REVISION 1

Revision 1
a)*surrounding-restricted to those portions of matter external
to the system which is thermodynamically affected by the
changes accuring within the system.
*system-a region in space containing a specific amount of
matter whose behaviour is being observed.
*boundary-may be a real one or some may be imaginary
surface at rest covering the region.The boundary maybe at
rest on in a motion and may change its size or shape.
c) Piston-cylinder device contains 1.5 kg saturated liquid water
at 210C….
i. initial pressure and volume of the tank
*table A-4, T=210C ,specific volume
=0.001173m3/kg,pressure=1907.7kPa.
-Volume = specific volume x
mass=0.001173x1.5kg=1.7595x10^-3.
-Final volume= v=(4)(1.7595x10^-3m3)=7.038x10^-3m3
ii. final temperature and pressure
*P1V1=P2V2 ,V2=4V, V2=V/m=7.038x10^-3/1.5=4.69x10^-
3m3/kg
*interpolation = (Psat-21.044)/(22.064-21.044) =
Psat=23784.06kPa
*(T1-370)/(373.95-370)=T1=370.55C
iii.internal energy change of water
*ug-2230.1/2015.7-22301 = Vg= 2572.05kj/kg.
*^V= (Vg-(miu6)=1257.05-895.38=1676.67kj/kg

REVISION 2
Revision 2
a)Pure Substance-a substance that has a fixed chemical
composition throughout is called a pure substance. A pure
substance doesn’t have to be of a single chemical element or
compound. A mixture of various chemical elements or
compound also qualifies as a pure substance as long as the
mixture is no homogeneous.A mixture of liquid and water
vapors is pure substance,but a mixture of liquid and gases air
is not there.3 principal phases is solid,liquid and gas.
b)i.Sketch basic components heat pump (carnot heat engine
and engine pump)
*A heat pump is a device which applies external work to
extract an amount of heat Qc from a cold reservoir and deliver
heat Qn to a hot reservoir.A heat pump is a subject to the
same limitations from the second law of thermodynamics
asany other heat energy.Heat pump are usually characterized
by a coefficient of performance which is the number of units
of energy delivered to thehot reservoir per unit work.

REVISION 3
a) Explain the term quality of a steam on a P-V diagram
*When a substance exists as part liquid and part vapour at
saturation conditions,its quality (X) is defined as the ratio of
the mass of the vapour and liquid.The quality is zero for the
saturated liquid and one for the saturated vapour ( o<x<1).
(saturated vapour,Vg/saturated liquid,Vf)=Var Saturated
liquid vapour mixture.
i.Sketch Otto Cycle on T-S P-V diagram.
*process 1-2 =isontropic compression,2-3=constant vlume
heat addition,3-4=isentropic expansion ,4-1=Constant volume
heat rejection.
ii. Sketch Diesel Cycle on T-s P-V diagram
*explain process sama mcm atas.
iii.Sketch Bryton Cycle *process sama.
REVISION 4

a)*Laminar flow-fluid particles moce along smooth well

defined path or streamlines that are parallel,thus particles
move in lamina or layers,smoothly gliding over each other.
*Turbulent flow-fluid particles don’t move in orderly manner
and the occupy different relative position in successive cross-
section there is a small flundration in magnitude and direction
of the velocity of the fluid particles.
*Transition flow-the flows that occurs between laminar flow
and turbulent flow.
* Reynolds Number- is an important dimensionless quantity in
fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different
fluid flow situations. At low Reynolds numbers flow tends to
be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow, but at high
Reynolds numbers turbulence results from differences in the
fluid's speed and direction, which may sometimes intersect or
even move counter to the overall direction of the flow (eddy
currents).
b)Explain capillary action for i.watted surface,ii.non watted
surface.
*Capillary action in small tubes which involed a liquid -gas-
sloid interfaces is caused bby surface tension.The fluid is
either drown up the tube or pushed down.h is the height,R is
the radius of the tube,(teta)is the angle of contact.The weight
if the fluid is balanced with the lettical force caused by the
surface.
*for clean glass in contact with water (teta)=0degree and thus
WR decrease,h increase giving a higher one.
*for clean glass in contact with mercury,Q=130degree and
thus his negative or there is a push down c
fluid.(teta)>90degree is the valve of contact angle (teta),the
liquid solid gas interface become ‘non-wetted’.

Revision 5
a)Pascal Principle-the pressure homogeneous, incompressible
fluid at rest depend on the depth of the fluid relative to some
reference plane,and its not influenced by the size or shape of
the tank or container.*Pressure is same at bottom of the
container.
ii.Effect of the surface roughness of friction drag coefficient in
laminar flow and turbulence flow.
*The friction drag coefficient is independent of the surface
roughness in laminar flow,but is a strong friction of surface
roughness in turbulent flow due to surface roughness element
protruding further into the highly hiscous laminar sublayers.
Revision 6
a) Friction factor in fully developed pipe flow.
*the friction factor is fully developed pipe for depends on the
Reynolds number and the relatives roughness,which is the
ration od mean of roughness of the pipe to the pipe
diameter.The functional form at this dependence cant be
obtained from a theoretically surface.The friction factor was
calculated from the measurement of flow rate and the
pressure drop.
*momentum cv analysis-P1-P2=4TwL/D
*energy cv analysis-P1-P2=PghL
b)i.Static pressure- along a low speed,the flow is
incompressible and the density remains a constant.Bernoulli’s
equation reduces to a simple between velocity and a static
pressure.
ii.Dynamic pressure-Represents the pressure rise when the
fluid in motion is brought to a stop isentropically.
iii.Hydrostatic pressure-Its not pressure,in a real sense since
its valve depends on the reference level seleceted,it accounts
for the elevation effects for example fluid weight on pressure.
iv.Total pressure along streamlines-The sum of static,dynamic
and hydrostatic pressure.Therefore,the Bernoulli’s equation
states that the total pressure along a streamlines is constant.
c) Water is pumped from a lake to a storage tank 20 m above
at a rate of 70 L/s, consuming 20.4 kW of electric power
i. the overall efficiency of the pump–motor unit
*convert flow rate to m3/s=70(1/5)(1m3/1000L)=0.08m2/s
*water density=P=1000kg/m3
*mass flow rate=(0.07m3/s)(1000kg/m3)=70kg/s
*work to move 1kg water in 20m up.
w/m=(9.51m/s2)(20m)=196.2J/kg=0.196kJ/kg.
*energy required=(0.196kJ/kg)(70kg/s)=13.7kW.
*Pump efficiency=energy required/energy
comsume=(13.7kW)/(20.4kW)=0.672=67.2%
ii.Pressure between me inlet and the exit of the pump.
(^P)=Pgh=(1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)(20m)=196200Pa=196.2kPa
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