ⋅10H2 O).
(i) soluble bases
4. In the above activity, water droplets are formed near the (ii) partially soluble bases
mouth of the boiling tube. What does it indicate?
(iii) insoluble bases
Ans It indicates that the sample present in the boiling tube is a
hydrated salt (i.e. contain water of crystallisation). Ans (i) Soluble bases Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
potassium hydroxide (KOH).
(ii) Partially soluble bases Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2 ] and

ACTIVITY 13 (NCERT Pg 29)

magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH) 2 ].
(iii) Insoluble bases Zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH) 2 ] and
copper (II) hydroxide [Cu(OH) 2 ].
Objective
2. The pH of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is 2.
To determine (a) the pH value and nature (b) solubility What will be the pH of the acid after the addition of 10 g
of the given samples of salts. of sodium chloride?
Ans Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a neutral salt, that dissolves to form
Materials Required a neutral salt solution. Hence, the pH will not be affected.
Sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, aluminium chloride,
3. Arrange the following solutions in the order of decreasing
zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium acetate, sodium H + (aq) ions concentration.
carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, water, test tubes
(i) Ammonium hydroxide (ii) Gastric juice
and pH paper.
(iii) Vinegar (iv) Sodium hydroxide
Procedure Ans Gastric juice > Vinegar > Ammonium hydroxide > Sodium
(i) Make the solutions of the given salts in different test hydroxide.
tubes by dissolving them in water.